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Viesser RV, Donald CP, May JA, Wu JI. Can Twisted Double Bonds Facilitate Stepwise [2 + 2] Cycloadditions? Org Lett 2024; 26:3778-3783. [PMID: 38684005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Computational studies for a series of low to high strain anti-Bredt alkenes suggest that those with highly twisted bridgehead double bonds and a small singlet-triplet energy gap may undergo facile stepwise [2 + 2] cycloadditions to furnish four membered rings. A selection of reaction substrates, including ethylene, acetylene, perfluoroethylene, and cyclooctyne are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan V Viesser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Clayton P Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jeremy A May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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2
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Song L, Tian X, Farshadfar K, Shiri F, Rominger F, Ariafard A, Hashmi ASK. An unexpected synthesis of azepinone derivatives through a metal-free photochemical cascade reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:831. [PMID: 36788212 PMCID: PMC9929248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Azepinone derivatives are privileged in organic synthesis and pharmaceuticals. Synthetic approaches to these frameworks are limited to complex substrates, strong bases, high power UV light or noble metal catalysis. We herein report a mild synthesis of azepinone derivatives by a photochemical generation of 2-aryloxyaryl nitrene, [2 + 1] annulation, ring expansion/water addition cascade reaction without using any metal catalyst. Among the different nitrene precursors tested, 2-aryloxyaryl azides performed best under blue light irradiation and Brønsted acid catalysis. The reaction scope is broad and the obtained products underwent divergent transformations to afford other related compounds. A computational study suggests a pathway involving a step-wise aziridine formation, followed by a ring-expansion to the seven-membered heterocycle. Finally, water is added in a regio-selective manner, this is accelerated by the added TsOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Song
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xianhai Tian
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kaveh Farshadfar
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran, Iran ,grid.5373.20000000108389418Research Group of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - Farshad Shiri
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Frank Rominger
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran, Iran. .,School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institut für Organische Chemie, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Maley SM, Melville J, Yu S, Teynor MS, Carlsen R, Hargis C, Hamilton RS, Grant BO, Ess DH. Machine learning classification of disrotatory IRC and conrotatory non-IRC trajectory motion for cyclopropyl radical ring opening. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12309-12320. [PMID: 34018524 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00612f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quasiclassical trajectory analysis is now a standard tool to analyze non-minimum energy pathway motion of organic reactions. However, due to the large amount of information associated with trajectories, quantitative analysis of the dynamic origin of reaction selectivity is complex. For the electrocyclic ring opening of cyclopropyl radical, more than 4000 trajectories were run showing that allyl radicals are formed through a mixture of disrotatory intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) motion as well as conrotatory non-IRC motion. Geometric, vibrational mode, and atomic velocity transition-state features from these trajectories were used for supervised machine learning analysis with classification algorithms. Accuracy >80% with a random forest model enabled quantitative and qualitative assessment of transition-state trajectory features controlling disrotatory IRC versus conrotatory non-IRC motion. This analysis revealed that there are two key vibrational modes where their directional combination provides prediction of IRC versus non-IRC motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Maley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
| | - Jesse Melville
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
| | - Spencer Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
| | - Matthew S Teynor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
| | - Ryan Carlsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
| | - Cal Hargis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
| | - R Spencer Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
| | - Benjamin O Grant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.
