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Zhang M, Peng J, Gao Y, Wang B, He J, Bai Y, Liu J, Chen CL, Fang Y, Bian H. Unveiling the Structural and Dynamic Characteristics of Concentrated LiNO 3 Aqueous Solutions through Ultrafast Infrared Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7610-7619. [PMID: 39028986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes have attracted a significant amount of attention for their potential applications in lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the Li+ solvation structure and its migration within electrolyte solutions remains elusive. This study employs linear vibrational spectroscopy, ultrafast infrared spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the structural dynamics in LiNO3 solutions by using intrinsic and extrinsic vibrational probes. The N-O stretching vibrations of NO3- exhibit a distinct spectral splitting, attributed to its asymmetric interaction with the surrounding solvation structure. Analysis of the vibrational relaxation dynamics of intrinsic and extrinsic probes, in combination with MD simulations, reveals cage-like networks formed through electrostatic interactions between Li+ and NO3-. This microscopic heterogeneity is reflected in the intertwined arrangement of ions and water molecules. Furthermore, both vehicular transport and structural diffusion assisted by solvent rearrangement for Li+ were analyzed, which are closely linked with the bulk concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jiahui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Baihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jiman He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yimin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Cheng-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sunyat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hongtao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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2
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Bai Y, He J, Gao Y, Zhang M, Zhou D, Tang Y, Liu J, Bian H, Fang Y. Dynamics of Formamide-Water Mixtures Investigated by Linear and Nonlinear Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38417258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Formamide (FA) exhibits complete miscibility with water, offering a simplified model for exploring the solvation dynamics of peptide linkages in biophysical processes. Its liquid state demonstrates a three-dimensional hydrogen bonding network akin to water, reflecting solvent-like behavior. Analyzing the microscopic structure and dynamics of FA-water mixtures is expected to provide crucial insights into hydrogen bonding dynamics─a key aspect of various biophysical phenomena. This study is focused on the dynamics of FA-water mixtures using linear and femtosecond infrared spectroscopies. By using the intrinsic OD stretch and extrinsic probe SCN-, the local vibrational behaviors across various FA-water compositions were systematically investigated. The vibrational relaxation of OD stretch revealed a negligible impact of FA addition on the vibrational lifetime of water molecules, underscoring the mixture's water-like behavior. However, the reorientational dynamics of OD stretch slowed with increasing FA mole fraction (XFA), plateauing beyond XFA > 0.5. This suggests a correlation between OD's reorientational time and the strength of the hydrogen bond network, likely tied to the solution's changing dielectric constant. Conversely, the vibrational relaxation dynamics of SCN- was strongly correlated with XFA, highlighting a competition between water and FA molecules in solvating SCN-. Moreover, a linear relationship between rising viscosity and the prolonged correlation time of SCN-'s slow dynamics indicates that the solution's macroscopic viscosity is dictated by the extended structures formed between FA and water molecules. The relation between the reorientation dynamics of the SCN- and the macroscopic viscosity in aqueous FA-water mixture solutions was analyzed by using the Stokes-Einstein-Debye equations. The direct viscosity-diffusion coupling is observed, which can be attributed to the homogeneous dynamics feature in FA-water mixture solutions. The inclusion of these intrinsic and extrinsic probes not only enhances the comprehensiveness of our analysis but also provides valuable insights into various aspects of the dynamics within the FA-water system. This investigation sheds light on the fundamental dynamics of FA-water mixtures, emphasizing their molecular-level homogeneity in this binary mixture solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jiman He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Dexia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hongtao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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3
