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Lam Z, Tang WT, Demissie EG, Siu CK. Masked Reactivity of Hydrated Clusters of Monovalent Manganese Ions: Water Insertion versus Nitrous Oxide Activation-A Density Functional Theory Investigation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:999-1006. [PMID: 38587294 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Previous mass spectrometric (MS) studies demonstrated that singly charged hydration clusters of manganese ions [Mn(H2O)n]+ were, on one hand, highly reactive toward intracluster water insertion but, on the other hand, inert toward nitrous oxide activation. This contrast in reactivity has been rationalized by our present theoretical investigation for the interconversion between the pristine Mn(I) monovalent form as a monatomic ion in [MnI(H2O)n]+ and the oxidized Mn(III) trivalent form as a hydride-hydroxide in [HMnIIIOH(H2O)n-1], as well as their reactivity toward nitrous oxide activation. Our theoretical interpretations are supported with quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), performed systematically for the cluster-size range of n = 1 - 12. Our DFT results show that water insertion is kinetically and thermodynamically favorable for n ≥ 8, suggesting [HMnIIIOH(H2O)n-1]+ is the predominant form, as observed in previous MS experiments. While [MnI(H2O)n]+ is capable of N2O reduction, the process of which is highly exothermic, similar reactions are unfavorable with [HMnIIIOH(H2O)n-1]+, which can only form weakly bound adducts with N2O. This work demonstrates the masking effect of water molecules over the high reactivity of the hydrated Mn(I) center and sheds light on the potential roles of water in transition metal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Lam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Wing Tung Tang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ephrem G Demissie
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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2
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van der Linde C, Ončák M, Cunningham EM, Tang WK, Siu CK, Beyer MK. Surface or Internal Hydration - Does It Really Matter? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:337-354. [PMID: 36744598 PMCID: PMC9983018 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The precise location of an ion or electron, whether it is internally solvated or residing on the surface of a water cluster, remains an intriguing question. Subtle differences in the hydrogen bonding network may lead to a preference for one or the other. Here we discuss spectroscopic probes of the structure of gas-phase hydrated ions in combination with quantum chemistry, as well as H/D exchange as a means of structure elucidation. With the help of nanocalorimetry, we look for thermochemical signatures of surface vs internal solvation. Examples of strongly size-dependent reactivity are reviewed which illustrate the influence of surface vs internal solvation on unimolecular rearrangements of the cluster, as well as on the rate and product distribution of ion-molecule reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian van der Linde
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ethan M. Cunningham
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wai Kit Tang
- Institute
of Research Management and Services (IPPP), Research and Innovation
Management Complex, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur50603, Malaysia
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department
of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Roithová J, Bakker JM. Ion spectroscopy in methane activation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:513-528. [PMID: 34008884 PMCID: PMC9292810 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to ion spectroscopy studies of complexes relevant for the understanding of methane activation with metal ions and clusters. Methane activation starts with the formation of a complex with a metal ion. The degree of the interaction between an intact methane molecule and the ion can be monitored by the perturbations of C-H stretch vibrations in the methane molecule. Binding mediated by the electrostatic interaction results in a η3 type coordination of methane. In contrast, binding governed by orbital interactions results in a η2 type coordination of methane. We further review the spectroscopic characterization of activation products of metal-methane reactions, such as the metal-carbene and carbyne products resulting from the interaction of selected 5d metals with methane. The focus of recent research in the field has shifted towards the investigation of interactions between methane and metal clusters. We show examples highlighting that metal clusters can be more reactive in methane activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and CatalysisRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Mayer M, Vankova N, Stolz F, Abel B, Heine T, Asmis KR. Identification of a Two-Coordinate Iron(I)-Oxalate Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117855. [PMID: 35088489 PMCID: PMC9303725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exotic oxidation states of the first-row transition metals have recently attracted much interest. In order to investigate the oxidation states of a series of iron-oxalate complexes, an aqueous solution of iron(III) nitrate and oxalic acid was studied by infrared free liquid matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization as well as ionspray mass spectrometry. Here, we show that iron is not only detected in its common oxidation states +II and +III, but also in its unusual oxidation state +I, detectable in both positive-ion and in negative-ion modes, respectively. Vibrational spectra of the gas phase anionic iron oxalate complexes [FeIII (C2 O4 )2 ]- , [FeII (C2 O4 )CO2 ]- , and [FeI (C2 O4 )]- were measured by means of infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and their structures were assigned by comparison to anharmonic vibrational spectra based on second-order perturbation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mayer
