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Silva SG, Pinheiro M, Pereira R, Dias AR, Ferraz R, Prudêncio C, Eaton PJ, Reis S, do Vale MLC. Serine-based surfactants as effective antimicrobial agents against multiresistant bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183969. [PMID: 35588890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of two serine derived gemini cationic surfactants, amide (12Ser)2CON12 and ester (12Ser)2COO12, was tested using sensitive, E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 6538, and resistant, E. coli CTX M2, E. coli TEM CTX M9 and S. aureus ATCC 6538 and S. aureus MRSA ATCC 43300 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains. Very low MIC values (5 μM) were found for the two resistant strains E.coli TEM CTX M9 and S. aureus MRSA ATCC 43300, in the case of the amide derivative, and for S. aureus MRSA ATCC 43300, in the case of the ester derivative. The interaction of the serine amphiphiles with lipid-model membranes (DPPG and DPPC) was investigated using Langmuir monolayers. A more pronounced effect on the DPPG than on the DPPC monolayer was observed. The effect induced by the surfactants on bacteria membrane was explored by Atomic Force Microscopy. A clear disruption of the bacteria membrane was observed for E. coli TEM CTX M9 upon treatment with (12ser)2CON12, whereas for the S. aureus MRSA few observable changes in cell morphology were found after treatment with either of the two surfactants. The cytotoxicity of the two compounds was assessed by hemolysis assay on human red blood cells (RBC). The compounds were shown to be non-cytotoxic up to 10 μM. Overall, the results reveal a promising potential, in particular of the amide derivative, as antimicrobial agent for two strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação em Ciências da Vida e Saúde (ICVS), Escola de Medicina (EM), Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Pereira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Dias
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Prudêncio
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal; I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter J Eaton
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Luísa C do Vale
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Wnętrzak A, Chachaj-Brekiesz A, Kuś K, Filiczkowska A, Lipiec E, Kobierski J, Petelska AD, Dynarowicz-Latka P. 25-hydroxycholesterol interacts differently with lipids of the inner and outer membrane leaflet - The Langmuir monolayer study complemented with theoretical calculations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 211:105909. [PMID: 33984516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH), a molecule with unusual behavior at the air/water interface, being anchored to the water surface alternatively with a hydroxyl group at C(3) or C(25), has been investigated in mixtures with main membrane phospholipids (phosphatidylcholines - PCs, and phosphatidylethanolamines - PEs), characteristic of the outer and inner membrane leaflet, respectively. To achieve this goal, the classical Langmuir monolayer approach based on thermodynamic analysis of interactions was conducted in addition to microscopic imaging of films (in situ with BAM and after transfer onto mica with AFM), surface-sensitive spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), as well as theoretical calculations. Our results show that the strength of interactions is primarily determined by the kind of polar group (strong, attractive interactions leading to surface complexes formation were found to occur with PCs while weak or repulsive ones with PEs). Subsequently, the saturation of phosphatidylcholines apolar chain(s) was found to be crucial for the structure of the formed complexes. Namely, saturated PC (DPPC) does not have preferences regarding the orientation of 25-OH molecule in surface complexes (which results in the two possible 25-OH arrangements), while unsaturated PC (DOPC) enforces one specific orientation of oxysterol (with C(3)-OH group). Our findings suggest that the transport of 25-OH between inner and outer membrane leaflet can proceed without orientation changes, which is thermodynamically advantageous. This explains results found in real systems showing significant differences in the rate of transmembrane transport of 25-OH and the other chain-oxidized oxysterols compared to their ring-oxidized analogues or cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Wnętrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Chachaj-Brekiesz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Kuś
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Filiczkowska
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Lipiec
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Kobierski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta D Petelska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-425, Bialystok, Poland
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Lage EV, Magalhães J, Pinheiro M, Reis S. Effect of the alkyl group in the piperazine N-substitution on the therapeutic action of rifamycins: A drug-membrane interaction study. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 289:75-80. [PMID: 29709589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the effects of the N-alkyl group (methyl, cyclopentyl) in the piperazine ring of, respectively, rifampicin (RIF) and rifapentine (RPT) to correlate this substitution with their differential pharmacokinetic properties and overall clinical performance. Since this group is their only structural change, and given that they share the same pharmacological target, differences in their therapeutic behavior may respond to this asset, particularly in their interaction with lipid membranes across the organism. In this study, surface pressure-area isotherms, as well as spectroscopic and microscopic techniques of characterization of phospholipid monolayers at the air/water interface were used to gain insight into drug-membrane interactions. Differences in the affinity for lipid membranes for both drugs, given by the vibration frequency of characteristic chemical groups in the lipid, as well as by reflectivity and mean molecular area of the monolayer, seem to be due to the N-alkyl substituent and can contribute to provide a molecular explanation as why they pose different choices in the chemotherapy against the deadliest infectious disease, tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emílio V Lage
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Química Física, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galiza, Spain
| | - Joana Magalhães
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Davies MJ, Leach AG, Riley F. An investigation into drug partitioning behaviour in simulated pulmonary surfactant monolayers with associated molecular modelling. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Davies
- The School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- The School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Fatima Riley
- The School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
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Ceridório LF, Caseli L, Oliveira ON. Chondroitin sulfate interacts mainly with headgroups in phospholipid monolayers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:595-601. [PMID: 26906924 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans are precursors of the extracellular matrix used to treat diseases related to blood clotting and degenerative joint diseases. These medical applications have been well established, but the mode of action at the molecular level, which depends on the interaction with cell membranes, is not known in detail. In this study, we investigated the interaction between chondroitin sulfate (CS) and phospholipid monolayers that mimic cell membranes. From surface pressure isotherms and polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), CS was found to interact mainly with the polar groups of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), with negligible penetration into the hydrophobic tails and only small changes in monolayer elasticity for the packing corresponding to a real cell membrane. The changes in surface pressure and surface potential isotherms depended on CS concentration and on the time allowed for its adsorption onto the monolayer, which points to a dynamic adsorption-desorption process. The charge of the phospholipid was also relevant, since CS induced order into DPPC monolayers while the opposite occurred for DPPG, according to the PM-IRRAS spectra. In summary, interaction with polar groups is responsible for the CS effects on model cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinéia F Ceridório
