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McCutcheon JN, Clabo DA. An atoms-in-molecules characterization of the nature of the OO bond in peroxides and nitroxide dimers. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:1278-1290. [PMID: 36732939 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules (QTAIM) method is used to examine the OO bond in peroxides (RO-OR) and nitroxide dimers (R2 NO-ONR2 ), including Fremy's salt. The electron density (ρ), electron kinetic energy density [K(ρ)], and Laplacian of the electron density (∇2 ρ) at bond critical points characterize the nature of the OO bond. The data distinguish OO bonding of two kinds. Large values of ρ and positive ∇2 ρ and K(ρ) suggest that simple peroxides have charge-shift bonds. Nitroxide dimers, with smaller ρ, positive ∇2 ρ, and near-zero K(ρ), show a lack of shared electron density, suggesting there is no conventional OO bonding in these molecules. QTAIM analysis at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory gives results in agreement with valence-bond theory and X-ray diffraction characterizations of peroxide OO bonds as charge-shift bonds. In contrast, CCSD/cc-pVDZ calculations fail to agree with previous results because of an insufficient, single-determinant treatment of the charge-shift bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N McCutcheon
- Department of Chemistry, Francis Marion University, Florence, South Carolina, USA
| | - D Allen Clabo
- Department of Chemistry, Francis Marion University, Florence, South Carolina, USA
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2
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Du X, Xu D, Xu G, Yu C, Jiang X. Synthesis of Imidized Cyclobutene Derivatives by Strain Release of [1.1.1]Propellane. Org Lett 2022; 24:7323-7327. [PMID: 36190793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the metal-free synthesis of imidized methylene cyclobutane derivatives via a strain-release driven addition reaction of [1.1.1]propellane. Using this strategy, the methylene cyclobutyl cation intermediate generated by protonation of [1.1.1]propellane was found to be trapped by nitriles to form a nitrilium ion intermediate, which subsequently reacted with carboxylic acids to produce imidized methylene cyclobutene derivatives via a Mumm-type rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Di Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Gongcheng Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Chuanming Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xinpeng Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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3
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Jiang X, zheng Z, Gao Y, Lan D, Xu W, Wang Z, Chen G. Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Alkenyl Nitriles via Cyanocarbene Addition of [1.1.1]Propellane. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the metal-free synthesis of methylenecyclobutane containing tetrasubstituted alkenyl nitriles via a strain-release driven addition reaction of [1.1.1]propellane under mild conditions. Using this strategy, TMSN3 was shown to...
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4
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Schwärzer K, Zipse H, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Highly Regioselective Addition of Allylic Zinc Halides and Various Zinc Enolates to [1.1.1]Propellane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20235-20241. [PMID: 32744419 PMCID: PMC7693202 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a range of highly regioselective openings of [1.1.1]propellane with various allylic zinc halides, as well as zinc enolates of ketones, esters and nitriles. The resulting zincated bicyclopentanes (BCPs) were trapped with a range of electrophiles including acyl chlorides, sulfonothioates, hydroxylamino benzoates, tosyl cyanide as well as aryl and allyl halides, generating highly functionalized BCP-derivatives. The unusually high regioselectivity of these reactions has been rationalized using DFT calculations. A bioisostere of the synthetic opioid pethidine was prepared in 95 % yield in one step using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuno Schwärzer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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5
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Schwärzer K, Zipse H, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Hoch regioselektive Addition von allylischen Zinkhalogeniden und verschiedenen Zinkenolaten an [1.1.1]Propellan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuno Schwärzer
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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6
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Sterling AJ, Dürr AB, Smith RC, Anderson EA, Duarte F. Rationalizing the diverse reactivity of [1.1.1]propellane through σ-π-delocalization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4895-4903. [PMID: 34122945 PMCID: PMC8159217 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01386b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
[1.1.1]Propellane is the ubiquitous precursor to bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs), motifs of high value in pharmaceutical and materials research. The classical Lewis representation of this molecule places an inter-bridgehead C-C bond along its central axis; 'strain relief'-driven cleavage of this bond is commonly thought to enable reactions with nucleophiles, radicals and electrophiles. We propose that this broad reactivity profile instead derives from σ-π-delocalization of electron density in [1.1.1]propellane. Using ab initio and DFT calculations, we show that its reactions with anions and radicals are facilitated by increased delocalization of electron density over the propellane cage during addition, while reactions with cations involve charge transfer that relieves repulsion inside the cage. These results provide a unified framework to rationalize experimental observations of propellane reactivity, opening up opportunities for the exploration of new chemistry of [1.1.1]propellane and related strained systems that are useful building blocks in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander B Dürr
- Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Russell C Smith
- Janssen P.R.D. 3210 Merryfield Row San Diego California CA 92121 USA
| | | | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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7
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Galbraith JM, Braïda B, Wu W, Hiberty PC. Charge‐Shift Bonding: A New and Unique Form of Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 9190401 Jerusalem Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 9190401 Jerusalem Israel
| | - John Morrison Galbraith
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Physics, Marist College 3399 North Road Poughkeepsie NY 12601 USA
| | - Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie Theorique Sorbonne Universite, UMR7616 CNRS Paris 75252 France
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Philippe C. Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Bat. 349 Université de Paris-Sud 91405 Orsay Cédex France