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstr. 204103LeipzigGermany
| | - Nina Vankova
- Theoretische ChemieTechnische Universität DresdenBergstr. 66c01062DresdenGermany
| | - Ferdinand Stolz
- Leibniz Institute for Surface Engineering (IOM)Permoserstr. 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstr. 204103LeipzigGermany
- Leibniz Institute for Surface Engineering (IOM)Permoserstr. 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Theoretische ChemieTechnische Universität DresdenBergstr. 66c01062DresdenGermany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfForschungsstelle LeipzigPermoserstr. 1504318LeipzigGermany
- Department of ChemistryYonsei UniversitySeodaemun-gu, Seoul120-749Republic of Korea
| | - Knut R. Asmis
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität LeipzigLinnéstr. 204103LeipzigGermany
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5
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Mayer M, Vankova N, Stolz F, Abel B, Heine T, Asmis KR. Identification of a Two‐Coordinate Iron(I)‐Oxalate Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mayer
- Universität Leipzig: Universitat Leipzig Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut GERMANY
| | - Nina Vankova
- Technische Universität Dresden: Technische Universitat Dresden Theoretische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Ferdinand Stolz
- Leibniz Institute for Surface Modification: Leibniz-Institut fur Oberflachenmodifizierung eV Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute for Surface Modification: Leibniz-Institut fur Oberflachenmodifizierung eV Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Thomas Heine
- TU Dresden: Technische Universitat Dresden Theoretische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Knut R Asmis
- Universitat Leipzig Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig GERMANY
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6
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Heller J, Pascher TF, van der Linde C, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Photochemical Hydrogen Evolution at Metal Centers Probed with Hydrated Aluminium Cations, Al + (H 2 O) n , n=1-10. Chemistry 2021; 27:16367-16376. [PMID: 34636449 PMCID: PMC9298212 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrated aluminium cations have been investigated as a photochemical model system with up to ten water molecules by UV action spectroscopy in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. Intense photodissociation was observed starting at 4.5 eV for two to eight water molecules with loss of atomic hydrogen, molecular hydrogen and water molecules. Quantum chemical calculations for n=2 reveal that solvation shifts the intense 3s-3p excitations of Al+ into the investigated photon energy range below 5.5 eV. During the photochemical relaxation, internal conversion from S1 to T2 takes place, and photochemical hydrogen formation starts on the T2 surface, which passes through a conical intersection, changing to T1 . On this triplet surface, the electron that was excited to the Al 3p orbital is transferred to a coordinated water molecule, which dissociates into a hydroxide ion and a hydrogen atom. If the system remains in the triplet state, this hydrogen radical is lost directly. If the system returns to singlet multiplicity, the reaction may be reversed, with recombination with the hydroxide moiety and electron transfer back to aluminium, resulting in water evaporation. Alternatively, the hydrogen radical can attack the intact water molecule, forming molecular hydrogen and aluminium dihydroxide. Photodissociation is observed for up to n=8. Clusters with n=9 or 10 occur exclusively as HAlOH+ (H2 O)n-1 and are transparent in the investigated energy range. For n=4-8, a mixture of Al+ (H2 O)n and HAlOH+ (H2 O)n-1 is present in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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7
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Zippel C, Israil R, Schüssler L, Hassan Z, Schneider EK, Weis P, Nieger M, Bizzarri C, Kappes MM, Riehn C, Diller R, Bräse S. Metal-to-Metal Distance Modulated Au(I)/Ru(II) Cyclophanyl Complexes: Cooperative Effects in Photoredox Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:15187-15200. [PMID: 34655123 PMCID: PMC8596992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The modular synthesis of Au(I)/Ru(II) decorated mono- and heterobimetallic complexes with π-conjugated [2.2]paracyclophane is described. [2.2]Paracyclophane serves as a rigid spacer which holds the metal centers in precise spatial orientations and allows metal-to-metal distance modulation. A broad set of architectural arrangements of pseudo -geminal, -ortho, -meta, and -para substitution patterns were employed. Metal-to-metal distance modulation of Au(I)/Ru(II) heterobimetallic complexes and the innate transannular π-communication of the cyclophanyl scaffold provides a promising platform for the investigations of structure-activity relationship and cooperative effects. The Au(I)/Ru(II) heterobimetallic cyclophanyl complexes are stable, easily accessible, and exhibit promising catalytic activity in the visible-light promoted arylative Meyer-Schuster rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zippel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Roumany Israil
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK)Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Lars Schüssler
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK)Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Erik K. Schneider
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP. O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Claudia Bizzarri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHerman-von Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK)Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