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4
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Saito T, Takano Y. Spin-projected QM/MM Free Energy Simulations for Oxidation Reaction of Guanine in B-DNA by Singlet Oxygen. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:561-568. [PMID: 33462992 PMCID: PMC8048875 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Guanine is the most susceptible base to oxidation damage induced by reactive oxygen species including singlet oxygen (1 O2 , 1 Δg ). We clarify whether the first step of guanine oxidation in B-DNA proceeds via either a zwitterionic or a diradical intermediate. The free energy profiles are calculated by means of a combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) method coupled with the adaptive biasing force (ABF) method. To describe the open-shell electronic structure of 1 O2 correctly, the broken-symmetry spin-unrestricted density functional theory (BS-UDFT) with an approximate spin projection (AP) correction is applied to the QM region. We find that the effect of spin contamination on the activation and reaction free energies is up to ∼8 kcal mol-1 , which is too large to be neglected. The QM(AP-ULC-BLYP)/MM-based free energy calculations also reveal that the reaction proceeds through a diradical transition state, followed by a conversion to a zwitterionic intermediate. Our computed activation energy of 5.2 kcal mol-1 matches experimentally observed range (0∼6 kcal mol-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Information Science, Graduate School of Information Science, Hiroshima City University, 3-4-1 Ozuka-Higashi, Asa-Minami-Ku, 731-3194, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yu Takano
- Department of Biomedical Information Science, Graduate School of Information Science, Hiroshima City University, 3-4-1 Ozuka-Higashi, Asa-Minami-Ku, 731-3194, Hiroshima, Japan
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5
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Cui Q, Chen Y, Herndon JW, Yu ZX. Density Functional Theory Study of Mechanisms of [8 + 2] Cycloadditions of Dienylfurans/Dienylisobenzofurans with DMAD. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1419-1429. [PMID: 33399448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of [8 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between dienylfurans/dienylisobenzofurans and the activated alkyne, DMAD (dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate), have been investigated by DFT calculations. The former [8 + 2] reaction is stepwise, starting from attack of the diene substituent on furan, not the furyl moiety in dienylfurans, to DMAD to give a diradical intermediate, which then undergoes ring closure to form the second bond between DMAD and the furan moiety, generating the final [8 + 2] cycloadducts. In contrast, the latter [8 + 2] reaction starts from [4 + 2] cycloaddition of the diene in the furan ring of dienylisobenzofurans toward DMAD, followed by the rate-determining stepwise [1,5]-vinyl shift, forming the [8 + 2] products. The different mechanisms of [8 + 2] reactions are attributed to the facts that for dienylfurans, the reactive diene part is the diene substituent on furan, but in the case of dienylisobenzofurans, it is the diene in the furan ring (its reaction with DMAD to generate an aromatic benzene ring is the driving force for this regiochemistry). Consequently, the [8 + 2] reactions begin with the reaction of the most reactive part of tetraene (either the diene substituent on furan for dienylfurans or the diene in the furan ring for dienylisobenzofurans) with DMAD. FMO analysis and kinetic study have been carried out to gain more information of the reaction mechanisms. Two [8 + 2] reactions of dienylisobenzofurans with different substituents toward DMAD have also been further analyzed by DFT calculations in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - James W Herndon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, MSC 3C, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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6
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Bao P, Hettich CP, Shi Q, Gao J. Block-Localized Excitation for Excimer Complex and Diabatic Coupling. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 17:240-254. [PMID: 33370101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a block-localized excitation (BLE) method to carry out constrained optimization of block-localized orbitals for constructing valence bond-like, diabatic excited configurations using multistate density functional theory (MSDFT). The method is an extension of the previous block-localized wave function method through a fragment-based ΔSCF approach to optimize excited determinants within a molecular complex. In BLE, both the number of electrons and the electronic spin of different fragments in a whole system can be constrained, whereas electrostatic, exchange, and polarization interactions among different blocks can be fully taken into account of. To avoid optimization collapse to unwanted states, a ΔSCF projection scheme and a maximum overlap of wave function approach have been presented. The method is illustrated by the excimer complex of two naphthalene molecules. With a minimum of eight spin-adapted configurational state functions, it was found that the inversion of La- and Lb- states near the optimal structure of the excimer complex is correctly produced, which is in quantitative agreement with DMRG-CASPT2 calculations and experiments. Trends in the computed transfer integrals associated with excited-state energy transfer both in the singlet and triplet states are discussed. The results suggest that MSDFT may be used as an efficient approach to treat intermolecular interactions in excited states with a minimal active space (MAS) for interpretation of the results and for dynamic simulations, although the selection of a small active space is often system dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Christian P Hettich
