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Oh J, Sung YM, Hong Y, Kim D. Spectroscopic Diagnosis of Excited-State Aromaticity: Capturing Electronic Structures and Conformations upon Aromaticity Reversal. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1349-1358. [PMID: 29508985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aromaticity, the special energetic stability derived from cyclic [4 n + 2]π-conjugated electronic structures, has been the topic of intense interest in chemistry because it plays a critical role in rationalizing molecular stability, reactivity, and physical/chemical properties. Recently, the pioneering work by Colin Baird on aromaticity reversal, postulating that aromatic (antiaromatic) character in the ground state reverses to antiaromatic (aromatic) character in the lowest excited triplet state, has attracted much scientific attention. The completely reversed aromaticity in the excited state provides direct insight into understanding the photophysical/chemical properties of photoactive materials. In turn, the application of aromatic molecules to photoactive materials has led to numerous studies revealing this aromaticity reversal. However, most studies of excited-state aromaticity have been based on the theoretical point of view. The experimental evaluation of aromaticity in the excited state is still challenging and strenuous because the assessment of (anti)aromaticity with conventional magnetic, energetic, and geometric indices is difficult in the excited state, which practically restricts the extension and application of the concept of excited-state aromaticity. Time-resolved optical spectroscopies can provide a new and alternative avenue to evaluate excited-state aromaticity experimentally while observing changes in the molecular features in the excited states. Time-resolved optical spectroscopies take advantage of ultrafast laser pulses to achieve high time resolution, making them suitable for monitoring ultrafast changes in the excited states of molecular systems. This can provide valuable information for understanding the aromaticity reversal. This Account presents recent breakthroughs in the experimental assessment of excited-state aromaticity and the verification of aromaticity reversal with time-resolved optical spectroscopic measurements. To scrutinize this intriguing and challenging scientific issue, expanded porphyrins have been utilized as the ideal testing platform for investigating aromaticity because they show distinct aromatic and antiaromatic characters with aromaticity-specific spectroscopic features. Expanded porphyrins exhibit perfect aromatic and antiaromatic congener pairs having the same molecular framework but different numbers of π electrons, which facilitates the study of the pure effect of aromaticity by comparative analyses. On the basis of the characteristics of expanded porphyrins, time-resolved electronic and vibrational absorption spectroscopies capture the changes in electronic structure and molecular conformations driven by the change in aromaticity and provide clear evidence for aromaticity reversal in the excited states. The approaches described in this Account pave the way for the development of new and alternative experimental indices for the evaluation of excited-state aromaticity, which will enable overarching and fundamental comprehension of the role of (anti)aromaticity in the stability, dynamics, and reactivity in the excited states with possible implications for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Chen WR, Yu Y, Zulfajri M, Lin PC, Wang CC. Phthalide Derivatives from Angelica Sinensis Decrease Hemoglobin Oxygen Affinity: A New Allosteric-Modulating Mechanism and Potential Use as 2,3-BPG Functional Substitutes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5504. [PMID: 28710372 PMCID: PMC5511246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica sinensis (AS), one of the most versatile herbal medicines remains widely used due to its multi-faceted pharmacologic activities. Besides its traditional use as the blood-nourishing tonic, its anti-hypertensive, anti-cardiovascular, neuroprotective and anti-cancer effects have been reported. Albeit the significant therapeutic effects, how AS exerts such diverse efficacies from the molecular level remains elusive. Here we investigate the influences of AS and four representative phthalide derivatives from AS on the structure and function of hemoglobin (Hb). From the spectroscopy and oxygen equilibrium experiments, we show that AS and the chosen phthalides inhibited the oxygenated Hb from transforming into the high-affinity “relaxed” (R) state, decreasing Hb’s oxygen affinity. It reveals that phthalides cooperate with the endogenous Hb modulator, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) to synergetically regulate Hb allostery. From the docking modeling, phthalides appear to interact with Hb mainly through its α1/α2 interface, likely strengthening four (out of six) Hb “tense” (T) state stabilizing salt-bridges. A new allosteric-modulating mechanism is proposed to rationalize the capacity of phthalides to facilitate Hb oxygen transport, which may be inherently correlated with the therapeutic activities of AS. The potential of phthalides to serve as 2,3-BPG substitutes/supplements and their implications in the systemic biology and preventive medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ren Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 80424, Republic of China
| | - Youqing Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 80424, Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Zulfajri
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 80424, Republic of China
| | - Ping-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 80424, Republic of China
| | - Chia C Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 80424, Republic of China. .,Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 80424, Republic of China.