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Zhou D, Zhang F, Wang B, He J, Bai Y, Bian H. Anion Recognition in Solution: Insights from Thermodynamics and Ultrafast Structural Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:11183-11189. [PMID: 38055627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Anion recognition through noncovalent interactions stands as an emerging field in supramolecular chemistry, exerting a profound influence on the regulation of biological functions. Herein, the thermodynamics of complexation between sodium cyanate (NaOCN) and calix[4]pyrrole was systematically investigated by linear and nonlinear IR spectroscopy, highlighting enthalpy changes as the dominant driving force. The overall orientational relaxation of bound anion can be described by an Arrhenius-type activated process, yielding an activation energy of 15.0 ± 1.0 kJ mol-1. The structural dynamics of contact ion pairs (CIPs) formed between Na+ and OCN- in solution showed a negligible temperature effect, suggesting entropy changes as the principal governing factor. Further analysis revealed that anion recognition in solution is mediated by conformational changes of the receptor and collective rearrangement of hydrogen bond dynamics. This study, framed within the paradigms of thermodynamics and ultrafast structural dynamics, substantially advances our comprehension of the microscopic mechanisms underlying anion recognition in the realm of supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Baihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jiman He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yimin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hongtao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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4
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Srivastava K, Boyle ND, Flaman GT, Ramaswami B, van den Berg A, van der Stam W, Burgess IJ, Odijk M. In situ spatiotemporal characterization and analysis of chemical reactions using an ATR-integrated microfluidic reactor. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4690-4700. [PMID: 37818681 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00521f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Determining kinetic reaction parameters with great detail has been of utmost importance in the field of chemical reaction engineering. However, commonly used experimental and computational methods however are unable to provide sufficiently resolved spatiotemporal information that can aid in the process of understanding these chemical reactions. With our work, we demonstrate the use of a custom designed single-bounce ATR-integrated microfluidic reactor to obtain spatiotemporal resolution for in situ monitoring of chemical reactions. Having a single-bounce ATR accessory allows us to individually address different sensing areas, thereby providing the ability to obtain spatially and temporally resolved information. To further enhance the spatial resolution, we utilize the benefits of synchrotron IR radiation with the smallest beam spot-size ∼150 μm. An on-flow modular microreactor additionally allows us to monitor the chemical reaction in situ, where the temporal characterization can be controlled with the operational flowrate. With a unique combination of experimental measurements and numerical simulations, we characterize and analyse a model SN2 reaction. For a chemical reaction between benzyl bromide (BB) and sodium azide (SA) to produce benzyl azide (BA), we successfully show the capability of our device to determine the diffusion coefficients of BB and SA as 0.367 ± 0.115 10-9 m2 s-1 and 1.17 ± 0.723 10-9 m2 s-1, respectively. Finally, with the above characteristics of our device, we also calculate a reaction rate of k = 0.0005 (m3s-1mol-1) for the given chemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Srivastava
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology and Max Planck Institute of Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - N D Boyle
- Burgess Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan Canada, Canada.
| | - G T Flaman
- Burgess Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan Canada, Canada.
| | - B Ramaswami
- Burgess Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan Canada, Canada.
| | - A van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology and Max Planck Institute of Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - W van der Stam
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - I J Burgess
- Burgess Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan Canada, Canada.
