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Tan JA, Lao KU. Mapping spin contamination-free potential energy surfaces using restricted open-shell methods with Grassmannians. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1436-1442. [PMID: 38113092 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05437c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The Lagrange-based Grassmann interpolation (G-Int) method has been extended for open-shell systems using restricted open-shell (RO) methods. The performance of this method was assessed in constructing potential energy surfaces (PESs) for vanadium(II) oxide, benzyl radical, and methanesulfenyl chloride radical cation. The density matrices generated by G-Int when used as initial guesses for self-consistent field (SCF) calculations, exhibit superior performance compared to other traditional SCF initial guess schemes, such as SADMO, GWH, and CORE. Additionally, the energy obtained from the G-Int scheme satisfies the variational principle and outperforms the direct energy-based Lagrange interpolation approach. In the case of methanesulfenyl chloride radical cation, a unique example with a flat PES at the end region along the H-C-S-Cl dihedral angle, the use of an equally-spaced grid sampling leads to significant oscillations near the end of the interval due to the effects of Runge's phenomenon. Introducing an unequally-spaced grid sampling based on a scaled Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature effectively mitigated the Runge's phenomenon, making it suitable for combining with G-Int in constructing PESs for general applications. Thus, G-Int provides an efficient and robust strategy for building spin contamination-free PESs with consistent accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Ka Un Lao
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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2
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Baudhuin MA, Boopalachandran P, Rajan S, Leopold DG. A Study of NbMo and NbMo - by Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9658-9679. [PMID: 34723518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectra of the niobium-molybdenum diatomic anion, obtained at 488 and 514 nm, display vibrationally resolved transitions from the ground state and one excited electronic state of the anion to the ground state and one excited electronic state of the neutral molecule. The electron affinity of NbMo is measured to be 1.130 ± 0.005 eV. Its 2Δ3/2 spin-orbit component is observed to lie 870 ± 20 cm-1 above its previously identified 2Δ5/2 ground state. For 93Nb98Mo, vibrational energies measured for levels up to v = 4 for the 2Δ5/2 and 2Δ3/2 states give harmonic frequency and anharmonicity constant values of ωe = 492 ± 12 cm-1 and ωexe = 8.0 ± 3.2 cm-1, the former value corresponding to a force constant of 6.80 ± 0.35 mdyn/Å. These two vibrational parameters suggest a bond dissociation energy that is too low by at least a factor of 3, indicating that the ground state potential energy curve of NbMo deviates markedly from a Morse potential at higher energies. An excited electronic state of NbMo, assigned as a 2Σ+ state, is observed at 2900 ± 25 cm-1 (T0). Vibrational energies up to v = 8 in this excited state give values of ωe = 544 ± 8 cm-1 and ωexe = 1.9 ± 1.2 cm-1 for 93Nb98Mo. The former value corresponds to a high vibrational force constant of 8.30 ± 0.25 mdyn/Å. Both doublet states of the neutral molecule are accessed from the anion ground state, which is assigned as 1Σ+. For the 93Nb98Mo- anion, the fundamental vibrational frequency (ΔG1/2) is 484 ± 15 cm-1. Electron affinity data indicate that the bond dissociation energy of NbMo- is 0.213 ± 0.005 eV greater than that of neutral NbMo, whose previously reported value then gives D0 = 4.85 ± 0.27 eV for the anion. An excited state of the anion lying 3050 ± 25 cm-1 (T0) above its ground state is assigned as 3Δ, and the energies of its spin-orbit components above the 3Δ3 lowest energy level are measured to be 450 ± 20 cm-1 (3Δ2) and 1100 ± 20 cm-1 (3Δ1). Their uneven spacing suggests that the energy of the 3Δ2 level is lowered by interaction with a higher energy Ω = 2 anion state. The vibrational frequency (ΔG1/2) for the 3Δ1 and 3Δ2 states is measured to be 433 ± 20 cm-1. Bond length differences among the observed states are estimated from Franck-Condon fits to vibrational band intensity profiles. When combined with the previously reported NbMo bond length, these provide bond length estimates for the ground state of the anion (1.940 ± 0.025 Å) and for the observed excited states. These species offer extreme examples of multiple metal-metal bonding, with formal bond orders of 51/2 for the 2Δ ground and 2Σ+ excited doublet states of NbMo, 6 for the singlet ground state of the anion, and 5 for its low-lying triplet state. The relationships among their bonding properties and those of related multiply bonded transition metal dimers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Baudhuin
- Chemistry Department, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| | - Praveenkumar Boopalachandran
- Chemistry Department, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| | - Srijay Rajan
- Chemistry Department, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| | - Doreen Geller Leopold
- Chemistry Department, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
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Huizenga C, Hratchian HP, Jarrold CC. Lanthanide Oxides: From Diatomics to High-Spin, Strongly Correlated Homo- and Heterometallic Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6315-6331. [PMID: 34265204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Small lanthanide (Ln) oxide clusters present both experimental and theoretical challenges because of their partially filled, core-like 4f n orbitals, a feature that results in a plethora of close-lying and fundamentally similar electronic states. These clusters provide a bottom-up approach toward understanding the electronic structure of defective or doped bulk material but also can offer a challenge to the theorists to find a method robust enough to capture electronic structure patterns that emerge from within the 4f n (0 < n < 14) series. In this Feature Article, we explore the electronic structures of small lanthanide oxide clusters that deviate from bulk stoichiometry using anion photoelectron spectroscopy and supporting density functional theory calculations. We will describe the evolution of electronic structure with oxidation and how LnxOy- cluster reactivities can be correlated with specific Ln-local orbital occupancies. These strongly correlated systems offer additional insights into how interactions between electrons and electronically complex neutrals can lead to detachment transitions that lie outside of the sudden one-electron detachment approximation generally assumed in anion photoelectron spectroscopy. With a better understanding of how we can control nominally forbidden transitions to sample an array of spin states, we suggest that more in-depth studies on the magnetic states of these systems can be explored. Extending these studies to other Ln-based materials with hidden magnetic phases, along with sequentially ligated single molecule magnets, could advance current understanding of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Huizenga
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hrant P Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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4
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Mason JL, Folluo CN, Jarrold CC. More than little fragments of matter: Electronic and molecular structures of clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0054222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Harb H, Hratchian HP. ΔSCF Dyson orbitals and pole strengths from natural ionization orbitals. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:084104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Harb
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