- Research Center OPTIMASErwin-Schrödinger-Str. 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Rolf Diller
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK)Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical SystemsFunctional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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8
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Heller J, Pascher TF, Muß D, van der Linde C, Beyer MK, Ončák M. Photochemistry and UV/vis spectroscopy of hydrated vanadium cations, V +(H 2O) n, n = 1-41, a model system for photochemical hydrogen evolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22251-22262. [PMID: 34396372 PMCID: PMC8514045 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02382a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical hydrogen evolution provides fascinating perspectives for light harvesting. Hydrated metal ions in the gas phase are ideal model systems to study elementary steps of this reaction on a molecular level. Here we investigate mass-selected hydrated monovalent vanadium ions, with a hydration shell ranging from 1 to 41 water molecules, by photodissociation spectroscopy. The most intense absorption bands correspond to 3d-4p transitions, which shift to the red from n = 1 to n = 4, corresponding to the evolution of a square-planar complex. Additional water molecules no longer interact directly with the metal center, and no strong systematic shift is observed in larger clusters. Evolution of atomic and molecular hydrogen competes with loss of water molecules for all V+(H2O)n, n ≤ 12. For n ≥ 15, no absorptions are observed, which indicates that the cluster ensemble is fully converted to HVOH+(H2O)n-1. For the smallest clusters, the electronic transitions are modeled using multireference methods with spin-orbit coupling. A large number of quintet and triplet states is accessible, which explains the broad features observed in the experiment. Water loss most likely occurs after a series of intersystem crossings and internal conversions to the electronic ground state or a low-lying quintet state, while hydrogen evolution is favored in low lying triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Dominik Muß
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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9
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Demissie EG, Lam WK, Thompson H, Tang WK, Siu CK. Decomposition of nitrous oxide in hydrated cobalt(I) clusters: a theoretical insight into the mechanistic roles of ligand-binding modes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16816-16826. [PMID: 34323905 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01820e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrated cobalt(i) cluster ions, [Co(H2O)n]+, can decompose the inert nitrous oxide molecule, N2O. Density functional theory suggests that N2O can anchor to Co+ of [Co(N2O)(H2O)n]+ through either O end-on (η1-OL) or N end-on (η1-NL) coordinate mode. The latter is thermodynamically more favorable resulting from a subtle π backdonation from Co+ to N2O. N2O decomposition involves two major processes: (1) redox reaction and (2) N-O bond dissociation. The initial activation of N2O through an electron transfer from Co+ to N2O yields anionic N2O-, which binds to the metal center of [Co2+(N2O-)(H2O)n] also through either O end-on (η1-O) or N end-on (η1-N) mode and is stabilized by water molecules through hydrogen bonding. From η1-O, subsequent N-O bond dissociation to liberate N2, producing [CoO(H2O)n]+, is straightforward via a mechanism that is commonplace for typical metal-catalyzed N2O decompositions. Unexpectedly, the N-O bond dissociation directly from η1-N is also possible and eliminates both N2 and OH, explaining the formation of [CoOH(H2O)n]+ as observed in a previous experimental study. Interestingly, formation of [CoO(H2O)n]+ is kinetically controlled by the initial redox process between Co+ and the O-bound N2O, the activation barriers of which in large water clusters (n ≥ 14) are higher than that of the unexpected N-O bond dissociation from the N-bound structure forming [CoOH(H2O)n]+. This theoretical discovery implies that in the present of water molecules, the metal-catalyzed N2O decomposition starting from an O-bound metal complex is not mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephrem G Demissie
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.
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10
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Marks JH, Miliordos E, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of RG-Co +(H 2O) complexes (RG = Ar, Ne, He): The role of rare gas "tag" atoms. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:064306. [PMID: 33588546 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RGn-Co+(H2O) cation complexes (RG = Ar, Ne, He) are generated in a supersonic expansion by pulsed laser vaporization. Complexes are mass-selected using a time-of-flight spectrometer and studied with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy, measuring the respective mass channels corresponding to the elimination of the rare gas "tag" atom. Spectral patterns and theory indicate that the structures of the ions with a single rare gas atom have this bound to the cobalt cation opposite the water moiety in a near-C2v arrangement. The O-H stretch vibrations of the complex are shifted compared to those of water because of the metal cation charge-transfer interaction; these frequencies also vary systematically with the rare gas atom attached. The efficiencies of photodissociation also vary with the rare gas atoms because of their widely different binding energies to the cobalt cation. The spectrum of the argon complex could only be measured when at least three argon atoms were attached. In the case of the helium complex, the low binding energy allows the spectra to be measured for the low-frequency H-O-H scissors bending mode and for the O-D stretches of the deuterated analog. The partially resolved rotational structure for the antisymmetric O-H and O-D stretches reveals the temperature of these complexes (6 K) and establishes the electronic ground state. The helium complex has the same 3B1 ground state as the tag-free complex studied previously by Metz and co-workers ["Dissociation energy and electronic and vibrational spectroscopy of Co+(H2O) and its isotopomers," J. Phys. Chem. A 117, 1254 (2013)], but the A rotational constant is contaminated by vibrational averaging from the bending motion of the helium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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11