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Sung YM, Oh J, Naoda K, Lee T, Kim W, Lim M, Osuka A, Kim D. A Description of Vibrational Modes in Hexaphyrins: Understanding the Aromaticity Reversal in the Lowest Triplet State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11930-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Mo Sung
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Koji Naoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Taegon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
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Sung YM, Oh J, Naoda K, Lee T, Kim W, Lim M, Osuka A, Kim D. A Description of Vibrational Modes in Hexaphyrins: Understanding the Aromaticity Reversal in the Lowest Triplet State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Mo Sung
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Koji Naoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Taegon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
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Kumar D, Lee A, Lee T, Lim M, Lim DK. Ultrafast and Efficient Transport of Hot Plasmonic Electrons by Graphene for Pt Free, Highly Efficient Visible-Light Responsive Photocatalyst. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:1760-7. [PMID: 26854830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report that reduced graphene-coated gold nanoparticles (r-GO-AuNPs) are excellent visible-light-responsive photocatalysts for the photoconversion of CO2 into formic acid (HCOOH). The wavelength-dependent quantum and chemical yields of HCOOH shows a significant contribution of plasmon-induced hot electrons for CO2 photoconversion. Furthermore, the presence and reduced state of the graphene layers are critical parameters for the efficient CO2 photoconversion because of the electron mobility of graphene. With an excellent selectivity toward HCOOH (>90%), the quantum yield of HCOOH using r-GO-AuNPs is 1.52%, superior to that of Pt-coated AuNPs (quantum yield: 1.14%). This indicates that r-GO is a viable alternative to platinum metal. The excellent colloidal stability and photocatalytic stability of r-GO-AuNPs enables CO2 photoconversion under more desirable reaction conditions. These results highlight the role of reduced graphene layers as highly efficient electron acceptors and transporters to facilitate the use of hot electrons for plasmonic photocatalysts. The femtosecond transient spectroscopic analysis also shows 8.7 times higher transport efficiency of hot plasmonic electrons in r-GO-AuNPs compared with AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Ahreum Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Taegon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 609-735 South Korea
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 609-735 South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Lim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
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Lee T, Kim J, Park J, Pak Y, Kim H, Lim M. Rebinding dynamics of NO to microperoxidase-8 probed by time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5192-202. [PMID: 26813691 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond vibrational spectroscopy was used to probe the rebinding kinetics of NO to microperoxidase-8 (Mp), an ideal model system for the active site of ligand-binding heme proteins, including myoglobin and hemoglobin, after the photodeligation of MpNO in glycerol/water (G/W) solutions at 294 K. The geminate rebinding (GR) of NO to Mp in viscous solutions was highly efficient and ultrafast and negligibly dependent on the solution viscosity, which was adjusted by changing the glycerol content from 65% to 90% by volume in G/W mixtures. The kinetics of the GR of NO to Mp in viscous solutions was well represented by an exponential function with a time constant of ca. 11 ps. Although the kinetic traces of the GR of NO to Mp in solutions with three different viscosities (18, 81, and 252 cP) almost overlap, they show a slight difference early in the decay process. The kinetic traces were also described by the diffusion-controlled reaction theory with a Coulomb potential. Since the ligand is deligated in a neutral form, an ionic pair of NO(-) and Mp(+) may be produced before forming the Mp-NO bond by an electron transfer from Mp to NO as the deligated NO is sufficiently near to the Fe atom of Mp. The strong reactivity between NO and ferrous heme may arise from the Coulomb interaction between the reacting pair, which is consistent with the harpooning mechanism for NO binding to heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 Korea.