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McMahon AJ, Jarrold CC. Using anion photoelectron spectroscopy of cluster models to gain insights into mechanisms of catalyst-mediated H 2 production from water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27936-27948. [PMID: 33201956 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide cluster models of catalyst materials offer a powerful platform for probing the molecular-scale features and interactions that govern catalysis. This perspective gives an overview of studies implementing the combination of anion photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations toward exploring cluster models of metal oxides and metal-oxide supported Pt that catalytically drive the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) or the water-gas shift reaction. The utility in the combination of these experimental and computational techniques lies in our ability to unambiguously determine electronic and molecular structures, which can then connect to results of reactivity studies. In particular, we focus on the activity of oxygen vacancies modeled by suboxide clusters, the critical mechanistic step of forming proximal metal hydride and hydroxide groups as a prerequisite for H2 production, and the structural features that lead to trapped dihydroxide groups. The pronounced asymmetric oxidation found in heterometallic group 6 oxides and near-neighbor group 5/group 6 results in higher activity toward water, while group 7/group 6 oxides form very specific stoichiometries that suggest facile regeneration. Studies on the trans-periodic combination of cerium oxide and platinum as a model for ceria supported Pt atoms and nanoparticles reveal striking negative charge accumulation by Pt, which, combined with the ionic conductivity of ceria, suggests a mechanism for the exceptionally high activity of this system towards the water-gas shift reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey J McMahon
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Mason JL, Harb H, Huizenga CD, Ewigleben JC, Topolski JE, Hratchian HP, Jarrold CC. Electronic and Molecular Structures of the CeB6 Monomer. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2040-2048. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hassan Harb
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Caleb D. Huizenga
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Joshua C. Ewigleben
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Josey E. Topolski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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9
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Schaugaard RN, Topolski JE, Ray M, Raghavachari K, Jarrold CC. Insight into ethylene interactions with molybdenum suboxide cluster anions from photoelectron spectra of chemifragments. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:054308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5008264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Schaugaard
- Indiana University Department of Chemistry, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Josey E. Topolski
- Indiana University Department of Chemistry, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Manisha Ray
- Indiana University Department of Chemistry, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Indiana University Department of Chemistry, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Indiana University Department of Chemistry, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Ray M, Schaugaard RN, Topolski JE, Kafader JO, Raghavachari K, Jarrold CC. Molybdenum Oxide Cluster Anion Reactions with C2H4 and H2O: Cooperativity and Chemifragmentation. J Phys Chem A 2017; 122:41-52. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Richard N. Schaugaard
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Josey E. Topolski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared O. Kafader
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Thompson LM, Jarrold CC, Hratchian HP. Explaining the MoVO4− photoelectron spectrum: Rationalization of geometric and electronic structure. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:104301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4977418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lee M. Thompson
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Caroline C. Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
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12
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Ray M, Kafader JO, Topolski JE, Jarrold CC. Mixed cerium-platinum oxides: Electronic structure of [CeO]Ptn (n = 1, 2) and [CeO2]Pt complex anions and neutrals. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:044317. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4959279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Jared O. Kafader
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Josey E. Topolski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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13
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Thompson LM, Harb H, Hratchian HP. Natural ionization orbitals for interpreting electron detachment processes. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:204117. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4951738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lee M. Thompson
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Hassan Harb
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
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14
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Pham HT, Cuong NT, Tam NM, Lam VD, Tung NT. Structure, magnetism, and dissociation energy of small bimetallic cobalt-chromium oxide cluster cations: A density-functional-theory study. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Thompson LM, Hratchian HP. Modeling the Photoelectron Spectra of MoNbO2– Accounting for Spin Contamination in Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:8744-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee M. Thompson
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
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Ray M, Felton JA, Kafader JO, Topolski JE, Jarrold CC. Photoelectron spectra of CeO− and Ce(OH)2−. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:064305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4907714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Jeremy A. Felton
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Jared O. Kafader
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Josey E. Topolski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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17
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Thompson LM, Hratchian HP. Second derivatives for approximate spin projection methods. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:054106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4907269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ray M, Waller SE, Saha A, Raghavachari K, Jarrold CC. Comparative study of water reactivity with Mo2Oy− and W2Oy− clusters: A combined experimental and theoretical investigation. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:104310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4894760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Sarah E. Waller
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Arjun Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Saha A, Raghavachari K. Electronic structures and water reactivity of mixed metal sulfide cluster anions. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:074305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4892671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Thompson LM, Hratchian HP. Spin projection with double hybrid density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:034108. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4887361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Wang ZC, Yin S, Bernstein ER. Generation and reactivity of putative support systems, Ce-Al neutral binary oxide nanoclusters: CO oxidation and C–H bond activation. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:194313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4830406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Waller SE, Ray M, Yoder BL, Jarrold CC. Simple Relationship between Oxidation State and Electron Affinity in Gas-Phase Metal–Oxo Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:13919-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4097666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Waller
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Manisha Ray
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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