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Boeije Y, Olivucci M. From a one-mode to a multi-mode understanding of conical intersection mediated ultrafast organic photochemical reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2643-2687. [PMID: 36970950 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00719c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how ultrafast organic photochemical reactions are controlled by conical intersections, highlighting that decay to the ground-state at multiple points of the intersection space results in their multi-mode character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorrick Boeije
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Chemistry Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro n. 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
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2
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Song C. State-averaged CASSCF with polarizable continuum model for studying photoreactions in solvents: Energies, analytical nuclear gradients, and non-adiabatic couplings. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:104102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0085855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field in polarizable continuum model (PCM) for studies of photoreactions in solvents. The wavefunctions of the solute and the PCM surface charges of the solvent are optimized simultaneously such that the state-averaged free energy is variationally minimized. The method supports both fixed weights and dynamic weights where the weights are automatically adjusted based on the energy gaps. The corresponding analytical nuclear gradients and non-adiabatic couplings are also derived. Furthermore, we show how the new method can be entirely formulated in terms of seven basic operations, which allows the implementation to benefit from existing high-performance libraries on graphical processing units. Results demonstrating the accuracy and performance of the implementation are presented and discussed. We also apply the new method to the study of minimal conical intersection search and photoreaction energy pathways in solvents. Effects from the polarity of the solvents and different formulas of dynamic weights are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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3
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Tracking the early nonadiabatic events of ESIPT process in 2-acetylindan-1,3-dione by quantum wavepacket dynamics. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Farfan CA, Turner DB. A systematic model study quantifying how conical intersection topography modulates photochemical reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20265-20283. [PMID: 32966428 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite their important role in photochemistry and expected presence in most polyatomic molecules, conical intersections have been thoroughly characterized in a comparatively small number of systems. Conical intersections can confer molecular photoreactivity or photostability, often with remarkable efficacy, due to their unique structure: at a conical intersection, the adiabatic potential energy surfaces of two or more electronic states are degenerate, enabling ultrafast decay from an excited state without radiative emission, known as nonadiabatic transfer. Furthermore, the precise conical intersection topography determines fundamental properties of photochemical processes, including excited-state decay rate, efficacy, and molecular products that are formed. However, these relationships have yet to be defined comprehensively. In this article, we use an adaptable computational model to investigate a variety of conical intersection topographies, simulate resulting nonadiabatic dynamics, and calculate key photochemical observables. We varied the vibrational mode frequencies to modify conical intersection topography systematically in four primary classes of conical intersections and quantified the resulting rate, total yield, and product yield of nonadiabatic decay. The results reveal that higher vibrational mode frequencies reduce nonadiabatic transfer, but increase the transfer rate and resulting photoproduct formation. These trends can inform progress toward experimental control of photochemical reactions or tuning of molecules' photochemical properties based on conical intersections and their topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Farfan
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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5
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Zilberg S. Design of Light‐Induced Molecular Switcher for the Driver of the Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) Based on the Transition through the Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT) Structure. Isr J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Zilberg
- Department of Chemical SciencesAriel University 40700 Ariel Israel
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6
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Hoche J, Schulz A, Dietrich LM, Humeniuk A, Stolte M, Schmidt D, Brixner T, Würthner F, Mitric R. The origin of the solvent dependence of fluorescence quantum yields in dipolar merocyanine dyes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:11013-11022. [PMID: 32206253 PMCID: PMC7069518 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing activation energy barrier to a conical intersection was identified as the reason for higher fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields for merocyanines in polar solvents.