| | - M Odijk
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, Mesa+ Institute of Nanotechnology and Max Planck Institute of Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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5
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Zhang M, Gao Y, Fu L, Bai Y, Mukherjee S, Chen CL, Liu J, Bian H, Fang Y. Chain-like Structures Facilitate Li + Transport in Concentrated Aqueous Electrolytes: Insights from Ultrafast Infrared Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:6968-6976. [PMID: 37506173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes have attracted attention due to their unique applications in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, the solvation structure and transport mechanism of Li+ cations at concentrated concentrations remain largely unexplored. To address this gap in knowledge, we employ ultrafast infrared spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to reveal the dynamic and spatial structural heterogeneity in aqueous lithium chloride (LiCl) solutions. The coupling between the reorientation dynamics of the extrinsic probe and the macroscopic viscosity in aqueous LiCl solutions was analyzed using the Stokes-Einstein-Debye (SED) equations. MD simulations reveal that the Cl- and Li+ form chain-like structures through electrostatic interactions, supporting the vehicular migration of Li+ through the chain-like structure. The concentration dependent conductivity of the LiCl solution is well reproduced, where Li(H2O)2+ and Li(H2O)3+ are the dominant species that contribute to the conduction of Li+. This study is expected to establish correlations between ion pair structures and macroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yuting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lanya Fu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yimin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Cheng-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sunyat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongtao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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6
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Zheng J, Zhou D, Han J, Liu J, Cao R, Lei H, Bian H, Fang Y. Non-negligible Axial Ligand Effect on Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction with Iron Porphyrin Complexes. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11811-11817. [PMID: 36519945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron(III) porphyrin complexes have been demonstrated as one of the efficient molecular catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2. However, the role of axial ligands coordinated with a metal center in the complex on the electrochemical CO2 reduction activity has not been fully explored yet. Herein, iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin thiocyanate (FeTPP-SCN) is synthesized from a commercially available catalyst of FeTPP-Cl by a counteranion exchanging reaction. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed that the catalytic activity of FeTPP-SCN is noticeably suppressed in the DMF solutions. The structural dynamics of the axial ligand in FeTPP-SCN are further examined by the FTIR and ultrafast IR spectroscopies, where the SCN ligand is employed as the local vibrational probe. Vibrational relaxation measurements showed that the reorientational dynamics of SCN ligands was strongly restricted in DMF solution, suggesting that the subtle electrostatic interaction between the ligands and metal center in the complex can have a non-negligible effect on its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Dexia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jinxiu Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Haitao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongtao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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7
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Zhou D, Zhao B, Bai Y, Mukherjee S, Liu J, Bian H, Fang Y. Exploring the Structure and Complexation Dynamics of Azide Anion Recognition by Calix[4]pyrroles in Solution. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:669-675. [PMID: 35023744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The structure and anion recognition dynamics between calix[4]pyrroles and azide (N3-) anions in the form of its TBA+ and Na+ salts were investigated in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultrafast IR spectroscopy. Vibrational energy redistribution of the N3- anion in the complex is accelerated through hydrogen bonding interactions with the N-H proton of the receptor. Rotational dynamics of the bound N3- is greatly restricted, demonstrating a distinct countercation effect. The detailed binding modes of N3- with the receptor were further evaluated by the density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. All of these measurements support the notion that the calix[4]pyrroles are capable of capturing the azide anion in solution. However, the calix[4]pyrroles may not necessarily undergo a conformational change to a cone-like geometry when they bind to the azide anion in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Boxu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yimin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongtao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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8
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Weng W, Weberg AB, Gera R, Tomson NC, Anna JM. Probing Ligand Effects on the Ultrafast Dynamics of Copper Complexes via Midinfrared Pump-Probe and 2DIR Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12228-12241. [PMID: 34723540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ligand structural variation on the ultrafast dynamics of a series of copper coordination complexes were investigated using polarization-dependent mid-IR pump-probe spectroscopy and two-dimensional infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy. The series consists of three copper complexes [(R3P3tren)CuIIN3]BAr4F (1PR3, R3P3tren = tris[2-(phosphiniminato)ethyl]amine, BAr4F = tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) where the number of methyl and phenyl groups in the PR3 ligand are systematically varied across the series (PR3 = PMe3, PMe2Ph, PMePh2). The asymmetric stretching mode of azide in the 1PR3 series is used as a vibrational probe of the small-molecule binding site. The results of the pump-probe measurements indicate that the vibrational energy of azide dissipates through