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Cunningham EM, Taxer T, Heller J, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Microsolvation of Zn cations: infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of Zn +(H 2O) n (n = 2-35). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3627-3636. [PMID: 33524092 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06112c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structures, along with solvation evolution, of size-selected Zn+(H2O)n (n = 2-35) complexes have been determined by combining infrared multiple photon photodissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and density functional theory. The infrared spectra were recorded in the O-H stretching region, revealing varying shifts in band position due to different water binding motifs. Concordant with previous studies, a coordination number of 3 is observed, determined by the sudden appearance of a broad, red-shifted band in the hydrogen bonding region for clusters n > 3. The coordination number of 3 seems to be retained even for the larger clusters, due to incoming ligands experiencing significant repulsion from the Zn+ valence 4s electron. Evidence of spectrally distinct single- and double-acceptor sites are presented for medium-sized clusters, 4 ≤n≤ 7, however for larger clusters, n≥ 8, the hydrogen bonding region is dominated by a broad, unresolved band, indicative of the increased number of second and third coordination sphere ligands. No evidence of a solvated, six-fold coordinated Zn2+ ion/solvated electron pair is present in the spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Cunningham
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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12
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Carnegie PD, Marks JH, Brathwaite AD, Ward TB, Duncan MA. Microsolvation in V +(H 2O) n Clusters Studied with Selected-Ion Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1093-1103. [PMID: 31961153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion-molecule clusters of the form V+(H2O)n (n = 1-30) are produced by laser vaporization in a supersonic expansion. These ions are analyzed and mass-selected with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and investigated with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy. The small clusters (n ≤ 7) are studied with argon tagging, while the larger clusters are studied via the elimination of water molecules. The vibrational spectra for the small clusters include only free O-H stretching vibrations, while larger clusters exhibit redshifted hydrogen bonding vibrations. The spectral patterns reveal that the coordination around V+ ions is completed with four water molecules. A symmetric square-planar structure forms for the n = 4 ion, and this becomes the core ion in larger structures. Clusters up to n = 8 have mostly two-dimensional structures, but hydrogen bonding networks evolve to three-dimensional structures in larger clusters. The free O-H vibration of acceptor-acceptor-donor (AAD)-coordinated surface molecules converges to a frequency near that of bulk water by the cluster size of n = 30. However, the splitting of this vibration for AAD- versus AD-coordinated molecules is still different compared to other singly charged or doubly charged cation-water clusters. This indicates that cation identity and charge-site location in the cluster can produce discernable spectral differences for clusters in this size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosser D Carnegie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Antonio D Brathwaite
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Timothy B Ward
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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13
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Barwa E, Ončák M, Pascher TF, Herburger A, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy of Hydrated Cobalt Anions Doped with Carbon Dioxide CoCO 2 (H 2 O) n - , n=1-10, in the C-O Stretch Region. Chemistry 2020; 26:1074-1081. [PMID: 31617628 PMCID: PMC7051846 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We investigate anionic [Co,CO2 ,nH2 O]- clusters as model systems for the electrochemical activation of CO2 by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy in the range of 1250-2234 cm-1 using an FT-ICR mass spectrometer. We show that both CO2 and H2 O are activated in a significant fraction of the [Co,CO2 ,H2 O]- clusters since it dissociates by CO loss, and the IR spectrum exhibits the characteristic C-O stretching frequency. About 25 % of the ion population can be dissociated by pumping the C-O stretching mode. With the help of quantum chemical calculations, we assign the structure of this ion as Co(CO)(OH)2 - . However, calculations find Co(HCOO)(OH)- as the global minimum, which is stable against IRMPD under the conditions of our experiment. Weak features around 1590-1730 cm-1 are most likely due to higher lying isomers of the composition Co(HOCO)(OH)- . Upon additional hydration, all species [Co,CO2 ,nH2 O]- , n≥2, undergo IRMPD through loss of H2 O molecules as a relatively weakly bound messenger. The main spectral features are the C-O stretching mode of the CO ligand around 1900 cm-1 , the water bending mode mixed with the antisymmetric C-O stretching mode of the HCOO- ligand around 1580-1730 cm-1 , and the symmetric C-O stretching mode of the HCOO- ligand around 1300 cm-1 . A weak feature above 2000 cm-1 is assigned to water combination bands. The spectral assignment clearly indicates the presence of at least two distinct isomers for n ≥2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Barwa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Andreas Herburger