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Galbraith JM, Braïda B, Wu W, Hiberty PC. Charge-Shift Bonding: A New and Unique Form of Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:984-1001. [PMID: 31476104 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Charge-shift bonds (CSBs) constitute a new class of bonds different than covalent/polar-covalent and ionic bonds. Bonding in CSBs does not arise from either the covalent or the ionic structures of the bond, but rather from the resonance interaction between the structures. This Essay describes the reasons why the CSB family was overlooked by valence-bond pioneers and then demonstrates that the unique status of CSBs is not theory-dependent. Thus, valence bond (VB), molecular orbital (MO), and energy decomposition analysis (EDA), as well as a variety of electron density theories all show the distinction of CSBs vis-à-vis covalent and ionic bonds. Furthermore, the covalent-ionic resonance energy can be quantified from experiment, and hence has the same essential status as resonance energies of organic molecules, e.g., benzene. The Essay ends by arguing that CSBs are a distinct family of bonding, with a potential to bring about a Renaissance in the mental map of the chemical bond, and to contribute to productive chemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John Morrison Galbraith
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Marist College, 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12601, USA
| | - Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie Theorique, Sorbonne Universite, UMR7616 CNRS, Paris, 75252, France
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Philippe C Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Bat. 349, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay Cédex, France
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10
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Silvi B, Pérez P. The Mysticism of Pericyclic Reactions: A Contemporary Rationalisation of Organic Reactivity Based on Electron Density Analysis. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Bernard Silvi
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC; Univ Paris 06; UMR 7616; Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Departamento de Ciencias Químicas; Av. República 498 8370146 Santiago Chile
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11
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Hathwar VR, Thomsen MK, Mamakhel MAH, Filsø MØ, Overgaard J, Iversen BB. Electron Density Analysis of the “O–O” Charge-Shift Bonding in Rubrene Endoperoxide. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7510-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesha R. Hathwar
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Division
of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Maja K. Thomsen
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Aref H. Mamakhel
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Ø. Filsø
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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12
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Xu HY, Wang W, Zou JW, Xu XL. Theoretical calculations of π-type pnicogen bonds in the triad intermolecular complexes. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633614500680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pnicogen bonding interactions of PCl3and π-electron systems (acetylene, ethylene, benzene) were calculated by using MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ method and the effect of hydrogen bond on pnicogen bond systems were investigated. It has been indicated that the hydrogen bonding and the pnicogen bonding interactions have influence on each other and the positively cooperative effect has been detected. The interaction energies of pnicogen bonded supramolecular system were also calculated by using DFT method (M06-2X) and some simple comparisons with those by using MP2 method were made. It has been disclosed from natural bond orbitals (NBO) analysis that more the amount of charge transfer of pnicogen bonding interaction, the greater the stability of the corresponding complex. Through AIM topological analysis, it has been revealed that the electron density of pnicogen bond BCP point is positively correlated with the stability of trimeric complex. Electron localization function (ELF) was also adopted to analyze the nature of pnicogen bonding interactions. Furthermore, density difference function (DDF) method was adopted to analyze the variation of electron density of pnicogen bond system because of hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Xu
- College of Biology and Environment Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Zhejiang Surveying Institute of Estuary and Coast, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Zou
- College of Biology and Environment Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315200, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lu Xu
- College of Biology and Environment Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
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13
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Gómez S, Restrepo A, Hadad CZ. Theoretical tools to distinguish O-ylides from O-ylidic complexes in carbene–solvent interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:31917-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04783h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Orbital interactions and bond indices are among the theoretical tools suitable to distinguishO-ylides fromO-ylidic carbene–solvent complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Grupo de Química-Física Teórica
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad de Antioquia
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Grupo de Química-Física Teórica
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad de Antioquia
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | - C. Z. Hadad
- Grupo de Química-Física Teórica
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad de Antioquia
- Medellín
- Colombia
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14
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Vedha SA, Solomon RV, Venuvanalingam P. On the Nature of Hypercoordination in Dihalogenated Perhalocyclohexasilanes. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:3529-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401210c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Swaminathan Angeline Vedha
- Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024,
Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajadurai Vijay Solomon
- Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024,
Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponnambalam Venuvanalingam
- Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry Laboratory,
School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024,
Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Lobayan RM, Bochicchio RC. Pairing and unpairing electron densities in organic systems: [1.1.1]Propellane case. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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