intramolecular pathways and that the bulkier phenyl groups lead to an increase in the spatial restriction of the diffusive reorientation of bound azide. From 2DIR experiments, we characterize the spectral diffusion of the azide group and find that an increase in the number of phenyl groups maps to a broader inhomogeneous frequency distribution (Δ2). This indicates that an increase in the steric bulk of the secondary coordination sphere acts to create more distinct configurations in the local environment that are accessible to the azide group. This work demonstrates how ligand structural variation affects the ultrafast dynamics of a small molecular group bound to the metal center, which could provide insight into the structure-function relationship of the copper coordination complexes and transition-metal coordination complexes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Weng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alexander B Weberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rahul Gera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Neil C Tomson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jessica M Anna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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Wei Q, Zhou D, Li X, Chen Y, Bian H. Structural Dynamics of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Aqueous Solutions Investigated by Ultrafast Infrared Spectroscopy: Using Thiocyanate Anion as a Local Vibrational Probe. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:12131-12138. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianshun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Dexia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Yuwan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Hongtao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
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10
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He X, Xu F, Yu P, Wu Y, Wang F, Zhao Y, Wang J. Solvent-dependent structural dynamics of an azido-platinum complex revealed by linear and nonlinear infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:9984-9996. [PMID: 29619447 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08606g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The vibrational and anisotropic relaxation dynamics and structural dynamics of a potential anticancer prodrug, trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(py)2], were investigated using time-resolved infrared pump-probe spectroscopy and ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy. Herein, two representative bio-friendly solvents, H2O and DMSO, were used, in which the local structural and dynamical variations were monitored using the antisymmetric linear combination of the two N3 stretching vibrational modes as an infrared probe. It was found that the vibrational relaxation process of the N3 antisymmetric stretching (as) mode in H2O is two to three times faster than that in DMSO. The anisotropic relaxation process of the anticancer prodrug was observed to be hindered in DMSO; this indicated a tighter solvent environment around the sample molecule in this solvent. The vibrational frequency time correlation of the N3 antisymmetric stretching mode in H2O decays with a time constant of 1.94 ps, in agreement with the hydrogen bond formation and breaking times of water. In DMSO, the frequency time correlation of the N3 as mode decays on a much longer time scale; this further indicates its sensitivity to the out-layer DMSO structural dynamics, which are relatively static in the experimental time window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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11
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Sett R, Sen S, Paul BK, Guchhait N. How Does Nanoconfinement within a Reverse Micelle Influence the Interaction of Phenazinium-Based Photosensitizers with DNA? ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1374-1385. [PMID: 31458466 PMCID: PMC6641382 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The major focus of the present work lies in exploring the influence of nanoconfinement within aerosol-OT (AOT) reverse micelles on the binding interaction of two phenazinium-based photosensitizers, namely, phenosafranin (PSF) and safranin-O (SO), with the DNA duplex. Circular dichroism and dynamic light-scattering studies reveal the condensation of DNA within the reverse micellar interior (transformation of the B-form of native DNA to ψ-form). Our results unveil a remarkable effect of the degree of hydration of the reverse micellar core on the stability of the stacking interaction (intercalation) of the drugs (PSF and SO) into DNA; increasing size of the water nanopool (that is, w 0) accompanies decreasing curvature of the DNA duplex structure with the consequent effect of increasing stabilization of the drug:DNA intercalation. The marked differences in the dynamical aspects of the interaction scenario following encapsulation within the reverse micellar core and the subsequent dependence on the size of the water nanopool are also meticulously explored. The differential degrees of steric interactions offered by the drug molecules (presence of methyl substitutions on the planar phenazinium ring in SO) are also found to affect the extent of intercalation of the drugs to DNA. In this context, it is imperative to state that the water pool of the reverse micellar core is often argued to approach bulk-like properties of water with increasing micellar size (typically w 0 ≥ 10), so that deviation from the bulk water properties is likely to be minimized in large reverse micelles (w 0 ≥ 10). On the contrary, our results (particularly quantitative elucidation of micropolarity and dynamical aspects of the interaction) explicitly demonstrate that the bulk-like behavior of the nanoconfined water is not truly achieved even in large reverse micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Sett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Swagata Sen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Bijan K. Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, Mahadevananda Mahavidyalaya, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, India
| | - Nikhil Guchhait
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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12