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Qiang Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Beijing University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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7
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Al‐Nu'airat J, Oluwoye I, Zeinali N, Altarawneh M, Dlugogorski BZ. Review of Chemical Reactivity of Singlet Oxygen with Organic Fuels and Contaminants. CHEM REC 2020; 21:315-342. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jomana Al‐Nu'airat
- Murdoch University Discipline of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education 90 South Street Murdoch WA 6150 Australia
| | - Ibukun Oluwoye
- Murdoch University Discipline of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education 90 South Street Murdoch WA 6150 Australia
| | - Nassim Zeinali
- Murdoch University Discipline of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education 90 South Street Murdoch WA 6150 Australia
| | - Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- United Arab Emirates University Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed St Al-Ain 15551 United Arab Emirates
| | - Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski
- Charles Darwin University Energy and Resources Institute, Ellengowan Drive Darwin NT 0909 Australia
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8
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Ansari M, Senthilnathan D, Rajaraman G. Deciphering the origin of million-fold reactivity observed for the open core diiron [HO-Fe III-O-Fe IV[double bond, length as m-dash]O] 2+ species towards C-H bond activation: role of spin-states, spin-coupling, and spin-cooperation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10669-10687. [PMID: 33209248 PMCID: PMC7654192 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02624g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High-valent metal-oxo species have been characterised as key intermediates in both heme and non-heme enzymes that are found to perform efficient aliphatic hydroxylation, epoxidation, halogenation, and dehydrogenation reactions. Several biomimetic model complexes have been synthesised over the years to mimic both the structure and function of metalloenzymes. The diamond-core [Fe2(μ-O)2] is one of the celebrated models in this context as this has been proposed as the catalytically active species in soluble methane monooxygenase enzymes (sMMO), which perform the challenging chemical conversion of methane to methanol at ease. In this context, a report of open core [HO(L)FeIII-O-FeIV(O)(L)]2+ (1) gains attention as this activates C-H bonds a million-fold faster compared to the diamond-core structure and has the dual catalytic ability to perform hydroxylation as well as desaturation with organic substrates. In this study, we have employed density functional methods to probe the origin of the very high reactivity observed for this complex and also to shed light on how this complex performs efficient hydroxylation and desaturation of alkanes. By modelling fifteen possible spin-states for 1 that could potentially participate in the reaction mechanism, our calculations reveal a doublet ground state for 1 arising from antiferromagnetic coupling between the quartet FeIV centre and the sextet FeIII centre, which regulates the reactivity of this species. The unusual stabilisation of the high-spin ground state for FeIV[double bond, length as m-dash]O is due to the strong overlap of with the orbital, reducing the antibonding interactions via spin-cooperation. The electronic structure features computed for 1 are consistent with experiments offering confidence in the methodology chosen. Further, we have probed various mechanistic pathways for the C-H bond activation as well as -OH rebound/desaturation of alkanes. An extremely small barrier height computed for the first hydrogen atom abstraction by the terminal FeIV[double bond, length as m-dash]O unit was found to be responsible for the million-fold activation observed in the experiments. The barrier height computed for -OH rebound by the FeIII-OH unit is also smaller suggesting a facile hydroxylation of organic substrates by 1. A strong spin-cooperation between the two iron centres also reduces the barrier for second hydrogen atom abstraction, thus making the desaturation pathway competitive. Both the spin-state as well as spin-coupling between the two metal centres play a crucial role in dictating the reactivity for species 1. By exploring various mechanistic pathways, our study unveils the fact that the bridged μ-oxo group is a poor electrophile for both C-H activation as well for -OH rebound. As more and more evidence is gathered in recent years for the open core geometry of sMMO enzymes, the idea of enhancing the reactivity via an open-core motif has far-reaching consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mursaleem Ansari
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India .
| | - Dhurairajan Senthilnathan
- Center for Computational Chemistry , CRD , PRIST University , Vallam , Thanjavur , Tamilnadu 613403 , India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India .