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Caseli
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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6
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Rubia-Payá C, de Miguel G, Martín-Romero MT, Giner-Casares JJ, Camacho L. UV-Vis Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy at air-liquid interfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 225:134-45. [PMID: 26385430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UV-Visible Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (UVRAS) technique is reviewed with a general perspective on fundamental and applications. UVRAS is formally identical to IR Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy (IRRAS), and therefore, the methodology developed for this IR technique can be applied in the UV-visible region. UVRAS can be applied to air-solid, air-liquid or liquid-liquid interfaces. This review focuses on the use of UVRAS for studying Langmuir monolayers. We introduce the theoretical framework for a successful understanding of the UVRAS data, and we illustrate the usage of this data treatment to a previous study from our group comprising an amphiphilic porphyrin. For ultrathin films with a thickness of few nm, UVRAS produces positive or negative bands when p-polarized radiation is used, depending on the incidence angle and the orientation of dipole absorption. UVRAS technique provides highly valuable information on tilt of chromophores at the air-liquid interface, and moreover allows the determination of optical parameters. We propose UVRAS as a powerful technique to investigate the in situ optical properties of Langmuir monolayers.
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7
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Volpati D, Aoki PHB, Alessio P, Pavinatto FJ, Miranda PB, Constantino CJL, Oliveira ON. Vibrational spectroscopy for probing molecular-level interactions in organic films mimicking biointerfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 207:199-215. [PMID: 24530000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into nanostructured organic films has served many purposes, including the design of functionalized surfaces that may be applied in biomedical devices and tissue engineering and for studying physiological processes depending on the interaction with cell membranes. Of particular relevance are Langmuir monolayers, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and layer-by-layer (LbL) films used to simulate biological interfaces. In this review, we shall focus on the use of vibrational spectroscopy methods to probe molecular-level interactions at biomimetic interfaces, with special emphasis on three surface-specific techniques, namely sum frequency generation (SFG), polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The two types of systems selected for exemplifying the potential of the methods are the cell membrane models and the functionalized surfaces with biomolecules. Examples will be given on how SFG and PM-IRRAS can be combined to determine the effects from biomolecules on cell membrane models, which include determination of the orientation and preservation of secondary structure. Crucial information for the action of biomolecules on model membranes has also been obtained with PM-IRRAS, as is the case of chitosan removing proteins from the membrane. SERS will be shown as promising for enabling detection limits down to the single-molecule level. The strengths and limitations of these methods will also be discussed, in addition to the prospects for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Volpati
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Pedro H B Aoki
- Faculty of Science and Technology, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, CEP 19060-900 SP,Brazil
| | - Priscila Alessio
- Faculty of Science and Technology, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, CEP 19060-900 SP,Brazil
| | - Felippe J Pavinatto
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo B Miranda
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | | | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil.
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8
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Roldán-Carmona C, Rubia-Payá C, Pérez-Morales M, Martín-Romero MT, Giner-Casares JJ, Camacho L. UV-Vis reflection spectroscopy under variable angle incidence at the air–liquid interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:4012-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54658f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Honarparvar B, Govender T, Maguire GEM, Soliman MES, Kruger HG. Integrated Approach to Structure-Based Enzymatic Drug Design: Molecular Modeling, Spectroscopy, and Experimental Bioactivity. Chem Rev 2013; 114:493-537. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300314q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Glenn E. M. Maguire
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Pinheiro M, Pereira‐Leite C, Arêde M, Nunes C, Caio JM, Moiteiro C, Giner‐Casares JJ, Lúcio M, Brezesinski G, Camacho L, Reis S. Evaluation of the Structure–Activity Relationship of Rifabutin and Analogs: A Drug–Membrane Study. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2808-16. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pinheiro
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
| | - Catarina Pereira‐Leite
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
| | - Mariana Arêde
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
| | - João M. Caio
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal)
| | - Cristina Moiteiro
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal)
| | - Juan J. Giner‐Casares
- Departamento de Química Física y Termodinámica, Universidad de Córdoba, España (Spain)
- Department of Interfaces, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam (Germany)
| | - Marlene Lúcio
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
| | - Gerald Brezesinski
- Department of Interfaces, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam (Germany)
| | - Luis Camacho
- Departamento de Química Física y Termodinámica, Universidad de Córdoba, España (Spain)
| | - Salette Reis
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050‐313 Porto (Portugal)
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11
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Pinheiro M, Arêde M, Nunes C, Caio JM, Moiteiro C, Lúcio M, Reis S. Differential Interactions of Rifabutin with Human and Bacterial Membranes: Implication for Its Therapeutic and Toxic Effects. J Med Chem 2013; 56:417-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301116j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pinheiro
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Ciências
Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto,
Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Mariana Arêde
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Ciências
Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto,
Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Ciências
Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto,
Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - João M. Caio
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica,
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências,
Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Moiteiro
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica,
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências,
Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marlene Lúcio
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Ciências
Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto,
Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Ciências
Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto,
Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
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