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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14
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Ard SG, Sweeny BC, McDonald DC, Viggiano AA, Shuman NS. Quantifying the Competition between Intersystem Crossing and Spin-Conserved Pathways in the Thermal Reaction of V+ + N2O. J Phys Chem A 2019; 124:30-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun G. Ard
- Institute for Scientific Research, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Brendan C. Sweeny
- NRC Postdoc at Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - David C. McDonald
- NRC Postdoc at Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Albert A. Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
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15
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Barwa E, Ončák M, Pascher TF, Taxer T, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. CO 2/O 2 Exchange in Magnesium-Water Clusters Mg +(H 2O) n. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:73-81. [PMID: 30516989 PMCID: PMC6331139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrated singly charged metal ions doped with carbon dioxide, Mg2+(CO2)-(H2O) n, in the gas phase are valuable model systems for the electrochemical activation of CO2. Here, we study these systems by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry combined with ab initio calculations. We show that the exchange reaction of CO2 with O2 proceeds fast with bare Mg+(CO2), with a rate coefficient kabs = 1.2 × 10-10 cm3 s-1, while hydrated species exhibit a lower rate in the range of kabs = (1.2-2.4) × 10-11 cm3 s-1 for this strongly exothermic reaction. Water makes the exchange reaction more exothermic but, at the same time, considerably slower. The results are rationalized with a need for proper orientation of the reactants in the hydrated system, with formation of a Mg2+(CO4)-(H2O) n intermediate while the activation energy is negligible. According to our nanocalorimetric analysis, the exchange reaction of the hydrated ion is exothermic by -1.7 ± 0.5 eV, in agreement with quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Barwa
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Taxer
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Herburger A, Ončák M, Barwa E, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Carbon-carbon bond formation in the reaction of hydrated carbon dioxide radical anions with 3-butyn-1-ol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 435:101-106. [PMID: 33209089 PMCID: PMC7116384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical activation of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution is a promising way to use carbon dioxide as a C1 building block. Mechanistic studies in the gas phase play an important role to understand the inherent chemical reactivity of the carbon dioxide radical anion. Here, the reactivity of CO2 •-(H2O)n with 3-butyn-1-ol is investigated by Fourier transform ion cyclotron (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry and quantum chemical calculations. Carbon-carbon bond formation takes places, but is associated with a barrier. Therefore, bond formation may require uptake of several butynol molecules. The water molecules slowly evaporate from the cluster due to the absorption of room temperature black-body radiation. When all water molecules are lost, butynol evaporation sets in. In this late stage of the reaction, side reactions occur including H• atom transfer and elimination of HOCO•.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Blaziak K, Tzeli D, Xantheas SS, Uggerud E. The activation of carbon dioxide by first row transition metals (Sc-Zn). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25495-25505. [PMID: 30276383 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04231d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation of CO2 by chloride-tagged first-row transition metal anions [ClM]- (M = Sc-Zn), was examined by mass spectrometry, quantum chemical calculations, and statistical analysis. The direct formation of [ClM(CO2)]- complexes was demonstrated in the reaction between [ClM]- and neutral CO2. In addition, the reverse reaction was investigated by energy-variable collisionally induced dissociation (CID) of the corresponding [ClM(CO2)]- anions generated in-source. Five different mono- and bi-dentate binding motifs present in the ion/CO2 complexes were identified by quantum chemical calculations and the relative stability of each of these isomers was established and analyzed for all first-row transition metals based on the experimental and theoretical ion/molecule binding energies. It was found that the early first row transition metals form strong covalent bonds with the neutral CO2 molecule, while the late ones and in particular copper and zinc are weakly bonded. Using simple valence bond Lewis diagrams, the different binding motifs and their relative stabilities across the first row were described using multi-configurational self consistent field (MSCSCF) wavefunctions in a quantitative manner based on the electronic structure of the individual metals. This analysis provides an explanation for the change of the most favorite bonding motif of the transition metals with CO2 along the 1st transition metal row. The nature of the activated CO2 complex and the relationship between its stability and other structural and spectral properties was also analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and artificial neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Blaziak
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo N-0135, Norway.