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9
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Metin E, Arsu N, Catak S, Aviyente V. Photophysical, kinetic and thermodynamic study of one-component Type II thioxanthone acetic acid photoinitiators. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Lopez X, Piris M. Performance of the NOF-MP2 method in hydrogen abstraction reactions. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Theoretical study on bioluminescent mechanism and process of Siberian luminous earthworm Fridericia heliota. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Gomez JA, Molla M, Garza AJ, Henderson TM, Scuseria GE. Assessing combinations of singlet-paired coupled cluster and density functional theory for treating electron correlation in closed and open shells. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1615144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mahlet Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Thomas M. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gustavo E. Scuseria
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Hughes RP, Lemal DM. Competing (4+2) and (2+2) cycloaddition reactions of tetrafluorothiophene-S,S-dioxide with phenylacetylene: A computational study. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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15
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Shi Q, Wang W, Wang Y, Lan Y, Yao C, Wei D. Prediction on the origin of chemoselectivity in Lewis base-mediated competition cyclizations between allenoates and chalcones: a computational study. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00606k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The HOMOTSs and p-orbital contributions of the center atoms were used to predict the origin of chemoselectivity in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Yao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
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16
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Messelberger J, Grünwald A, Pinter P, Hansmann MM, Munz D. Carbene derived diradicaloids - building blocks for singlet fission? Chem Sci 2018; 9:6107-6117. [PMID: 30090299 PMCID: PMC6053972 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01999a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic singlet diradicaloids promise application in non-linear optics, electronic devices and singlet fission. The stabilization of carbon allotropes/cumulenes (C1, C2, C4) by carbenes has been equally an area of high activity. Combining these fields, we showed recently that carbene scaffolds allow as well for the design of diradicaloids. Herein, we report a comprehensive computational investigation (CASSCF/NEVPT2; fractional occupation DFT) on the electronic properties of carbene-bridge-carbene type diradicaloids. We delineate how to adjust the properties of these ensembles through the choice of carbene and bridge and show that already a short C2 bridge results in remarkable diradicaloid character. The choice of the carbene separately tunes the energies of the S1 and T1 excited states, whereas the bridge adjusts the overall energy level of the excited states. Accordingly, we develop guidelines on how to tailor the electronic properties of these molecules. Of particular note, fractional occupation DFT is an excellent tool to predict singlet-triplet gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Messelberger
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie , Egerlandstr. 1 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Annette Grünwald
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie , Egerlandstr. 1 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Piermaria Pinter
- Technische Universität Dresden, Physikalische Organische Chemie , Bergstr. 66 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen , Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Tammannstraße 2 , 37073 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie , Egerlandstr. 1 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
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17
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Saavedra DI, Rencher BD, Kwon DH, Smith SJ, Ess DH, Andrus MB. Synthesis and Computational Studies Demonstrate the Utility of an Intramolecular Styryl Diels–Alder Reaction and Di-t-butylhydroxytoluene Assisted [1,3]-Shift to Construct Anticancer dl-Deoxypodophyllotoxin. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2018-2026. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana I. Saavedra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84604, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Rencher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84604, United States
| | - Doo-Hyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84604, United States
| | - Stacey J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84604, United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84604, United States
| | - Merritt B. Andrus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84604, United States
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18
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Donald KJ, Befekadu E, Prasad S. Coordination and Insertion: Competitive Channels for Borylene Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8982-8994. [PMID: 29072458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monovalent boron, free borylene species of the form B-R are notoriously unstable. Consequently, there are substantial gaps in the literature concerning the potential utility of those species in organic and inorganic synthesis either as ligands or as critical intermediates in reactions. We show that the relative stability of borylene complexes varies widely, depending on the electron donating ability of the R group. We find that borylenes can form, in the gas phase, weak sigma hole type interactions to saturated carbon centers and stronger dative bonds to tetravalent silicon and germanium. An insertion reaction of the form FH3M + BR → FH2MBHR competes against dative bonding, however, and the reaction is barrierless in several cases when M = Si and in a few cases when M = Ge. For M = C, the barriers are high enough to stabilize monovalent boron complexes. In each case, the barrier heights to M-H bond activation and BR insertion are very sensitive to the nucleophilicity of BR. We confirm, at the MP2(full) and CCSD(T) levels, a substantial preference in borylenes for the singlet over the triplet state. An account is provided at the B3LYP-D3 and MP2(full) levels for the facile insertion reaction on the singlet surface when M = Si and for the stability of FH3M·BR type complexes and the higher barriers to insertion when M = C and Ge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelling J Donald
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond , Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Ezana Befekadu
