Microwave Structure for the Propiolic Acid–Formic Acid Complex

Profound importance of the conventional O-H⋯O hydrogen bond versus a considerable blue shift of the Csp2-H bond in complexes of substituted carbonyls and carboxyls

Using quantum chemical approaches, we investigated the conventional O-H⋯O and nonconventional Csp2-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between carboxylic acids and aldehydes in 21 stable complexes. The strength of complexes is determined by the conventional O-H⋯O bond together with the nonconventional Csp2-H⋯O hydrogen bond, in which the former one is 4-5 times as strong as the latter one. Proportional linear correlations of the interaction energy with both individual energies of the O-H⋯O and Csp2-H⋯O hydrogen bonds are proposed. Different impacts of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups in substituted formaldehyde and formic acid on characteristics of conventional and nonconventional hydrogen bonds, as well as the strength of both hydrogen bond types and complexes, are also evaluated. Following complexation, it is noteworthy that the largest blue shift of the Csp2-H stretching frequency in the Csp2-H⋯O bond up to 105.3 cm-1 in CH3CHO⋯FCOOH is due to a decisive role of the O-H⋯O hydrogen bond, which has been rarely reported in the literature. The obtained results show that the conventional O-H⋯O hydrogen bond plays a pivotal role in the significant blue shift of the Csp2-H stretching frequency in the nonconventional Csp2-H⋯O hydrogen bond. Remarkably, the considerable blue shift of the Csp2-H stretching frequency is found to be one H of C-H in formic acid substituted by the electron-withdrawing group and one H in formaldehyde substituted by the electron-donating group. In addition, the change in the Csp2-H stretching frequency following complexation is proportional to both changes of electron density in σ*(Csp2-H) and σ*(O-H) orbitals, in which a dominant role of σ*(O-H) versus σ*(Csp2-H) is observed.

CC-stretched formic acid: isomerisation, dimerisation, and carboxylic acid complexation

The cis-trans-isomerism of the propiolic acid monomer (HC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-COOH) is examined with linear Raman jet spectroscopy, yielding the first environment-free vibrational band centres of a higher-energy cis-rotamer beyond formic acid (HCOOH) in addition to all fundamentals and a large number of hot and combination/overtone bands of the trans-conformer. Two near-isoenergetic trans-fundamentals of different symmetry (CC[double bond, length as m-dash]O bend and OH torsion) prove to be a sensitive benchmarking target, as their energetic order is susceptible to the choice of electronic structure method, basis set size, and inclusion of vibrational anharmonicity. For the infrared- and Raman-active C[double bond, length as m-dash]O stretching fundamentals of the cyclic (C_2h) trans-propiolic acid dimer, resonance couplings are found that in part extend to the C_s-symmetric heterodimer of trans-propiolic and trans-formic acid. Exploratory vibrational perturbation theory (VPT2) calculations show that all perturbing states involve displacements of the OH moieties located on the doubly hydrogen bonded ring. The comparison of the infrared spectra of the propiolic acid dimer and its heterodimer with formic acid to that of several other carboxylic acid dimers from the literature reveals a notable similarity regarding a non-fundamental dimer band around 1800 cm^-1, which in most cases is so far unassigned. VPT2 calculations and a simple harmonic model suggest an assignment to a combination vibration of the symmetric and antisymmetric OH torsion.