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Park S, Park J, Lin HW, Lim M. Vibrational Relaxation of Cyanate or Thiocyanate Bound to Ferric Heme Proteins Studied by Femtosecond Infrared Spectroscopy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.3.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Park J, Lee T, Lim M. Direct Observation of the Low-Spin Fe(III)–NO(radical) Intermediate State during Rebinding of NO to Photodeligated Ferric Cytochrome c. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:12039-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407733g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeheung Park
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Taegon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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Russell HJ, Hardman SJO, Heyes DJ, Hough MA, Greetham GM, Towrie M, Hay S, Scrutton NS. Modulation of ligand-heme reactivity by binding pocket residues demonstrated in cytochrome c' over the femtosecond-second temporal range. FEBS J 2013; 280:6070-82. [PMID: 24034856 PMCID: PMC4163637 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability of hemoproteins to discriminate between diatomic molecules, and the subsequent affinity for their chosen ligand, is fundamental to the existence of life. These processes are often controlled by precise structural arrangements in proteins, with heme pocket residues driving reactivity and specificity. One such protein is cytochrome c', which has the ability to bind nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) on opposite faces of the heme, a property that is shared with soluble guanylate cycle. Like soluble guanylate cyclase, cytochrome c' also excludes O2 completely from the binding pocket. Previous studies have shown that the NO binding mechanism is regulated by a proximal arginine residue (R124) and a distal leucine residue (L16). Here, we have investigated the roles of these residues in maintaining the affinity for NO in the heme binding environment by using various time‐resolved spectroscopy techniques that span the entire femtosecond–second temporal range in the UV‐vis spectrum, and the femtosecond–nanosecond range by IR spectroscopy. Our findings indicate that the tightly regulated NO rebinding events following excitation in wild‐type cytochrome c' are affected in the R124A variant. In the R124A variant, vibrational and electronic changes extend continuously across all time scales (from fs–s), in contrast to wild‐type cytochrome c' and the L16A variant. Based on these findings, we propose a NO (re)binding mechanism for the R124A variant of cytochrome c' that is distinct from that in wild‐type cytochrome c'. In the wider context, these findings emphasize the importance of heme pocket architecture in maintaining the reactivity of hemoproteins towards their chosen ligand, and demonstrate the power of spectroscopic probes spanning a wide temporal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Russell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, UK
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10
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Park J, Lee T, Lim M. Vibrational relaxation of NO stretching modes in ferrous NO and ferric NO in model heme. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Schotte F, Cho HS, Soman J, Wulff M, Olson JS, Anfinrud PA. Real-time tracking of CO migration and binding in the α and β subunits of human hemoglobin via 150-ps time-resolved Laue crystallography. Chem Phys 2013; 422:98-106. [PMID: 24839343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed the method of picosecond Laue crystallography and used this capability to probe ligand dynamics in tetrameric R-state hemoglobin (Hb). Time-resolved, 2 Å-resolution electron density maps of photolyzed HbCO reveal the time-dependent population of CO in the binding (A) and primary docking (B) sites of both α and β subunits from 100 ps to 10 μs. The proximity of the B site in the β subunit is about 0.25 Å closer to its A binding site, and its kBA rebinding rate (~300 μs-1) is six times faster, suggesting distal control of the rebinding dynamics. Geminate rebinding in the β subunit exhibits both prompt and delayed geminate phases. We developed a microscopic model to quantitatively explain the observed kinetics, with three states for the α subunit and four states for the β subunit. This model provides a consistent framework for interpreting rebinding kinetics reported in prior studies of both HbCO and HbO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Schotte
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
| | - Hyun Sun Cho
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
| | - Jayashree Soman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, and W.M. Keck Center for Computational Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Michael Wulff
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - John S Olson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, and W.M. Keck Center for Computational Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Philip A Anfinrud
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
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Park J, Lee T, Lim M. Geminate rebinding dynamics of nitric oxide to ferric hemoglobin in D2O solution. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:1008-15. [PMID: 23512239 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy was used to probe geminate rebinding (GR) dynamics of photo-released nitric oxide (NO) to ferric hemoglobin (Hb(III)) in D2O solution at room temperature. Time-resolved vibrational spectra exhibit two overlapping NO bands for NO-bound Hb(III) (Hb(III)NO), a major band at 1925 cm(-1) (89%) and a minor one at 1905 cm(-1) (11%), suggesting that Hb(III)NO has at least two conformational substates. Both bands decay nonexponentially, each with a different time scale, and the decays are described by a stretched exponential function; the major band's decay is described by 0.96 exp(-t/40 ps)(0.86) + 0.04 and the minor band's decay is described by exp(-t/85 ps)(0.75). These decays arise mainly from the GR of the photo-released NO to Hb(III), indicating that the bound state's conformer influences the NO binding. In particular, the His64 residue, known to have inward conformation in the major band and outward conformation in the minor band, plays a significant role in controlling the binding of NO to Hb(III). The GR of NO to ferric Hb is slower than that to ferrous Hb, which shows fast and efficient GR due to the high reactivity of NO to the heme Fe(ii). The slower GR of NO to Hb(III) may be caused by the lower reactivity of NO to the heme Fe(iii).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeheung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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Park J, Lee T, Park J, Lim M. Photoexcitation Dynamics of NO-Bound Ferric Myoglobin Investigated by Femtosecond Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:2850-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp400055d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeheung Park
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Taegon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Jaehun Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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Kim J, Park J, Lee T, Lim M. Dynamics of Geminate Rebinding of NO with Cytochrome c in Aqueous Solution Using Femtosecond Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:13663-71. [PMID: 23113639 DOI: 10.1021/jp308468j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Jaeheung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Taegon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
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