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond , Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Supreeth Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond , Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
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Varga Z, Verma P, Truhlar DG. Hyper Open-Shell States: The Lowest Excited Spin States of O Atom, Fe2+ Ion, and FeF2. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12569-12578. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Varga
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Pragya Verma
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Nanoporous
Materials Genome Center, 207 Pleasant Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Nanoporous
Materials Genome Center, 207 Pleasant Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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20
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Al-Nu'airat J, Altarawneh M, Gao X, Westmoreland PR, Dlugogorski BZ. Reaction of Aniline with Singlet Oxygen (O 21Δ g). J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3199-3206. [PMID: 28406298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) acts as an effective photochemical sensitizer that produces the singlet delta state of molecular oxygen (O21Δg), a powerful oxidizer that removes aniline from aqueous solutions. However, the exact mode of this reaction, the p- to o-iminobenzoquinone ratio, and the selectivity of one over the other remain largely speculative. This contribution resolves these uncertainties. We report, for the first time, a comprehensive mechanistic and kinetic account of the oxidation of aniline with the singlet delta oxygen using B3LYP and M06 functionals in both gas and aqueous phases. Reaction mechanisms have been mapped out at E, H, and G scales. The 1,4-cycloaddition of O21Δg to aniline forms a 1,4-peroxide intermediate (M1), which isomerizes via a closed-shell mechanism to generate a p-iminobenzoquinone molecule. On the other hand, the O21Δg ene-type reaction forms an o-iminobenzoquinone product when the hydroperoxyl bond breaks, splitting hydroxyl from the 1,2-hydroperoxide (M3) moiety. The gas-phase model predicts the formation of both p- and o-iminobenzoquinones. In the latter model, the M1 adduct displays the selectivity of up to 96%. A water-solvation model predicts that M1 decomposes further, forming only p-iminobenzoquinone with a rate constant of k = 1.85 × 109 (L/(mol s)) at T = 313 K. These results corroborate the recent experimental findings of product concentration profile in which p-iminobenzoquinonine represents the only detected product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomana Al-Nu'airat
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University , 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University , 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Xiangpeng Gao
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University , 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Phillip R Westmoreland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Bogdan Z Dlugogorski
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University , 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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21
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Bao JL, Sand A, Gagliardi L, Truhlar DG. Correlated-Participating-Orbitals Pair-Density Functional Method and Application to Multiplet Energy Splittings of Main-Group Divalent Radicals. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:4274-83. [PMID: 27438755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the singlet-triplet splittings of divalent radicals is a challenging task for electronic structure theory. In the present work, we investigate the performance of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT) for computing the singlet-triplet splitting for small main-group divalent radicals for which accurate experimental data are available. In order to define theoretical model chemistries that can be assessed consistently, we define three correlated participating orbitals (CPO) schemes (nominal, moderate, and extended, abbreviated as nom, mod, and ext) to define the constitution of complete active spaces, and we test them systematically. Broken-symmetry Kohn-Sham DFT calculations have also been carried out for comparison. We found that the extended CPO-PDFT scheme with translated on-top pair-density functionals have smaller mean unsigned errors than weighted-average broken-symmetry Kohn-Sham DFT with the corresponding exchange-correlation functional. The accuracy of the translated Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (tPBE) on-top pair-density functionals with ext-CPO active space is even better than some of the more accurately parametrized exchange-correlation density functionals that we tested; this is very encouraging for MC-PDFT theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Lucas Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Andrew Sand
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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22
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Liu C, Han P, Liu Y, Tang M. Mechanism studies of the chemoselective ring opening of N-tosyl aziridines with aldehydes catalyzed by an N-heterocyclic carbene under aerobic conditions. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Boggio-Pasqua M, Heully JL. Thermolysis biradical mechanisms in endoperoxides: A challenge for density functional theory? Theor Chem Acc 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-015-1766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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24
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Fuller JT, Harrison DJ, Leclerc MC, Baker RT, Ess DH, Hughes RP. A New Stepwise Mechanism for Formation of a Metallacyclobutane via a Singlet Diradical Intermediate. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Fuller
- Department
of Chemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Daniel J. Harrison
- Center
for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Matthew C. Leclerc
- Center
for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - R. Tom Baker
- Center
for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department
of Chemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Russell P. Hughes
- Department
of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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25
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Hudzik JM, Castillo Á, Bozzelli JW. Bond Energies and Thermochemical Properties of Ring-Opened Diradicals and Carbenes of exo-Tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:9857-78. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b05564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Hudzik
- Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Álvaro Castillo
- Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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26
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Ramirez B, Cordova T, Ruette F, Chuchani G. Inquiry of the reaction paths in thermal retro-Diels–Alder reactions in the gas phase: Theoretical study on the concerted and stepwise elimination mechanisms of cyclohexenes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Lopez X, Piris M, Ruipérez F, Ugalde JM. Performance of PNOF6 for Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6981-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Lopez
- Kimika Fakultatea,
Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, and Donostia International
Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Mario Piris
- Kimika Fakultatea,
Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, and Donostia International
Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque
Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa
72, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesus M. Ugalde
- Kimika Fakultatea,
Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, and Donostia International
Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
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28
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Liang Y, Hong X, Yu P, Houk KN. Why Alkynyl Substituents Dramatically Accelerate Hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (HDDA) Reactions: Stepwise Mechanisms of HDDA Cycloadditions. Org Lett 2014; 16:5702-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502780w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xin Hong
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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29
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Garza AJ, Jiménez-Hoyos CA, Scuseria GE. Electronic correlation without double counting via a combination of spin projected Hartree-Fock and density functional theories. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:244102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4883491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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30
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Gao H, Xu QL, Yousufuddin M, Ess DH, Kürti L. Rapid Synthesis of Fused N-Heterocycles by Transition-Metal-Free Electrophilic Amination of Arene CH Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Gao H, Xu QL, Yousufuddin M, Ess DH, Kürti L. Rapid Synthesis of Fused N-Heterocycles by Transition-Metal-Free Electrophilic Amination of Arene CH Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2701-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Friebe C, Schulze B, Görls H, Jäger M, Schubert US. Designing Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Complexes for Anodic Electropolymerization. Chemistry 2014; 20:2357-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Stumetz KS, Nadeau JT, Cremeens ME. Potential nonadiabatic reactions: ring-opening 4,6-dimethylidenebicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene derivatives to aromatic reactive intermediates. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10878-84. [PMID: 24117361 DOI: 10.1021/jo401856r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Potential singlet-triplet surface crossings for the ring opening of 4,6-dimethylidenebicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene derivatives were explored using density functional theory (DFT) and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) methods. Since these ring openings involve relatively high energy species that lead to relatively stable aromatic species, a good scenario for potential nonadiabatic events, we posited that the reaction paths of these ring openings might come close to or cross excited state surfaces. At the DFT level of theory, all reaction paths exhibited characteristics suggestive of singlet-triplet intersections along their paths. 6-Methylidenebicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-one and a closely related derivative (4-methylidenebicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-en-6-one) were explored at the CASSCF level of theory; CASSCF results were qualitatively similar to DFT results and yielded spin-orbit couplings of 1.1-1.4 cm(-1) at the singlet-triplet crossing points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Stumetz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University , 502 East Boone Avenue, Spokane, Washington 99258, United States
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34
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Malrieu JP, Caballol R, Calzado CJ, de Graaf C, Guihéry N. Magnetic interactions in molecules and highly correlated materials: physical content, analytical derivation, and rigorous extraction of magnetic Hamiltonians. Chem Rev 2013; 114:429-92. [PMID: 24102410 DOI: 10.1021/cr300500z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Paul Malrieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse 3 , 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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35
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Xu QL, Gao H, Yousufuddin M, Ess DH, Kürti L. Aerobic, Transition-Metal-Free, Direct, and Regiospecific Mono-α-arylation of Ketones: Synthesis and Mechanism by DFT Calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14048-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4074563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Xu
- Division
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Hongyin Gao
- Division
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Muhammed Yousufuddin
- Center
for Nanostructured Materials, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - László Kürti
- Division
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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36
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Kozuch S, Martin JML. Spin-component-scaled double hybrids: An extensive search for the best fifth-rung functionals blending DFT and perturbation theory. J Comput Chem 2013; 34:2327-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; IL-76100; Rechovot; Israel
| | - Jan M. L. Martin
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; IL-76100; Rechovot; Israel
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37
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Garza AJ, Jiménez-Hoyos CA, Scuseria GE. Capturing static and dynamic correlations by a combination of projected Hartree-Fock and density functional theories. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:134102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4796545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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