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van Wilderen LJGW, Neumann C, Rodrigues-Correia A, Kern-Michler D, Mielke N, Reinfelds M, Heckel A, Bredenbeck J. Picosecond activation of the DEACM photocage unravelled by VIS-pump-IR-probe spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:6487-6496. [PMID: 28197598 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The light-induced ultrafast uncaging process of the [7-(diethylamino)coumarin-4-yl]methyl (DEACM) cage is measured by time-resolved visible-pump-infrared-probe spectroscopy, and supported by steady-state absorption spectroscopy in the visible and infrared spectral regions. Understanding the uncaging process is important because its favorable properties make DEACM an interesting case for chemical and biological applications. It has a convenient absorption in the visible spectral range, and is relatively easily modified to carry leaving groups (LGs) such as nucleotides, substrates or inhibitors, which are inactive when bound and active when released. Previous work suggested a lower limit for the uncaging rate, which places it among the fastest available cages. Here, we determine the photodissociation directly to occur on the picosecond time scale by monitoring the appearance of the released LG in the infrared spectral region. In the present study, azide (N3) is chosen as an LG to monitor photodissociation because its vibrational mode is spectrally isolated (hence easy to follow) and its absorption wavenumber is sensitive to local structural rearrangements. The uncaging process is recorded up to 3 nanoseconds and compared to the collected steady-state spectra. The free LG appears on a picosecond time scale, rendering this one of the fastest known cages. No evidence is found for a tight-ion pair (TIP) preceding the free LG. The uncaging mechanism is found to be slowed down upon the addition of water to acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J G W van Wilderen
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany.
| | - C Neumann
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany.
| | - A Rodrigues-Correia
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - D Kern-Michler
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany.
| | - N Mielke
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany.
| | - M Reinfelds
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - A Heckel
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - J Bredenbeck
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany.
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13
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Zang J, Feng M, Zhao J, Wang J. Micellar and bicontinuous microemulsion structures show different solute–solvent interactions: a case study using ultrafast nonlinear infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19938-19949. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Using aqueous and organic probes to simultaneously explore the structural dynamics of reverse micellar and bicontinuous microemulsion structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinger Zang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Molecular Reaction Dynamics Laboratory
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Minjun Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Molecular Reaction Dynamics Laboratory
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Juan Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Molecular Reaction Dynamics Laboratory
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jianping Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Molecular Reaction Dynamics Laboratory
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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14
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Zhmurov PA, Khoroshutina YA, Novikov RA, Golovanov IS, Sukhorukov AY, Ioffe SL. Divergent Reactivity of In Situ Generated Metal Azides: Reaction with N
,N
-Bis(oxy)enamines as a Case Study. Chemistry 2017; 23:4570-4578. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr A. Zhmurov
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; 119991 Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow Russia
| | - Yulia A. Khoroshutina
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; 119991 Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow Russia
| | - Roman A. Novikov
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; 119991 Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow Russia
| | - Ivan S. Golovanov
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; 119991 Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexey Yu. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; 119991 Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow Russia
| | - Sema L. Ioffe
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; 119991 Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow Russia
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15
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Kwon Y, Lee J, Park S. Effect of ion–ligand binding on ion pairing dynamics studied by two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:10889-10897. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08852j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cation-specific ion pairing dynamics between M+ (M = Ag or Cu) and SCN− in N,N-dimethylthioformamide (DMTF) are studied by probing the nitrile (CN) stretching vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungAh Kwon
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
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16
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Okuda M, Ohta K, Tominaga K. Comparison of vibrational dynamics between non-ionic and ionic vibrational probes in water: Experimental study with two-dimensional infrared and infrared pump-probe spectroscopies. J Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4962344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okuda
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ohta
- Moleuclar Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tominaga
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Moleuclar Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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17