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18
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Ončák M, Taxer T, Barwa E, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Photochemistry and spectroscopy of small hydrated magnesium clusters Mg +(H 2O) n, n = 1-5. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:044309. [PMID: 30068190 PMCID: PMC7075709 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrated singly charged magnesium ions Mg+(H2O)n, n ≤ 5, in the gas phase are ideal model systems to study photochemical hydrogen evolution since atomic hydrogen is formed over a wide range of wavelengths, with a strong cluster size dependence. Mass selected clusters are stored in the cell of an Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer at a temperature of 130 K for several seconds, which allows thermal equilibration via blackbody radiation. Tunable laser light is used for photodissociation. Strong transitions to D1-3 states (correlating with the 3s-3px,y,z transitions of Mg+) are observed for all cluster sizes, as well as a second absorption band at 4-5 eV for n = 3-5. Due to the lifted degeneracy of the 3px,y,z energy levels of Mg+, the absorptions are broad and red shifted with increasing coordination number of the Mg+ center, from 4.5 eV for n = 1 to 1.8 eV for n = 5. In all cases, H atom formation is the dominant photochemical reaction channel. Quantum chemical calculations using the full range of methods for excited state calculations reproduce the experimental spectra and explain all observed features. In particular, they show that H atom formation occurs in excited states, where the potential energy surface becomes repulsive along the O⋯H coordinate at relatively small distances. The loss of H2O, although thermochemically favorable, is a minor channel because, at least for the clusters n = 1-3, the conical intersection through which the system could relax to the electronic ground state is too high in energy. In some absorption bands, sequential absorption of multiple photons is required for photodissociation. For n = 1, these multiphoton spectra can be modeled on the basis of quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Taxer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erik Barwa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Baloglou A, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Gas-Phase Reactivity Studies of Small Molybdenum Cluster Ions with Dimethyl Disulfide. Top Catal 2018; 61:20-27. [PMID: 31258300 PMCID: PMC6566215 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-017-0864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum sulfide is a potent hydrogen evolution catalyst, and is discussed as a replacement of platinum in large-scale electrochemical hydrogen production. To learn more about the elementary steps of MoS2 production by sputtering in the presence of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), the reactions of Mox+, x = 1–3, with DMDS are studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. A rich variety of products composed of molybdenum, sulfur, carbon and hydrogen was observed. MoxSy+ species are formed in the first reaction step, together with products containing carbon and hydrogen. The calculations indicate that the strong Mo-S bonds are formed preferentially, followed by Mo–C bonds. Hydrogen is exclusively bound to carbon atoms, i.e. no insertion of a molybdenum atom into a C–H bond is observed. The reactions are efficient and highly exothermic, explaining the rich chemistry observed in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Baloglou
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Gernert I, Beyer MK. Evidence for Electron Transfer in the Reactions of Hydrated Monovalent First-Row Transition-Metal Ions M(H2O)n+, M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, n < 40, toward 1-Iodopropane. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9557-9566. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Gernert
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße
40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße
40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Zhao LJ, Xu XL, Xu HG, Feng G, Zheng WJ. Interaction of FeO - with water: anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21112-21118. [PMID: 28749507 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03870d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of FeO- with water molecules were studied by using photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theoretical calculations. It is found that a dihydroxyl species, Fe(OH)2-/0, can be formed when FeO-/0 interacts with the first water molecule. The complexes formed via the interactions between FeO-/0 and n water molecules can be viewed as Fe(OH)2(H2O)n-1-/0, in which (n - 1)H2O molecules interact with a Fe(OH)2 core. For Fe(OH)2-/0 and Fe(OH)2(H2O)-, the Fe(OH)2 unit has two conformers with the two OH groups oriented differently. The vertical detachment energies (VDEs) of FeO2H2(H2O)n-1- (n = 1-4) are measured to be 1.25 ± 0.04, 1.66 ± 0.04, 2.06 ± 0.04, and 2.37 ± 0.04 eV, respectively, by experiment. It is also worth mentioning that in the FeO2H2(H2O)- anion the water molecule interacts with the Fe(OH)2 core by forming a hydrogen bond with one of the OH groups, while in neutral FeO2H2(H2O), the water molecule interacts with the Fe atom of the Fe(OH)2 core via its O atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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22
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Ward TB, Miliordos E, Carnegie PD, Xantheas SS, Duncan MA. Ortho-para interconversion in cation-water complexes: The case of V+(H2O) and Nb+(H2O) clusters. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:224305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4984826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. B. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
| | - E. Miliordos
- Advanced Computing, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K1-83, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - P. D. Carnegie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
| | - S. S. Xantheas
- Advanced Computing, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K1-83, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
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23