Fluorophores with high quantum yields are desired for a variety of applications. Optimization of promising chromophores requires an understanding of the non-radiative decay channels that compete with the emission of photons. We synthesized a new derivative of the famous laser dye 4-dicyanomethylen-2-methyl-6-p-dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran (DCM), i.e., merocyanine 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-tert-butyl-6-[3-(3-butyl-benzothiazol-2-ylidene)1-propenyl]-4H-pyran (DCBT). We measured fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields in a variety of solvents and found a trend opposite to the energy gap law. This motivated a theoretical investigation into the possible non-radiative decay channels. We propose that a barrier to a conical intersection exists that is very sensitive to the solvent polarity. The conical intersection is characterized by a twisted geometry which allows a subsequent photoisomerization. Transient absorption measurements confirmed the formation of a photoisomer in unpolar solvents, while the measurements of fluorescence quantum yields at low temperature demonstrated the existence of an activation energy barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Hoche
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany . ;
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany . .,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Lysanne Monika Dietrich
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany . ;
| | - Alexander Humeniuk
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany . ;
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany . .,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany . .,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany . ; .,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany . .,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Roland Mitric
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany . ; .,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
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7
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Hebestreit ML, Schneider M, Lartian H, Betz V, Heinrich M, Lindic M, Choi MY, Schmitt M. Structures, dipole moments and excited state lifetime of isolated 4-cyanoindole in its ground and lowest electronically excited singlet states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14766-14774. [PMID: 31222195 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01618j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rotationally resolved electronic spectrum of 4-cyanoindole and some N-D and C-D deuterated isotopologues has been measured and analyzed. Dipole moments in the ground and electronically excited state have been determined, using electronic Stark spectroscopy. From the geometry changes upon excitation, orientation of the transition dipole moment, and the values for the permanent dipole moments, the lowest excited singlet state could be shown to be of La symmetry. The excited state lifetime of isolated 4-cyanoindole has been determined to be 11 ns, while for the ringdeuterated isotopologues lifetimes between 5 and 6 ns have been found. The different behavior of 3-, 4-, and 5-cyanoindole is discussed on the basis of the different electronic nature of the electronically excited singlet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Hebestreit
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michael Schneider
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Hilda Lartian
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Vivienne Betz
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mirko Lindic
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Myong Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry (BK21+) and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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8
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Kowalewski M, Fingerhut BP, Dorfman KE, Bennett K, Mukamel S. Simulating Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopy of Nonadiabatic Molecular Processes: From the Infrared to the X-ray Regime. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12165-12226. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kowalewski
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Fingerhut
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin E. Dorfman
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kochise Bennett
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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9
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Kumpulainen T, Lang B, Rosspeintner A, Vauthey E. Ultrafast Elementary Photochemical Processes of Organic Molecules in Liquid Solution. Chem Rev 2016; 117:10826-10939. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatu Kumpulainen
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Lang
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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10
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Koch F, Steinbacher A, Consani C, Zitzler-Kunkel A, Stolte M, Würthner F, Brixner T. The role of the dipolar neighborhood on the relaxation dynamics of multichromophoric merocyanines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19820-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02437h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of neighboring, highly dipolar merocyanine dyes lead to stabilization of the intramolecular charge-transfer state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Koch
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Andreas Steinbacher
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Cristina Consani
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)
| | | | - Matthias Stolte
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)
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11
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Minezawa N. Optimizing minimum free-energy crossing points in solution: Linear-response free energy/spin-flip density functional theory approach. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:164118. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4899049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Minezawa
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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12
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Molloy MS, Snyder JA, Bragg AE. Structural and Solvent Control of Nonadiabatic Photochemical Bond Formation: Photocyclization of o-Terphenyl in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:3913-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501988g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly S. Molloy
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Joshua A. Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E. Bragg
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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13
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Léonard J, Schapiro I, Briand J, Fusi S, Paccani RR, Olivucci M, Haacke S. Mechanistic Origin of the Vibrational Coherence Accompanying the Photoreaction of Biomimetic Molecular Switches. Chemistry 2012; 18:15296-304. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Belz S, Zilberg S, Berg M, Grohmann T, Leibscher M. Pyridinylidene-Phenoxide in Strong Electric Fields: Controlling Orientation, Conical Intersection, and Radiation-Less Decay. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:11189-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305090b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Belz
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Zilberg
- Institute of Chemistry, The
Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M. Berg
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Grohmann
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Leibscher
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Minezawa N, Gordon MS. Optimizing conical intersections of solvated molecules: The combined spin-flip density functional theory/effective fragment potential method. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:034116. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4734314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Kraack JP, Buckup T, Motzkus M. Evidence for the Two-State-Two-Mode model in retinal protonated Schiff-bases from pump degenerate four-wave-mixing experiments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:13979-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42248d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Wand A, Rozin R, Eliash T, Jung KH, Sheves M, Ruhman S. Asymmetric Toggling of a Natural Photoswitch: Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Anabaena Sensory Rhodopsin. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20922-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208371g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Wand
- Institute of Chemistry and Farkash Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Rinat Rozin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamar Eliash
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jung
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Shinsu-Dong 1, Mapo-Gu, Seoul 121-742, South Korea
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sanford Ruhman
- Institute of Chemistry and Farkash Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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