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Lee C, Son H, Park S. Effect of Hydrogen Bonds on the Vibrational Relaxation and Orientational Relaxation Dynamics of HN3 and N3(-) in Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:9723-31. [PMID: 27537433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) play an important role in determining the structures and dynamics of molecular systems. In this work, we investigated the effect of H-bonds on the vibrational population relaxation and orientational relaxation dynamics of HN3 and N3(-) in methanol (CH3OH) and N,N-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) using polarization-controlled infrared pump-probe spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Our detailed analysis of experimental and computational results reveals that both vibrational population relaxation and orientational relaxation dynamics of HN3 and N3(-) in CH3OH and DMSO are substantially dependent on the strength of the H-bonds between the probing solute and its surrounding solvent. Especially in the case of N3(-) in CH3OH, the vibrational population relaxation of N3(-) is found to occur by a direct intermolecular vibrational energy transfer to CH3OH due to large vibrational coupling strength. The orientational relaxation dynamics of HN3 and N3(-), which are well fit by a biexponential function, are analyzed by the wobbling-in-a-cone model and extended Debye-Stokes-Einstein equation. Depending on the intermolecular interactions, the slow overall orientational relaxation occurs under slip, stick, and superstick boundary conditions. For HN3 and N3(-) in CH3OH and DMSO, the vibrational population relaxation becomes faster but the orientational relaxation becomes slower as the H-bond strength is increased. Our current results imply that H-bonds have significant effects on the vibrational population relaxation and orientational relaxation dynamics of a small solute whose size is comparable to the size of the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University , Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Hyewon Son
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University , Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University , Seoul 136-701, Korea
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18
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Baek J, Joung JF, Lee S, Rhee H, Kim MH, Park S, Yoon J. Origin of the Reversible Thermochromic Properties of Polydiacetylenes Revealed by Ultrafast Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:259-265. [PMID: 26719954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polydiacetylenes (PDAs) with thermochromic properties undergo colorimetric transitions when the external temperature is varied. This capability has the potential to enable these materials to be used as temperature sensors. These thermochromic properties of PDAs stem from their temperature-dependent optical properties. In this work, we studied the temperature-dependent optical properties of Bis-PDA-Ph, which exhibits reversible thermochromic properties, and PCDA-PDA, which exhibits irreversible thermochromic properties, by UV-visible absorption and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Our results indicate that the electronic relaxation of PDAs occurs via an intermediate state in cases where the material exhibits reversible thermochromic properties, whereas the excited PDAs relax directly back to the ground state when irreversible thermochromic properties are observed. The existence of this intermediate state in the electronic relaxation of PDAs thus plays an important role in determining their thermochromic properties. These results are very important for both understanding and strategically modulating the thermochromic properties of PDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwoo Baek
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University , Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | | | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Hanju Rhee
- Space-Time Resolved Molecular Imaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute , Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Myung Hwa Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University , Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, 120-750, Korea
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19
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Lee C, Nam D, Park S. Vibrational probing of the hydrogen-bond structure and dynamics of water in aqueous NaPF6 solutions. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The H-bond structures and dynamics of water in bulk and ionic hydration shells in aqueous NaPF6 solutions were measured at different NaPF6 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701
- Korea
| | - Dayoung Nam
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701
- Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701
- Korea
- Multidimensional Spectroscopy Laboratory
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20
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Kwon Y, Park S. Complexation dynamics of CH3SCN and Li+ in acetonitrile studied by two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:24193-200. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02833g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chemical exchange 2DIR study of ion–molecule complexation dynamics in electrolyte solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungAh Kwon
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701
- Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701
- Korea
- Multidimensional Spectroscopy Laboratory
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21
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Kwon Y, Lee C, Park S. Effect of ion–molecule interaction on fermi-resonance in acetonitrile studied by ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy. Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Nam D, Lee C, Park S. Temperature-dependent dynamics of water in aqueous NaPF6 solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21747-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02823f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
H-bond structure and dynamics of water in aqueous NaPF6 solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayoung Nam
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Chiho Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-713, Korea
- Multidimensional Spectroscopy Laboratory
- Korea Basic Science Institute
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23
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Son H, Nam D, Park S. Real-Time Probing of Hydrogen-Bond Exchange Dynamics in Aqueous NaPF6 Solutions by Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:13604-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp406805c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Son
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Dayoung Nam
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
- Multidimensional
Spectroscopy Laboratory, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 136-713, Korea
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