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Schwarz H. Metal-mediated activation of carbon dioxide in the gas phase: Mechanistic insight derived from a combined experimental/computational approach. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Schwarz H. Ménage-à-trois: single-atom catalysis, mass spectrometry, and computational chemistry. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy02658c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genuine, single-atom catalysis can be realized in the gas phase and probed by mass spectrometry combined with computational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixun Luo
- State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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26
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Akhgarnusch A, Tang WK, Zhang H, Siu CK, Beyer MK. Charge transfer reactions between gas-phase hydrated electrons, molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide at temperatures of 80-300 K. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:23528-37. [PMID: 27498686 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03324e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recombination reactions of gas-phase hydrated electrons (H2O)n˙(-) with CO2 and O2, as well as the charge exchange reaction of CO2˙(-)(H2O)n with O2, were studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry in the temperature range T = 80-300 K. Comparison of the rate constants with collision models shows that CO2 reacts with 50% collision efficiency, while O2 reacts considerably slower. Nanocalorimetry yields internally consistent results for the three reactions. Converted to room temperature condensed phase, this yields hydration enthalpies of CO2˙(-) and O2˙(-), ΔHhyd(CO2˙(-)) = -334 ± 44 kJ mol(-1) and ΔHhyd(O2˙(-)) = -404 ± 28 kJ mol(-1). Quantum chemical calculations show that the charge exchange reaction proceeds via a CO4˙(-) intermediate, which is consistent with a fully ergodic reaction and also with the small efficiency. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations corroborate this picture and indicate that the CO4˙(-) intermediate has a lifetime significantly above the ps regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amou Akhgarnusch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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27
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Li ZY, Li HF, Zhao YX, He SG. Gold(III) Mediated Activation and Transformation of Methane on Au1-Doped Vanadium Oxide Cluster Cations AuV2O6+. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9437-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yu Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Fang Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Chen G, Zhao Y, Shang L, Waterhouse GIN, Kang X, Wu LZ, Tung CH, Zhang T. Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Zn +-containing Heterogeneous Catalysts. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1500424. [PMID: 27818902 PMCID: PMC5072390 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monovalent Zn+ (3d104s1) systems possess a special electronic structure that can be exploited in heterogeneous catalysis and photocatalysis, though it remains challenge to synthesize Zn+-containing materials. By careful design, Zn+-related species can be synthesized in zeolite and layered double hydroxide systems, which in turn exhibit excellent catalytic potential in methane, CO and CO2 activation. Furthermore, by utilizing advanced characterization tools, including electron spin resonance, X-ray absorption fine structure and density functional theory calculations, the formation mechanism of the Zn+ species and their structure-performance relationships can be understood. Such advanced characterization tools guide the rational design of high-performance Zn+-containing catalysts for efficient energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Yufei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Lu Shang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | | | - Xiaofeng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Tierui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
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29
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Ward T, Carnegie P, Duncan M. Infrared spectroscopy of the Ti(H2O)Ar+ ion–molecule complex: Electronic state switching induced by argon. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Zhao YX, Liu QY, Zhang MQ, He SG. Reactions of metal cluster anions with inorganic and organic molecules in the gas phase. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11471-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Progress on the activation and transformation of important inorganic and organic molecules by negatively charged bare metal clusters as well as ligated systems with oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Mei-Qi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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Herber I, Tang WK, Wong HY, Lam TW, Siu CK, Beyer MK. Reactivity of Hydrated Monovalent First Row Transition Metal Ions [M(H2O)n]+, M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, n < 50, Toward Acetonitrile. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:5566-78. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Herber
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse
40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wai-Kit Tang
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat
Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ho-Yin Wong
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat
Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tim-Wai Lam
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat
Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat
Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse
40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Lam TW, Zhang H, Siu CK. Reductions of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acetonitrile by the magnesium(II)/magnesium(I) couple in aqueous media: theoretical insights from a nano-sized water droplet. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:2780-92. [PMID: 25738586 DOI: 10.1021/jp511490n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Reductions of O2, CO2, and CH3CN by the half-reaction of the Mg(II)/Mg(I) couple (Mg(2+) + e(-) → Mg(+•)) confined in a nanosized water droplet ([Mg(H2O)16](•+)) have been examined theoretically by means of density functional theory based molecular dynamics methods. The present works have revealed many intriguing aspects of the reaction dynamics of the water clusters within several picoseconds or even in subpicoseconds. The reduction of O2 requires an overall doublet spin state of the system. The reductions of CO2 and CH3CN are facilitated by their bending vibrations and the electron-transfer processes complete within 0.5 ps. For all reactions studied, the radical anions, i.e., O2(•-), CO2(•-), and CH3CN(•-), are initially formed on the cluster surface. O2(•-) and CO2(•-) can integrate into the clusters due to their high hydrophilicity. They are either solvated in the second solvation shell of Mg(2+) as a solvent-separated ion pair (ssip) or directly coordinated to Mg(2+) as a contact-ion pair (cip) having the (1)η-[MgO2](•+) and (1)η-[MgOCO](•+) coordination modes. The (1)η-[MgO2](•+) core is more crowded than the (1)η-[MgOCO](•+) core. The reaction enthalpies of the formation of ssip and cip of [Mg(CO2)(H2O)16](•+) are -36 ± 4 kJ mol(-1) and -30 ± 9 kJ mol(-1), respectively, which were estimated based on the average temperature changes during the ion-molecule reaction between CO2 and [Mg(H2O)16](•+). The values for the formation of ssip and cip of [Mg(O2)(H2O)16](•+) are estimated to be -112 ± 18 kJ mol(-1) and -128 ± 28 kJ mol(-1), respectively. CH3CN(•-) undergoes protonation spontaneously to form the hydrophobic [CH3CN, H](•). Both CH3CN and [CH3CN, H](•) cannot efficiently penetrate into the clusters with activation barriers of 22 kJ mol(-1) and ∼40 kJ mol(-1), respectively. These results provide fundamental insights into the solvation dynamics of the Mg(2+)/Mg(•+) couple on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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Bandyopadhyay B, Reishus KN, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of solvation in small Zn+ (H2O)n complexes. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7794-803. [PMID: 23875934 DOI: 10.1021/jp4046676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Singly charged zinc-water cations are produced in a pulsed supersonic expansion source using laser vaporization. Zn(+)(H2O)n (n = 1-4) complexes are mass selected and studied with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy, employing the method of argon tagging. Density functional theory (DFT) computations are used to obtain the structures and vibrational frequencies of these complexes and their isomers. Spectra in the O-H stretching region show sharp bands corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric stretches, whose frequencies are lower than those in the isolated water molecule. Zn(+)(H2O)nAr complexes with n = 1-3 have O-H stretches only in the higher frequency region, indicating direct coordination to the metal. The Zn(+)(H2O)2-4Ar complexes have multiple bands here, indicating the presence of multiple low energy isomers differing in the attachment position of argon. The Zn(+)(H2O)4Ar cluster uniquely exhibits a broad band in the hydrogen bonded stretch region, indicating the presence of a second sphere water molecule. The coordination of the Zn(+)(H2O)n complexes is therefore completed with three water molecules.
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Lam TW, van der Linde C, Akhgarnusch A, Hao Q, Beyer MK, Siu CK. Reduction of Acetonitrile by Hydrated Magnesium Cations Mg + (H 2 O) n (n≈20-60) in the Gas Phase. Chempluschem 2013; 78:1040-1048. [PMID: 31986721 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ion-molecule reactions of Mg+ (H2 O)n (n≈20-60) with CH3 CN are studied by Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Collision with CH3 CN initiates the formation of MgOH+ (H2 O)n-1 together with CH3 CHN. or CH3 CNH. , which is similar to the reaction of hydrated electrons (H2 O)n - with CH3 CN. In subsequent reaction steps, three more CH3 CN molecules are taken up by the clusters, to form MgOH+ (CH3 CN)3 after a reaction delay of 60 seconds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M06/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory suggest that the bending motion of CH3 CN allows the unpaired electron that is solvated out from the Mg center to localize in a π*(CN)-like orbital of the bent CH3 CN.- , which undergoes spontaneous proton transfer to form CH3 CNH. or CH3 CHN. , with the former being kinetically more favorable. The reaction energy for a cluster with the hexacoordinated Mg center is more exothermic than that with the pentacoordinated Mg. The CH3 CNH. or CH3 CHN. is preferentially solvated on the cluster surface rather than at the first solvation shell of the Mg center. By contrast, the three additional CH3 CN molecules taken up by the resulting MgOH+ (H2 O)n clusters coordinate directly to the first solvation shell of the MgOH+ core, as revealed by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (P. R. China), Fax: (+852) 3442-0522
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel (Germany), Fax: (+49) 431-880-2830
| | - Amou Akhgarnusch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel (Germany), Fax: (+49) 431-880-2830
| | - Qiang Hao
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (P. R. China), Fax: (+852) 3442-0522
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel (Germany), Fax: (+49) 431-880-2830
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (P. R. China), Fax: (+852) 3442-0522
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van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Reactions of M(+)(H2O)n, n < 40, M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, with D2O reveal water activation in Mn(+)(H2O)n. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:10676-82. [PMID: 23075152 DOI: 10.1021/jp308744p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of M(+)(H(2)O)(n), n < 40, M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, with D(2)O are studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. Isotopically highly enriched metals are used as applicable. Isotopic scrambling with formation of HDO is not observed for M = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, which indicates that these hydrated metal ions consist of a singly charged metal center and a hydration shell of intact, inactivated water molecules. In the vanadium case, HDO formation is observed in the size region where also hydroxide formation with evolution of molecular hydrogen occurs. For manganese, HDO formation occurs in the size regime n ≈ 8-20. Additional experiments show that, in this size regime, Mn(+)(H(2)O)(n) is slowly converted into HMnOH(+)(H(2)O)(n-1) under the influence of room temperature blackbody radiation. The reaction is mildly exothermic; ΔH ≈ -21 ± 10 kJ mol(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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