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Mora KE, Musa MA, Robinson TJ, Mylod G, Bowyer WJ. Solvent Effects on Heterogeneous Rate Constants for Indium Mediated Allylations. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2088-2094. [PMID: 33661629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Indium mediated allylation is a highly selective tool for synthetic chemists to create carbon-carbon bonds, but the first step, heterogeneous reaction of allyl halides at solid indium surfaces, is still poorly understood. For example, the nature of the solvent dramatically affects the rate of reaction, but solvent choice is often based on empirical experiments. Fundamental kinetic studies are the best way to study this effect, but the determination of heterogeneous rate constants is challenging. In an effort to better understand solvent effects, we use optical microscopy to determine heterogeneous rate constants for IMA in aqueous acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol. We fit the reaction rate data over a range of mass transport rates using only two adjustable parameters, the heterogeneous rate constant and the mass transport rate. The results emphasize the critical importance of water in determining the rate of reaction. Surprisingly, the polarity of the organic solvent in the mix does not have a major effect on the rate. It is hypothesized that the oxygen atom in water and alcohols is an especially effective Lewis base to stabilize the transition state and the organoindium intermediates, similar to the importance of the oxygen in ethers for the formation of Grignard reagents. This study again demonstrates the power of microscopy for the study of heterogeneous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Mora
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Megan A Musa
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Troy J Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Gabriella Mylod
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Walter J Bowyer
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
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Takahashi Y, O'Brien A, Deacon GB, Andrews PC, Wolf M, Torvisco A, Gillett-Kunnath MM, Ruhlandt-Senge K. A Modern Twist to a Classic Synthetic Route: Ph 3Bi-Based Redox Transmetalation Protolysis (RTP) for the Preparation of Barium Metalorganic Species. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11480-11489. [PMID: 28933826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports advances in redox transmetalation/protolysis (RTP) utilizing the readily available Ph3Bi for the synthesis of a series of barium metal-organic species. On the basis of easily available starting materials, an easy one-pot procedure, and workup, we have obtained BaL2 compounds (L = bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, phenyl(trimethylsilyl)amide, pentamethylcyclopentadienide, fluorenide, 2,6-di-isopropylphenolate, and 3,5-diphenylpyrazolate) quantitatively by sonication of an excess of barium metal with triphenylbismuth and HL in perdeuterotetrahydrofuran, as established by NMR measurements. Rates of conversion are affected by both pKa and bulk of HL. Competition occurs from direct reaction of Ba with HL, thereby enhancing the overall conversion, the effect being pronounced for the less bulky and more acidic ligands. Overall, the method significantly adds to the synthetic armory for barium metal-organic/organometallic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Anna O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Le Moyne College , Syracuse, New York 13214, United States
| | - Glen B Deacon
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Melanie Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Miriam M Gillett-Kunnath
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Karin Ruhlandt-Senge
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
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Hill AN, Delaney KM, Sullivan TR, Mylod G, Kiesow KH, Bowyer WJ. Heterogeneous Rate Constants for Indium Mediated Allylations: Cinnamyl Chloride in Ethanol/Water Mixtures. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:8826-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404027p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa N. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Katherine M. Delaney
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Tessa R. Sullivan
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Gabriella Mylod
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Katrina H. Kiesow
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Walter J. Bowyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
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Shen ZL, Wang SY, Chok YK, Xu YH, Loh TP. Organoindium Reagents: The Preparation and Application in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2012; 113:271-401. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300051y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Liang Shen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 637371
| | - Shun-Yi Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 637371
| | - Yew-Keong Chok
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 637371
| | - Yun-He Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 637371
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Department
of Chemistry, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological
Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 637371
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Nunige S, Cornut R, Hazimeh H, Hauquier F, Lefrou C, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Reactivity of Surfaces Determined by Local Electrochemical Triggering: A Bromo-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nunige S, Cornut R, Hazimeh H, Hauquier F, Lefrou C, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Reactivity of Surfaces Determined by Local Electrochemical Triggering: A Bromo-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5208-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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