1
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Díaz Soto LJ, Oliveira RR, Baptista L, da Silveira EF, Nascimento MAC. Energy and spectroscopic parameters of neutral and cations isomers of the C nH 2 (n = 2-6) families using high-level ab-initio approaches. J Comput Chem 2024. [PMID: 39177429 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Cationic species, previously detected from ion-induced desorption of solid methane by plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS), and neutral species, are investigated using high-level ab-initio approaches. From a set of 25 cationic and 26 neutral structures belonging to CnH2 (n = 2-6) families, it was obtained the energy, rotational constants, harmonic vibrational frequency, charge distribution and excitation energies. The ZPVE-corrected energies, at CCSD(T)-F12; CCSD(T)-F12/RI/(cc-pVTZ-F12, cc-pVTZ-F12-CABS, cc-pVQZ/C) (n = 2-5) and CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ (n = 6) levels, reveal that the topology of the most stable isomer vary with n and the charge. Out of 674 harmonic frequencies, those with maximum intensity are generally in the 3000-3500 cm-1 range. Analysis of 169 vertical transition energies calculated with the EOM-CCSD approach, suggest three C6H2 species as potential carriers of the diffuse interstellar bands (DIB). Systematic comparison of properties between neutral and cationic species can assist in the structural description of complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin J Díaz Soto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Baptista
- Departamento de Química e Ambiental, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Resende, Brazil
| | - Enio F da Silveira
- Departamento de Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Smith JM, Nikow M, Wilhelm MJ, Dai HL. Collisional Relaxation of Highly Vibrationally Excited Acetylene Mediated by the Vinylidene Isomer. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8782-8793. [PMID: 37846886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Collisional relaxation of highly vibrationally excited acetylene, generated from the 193 nm photolysis of vinyl bromide with roughly 23,000 cm-1 of nascent vibrational energy, is studied via submicrosecond time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) emission spectroscopy. IR emission from vibrationally hot acetylene during collisional relaxation by helium, neon, argon, and krypton rare-gas colliders is recorded and analyzed to deduce the acetylene energy content as a function of time. The average energy lost per collision, ⟨ΔE⟩, is computed using the Lennard-Jones collision frequency. Two distinct vibrational-to-translational (V-T) energy transfer regimes in terms of the acetylene energy are identified. At vibrational energies below 10,000-14,000 cm-1, energy transfer efficiency increases linearly with molecular energy content and is in line with typical V-T behavior in quantity. In contrast, above 10,000-14,000 cm-1, the V-T energy transfer efficiency displays a dramatic and rapid increase. This increase is nearly coincident with the acetylene-vinylidene isomerization limit, which occurs nearly 15,000 cm-1 above the acetylene zero-point energy. Combined quasi-classical trajectory calculations and Schwartz-Slawsky-Herzfeld-Tanczos theory point to a vinylidene contribution being responsible for the large enhancement. This observation illustrates the influence of energetically accessible structural isomers to greatly enhance the energy transfer rates of highly vibrationally excited molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th. Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Hylleraas Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0313, Norway
| | - Matthew Nikow
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th. Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Michael J Wilhelm
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th. Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Hai-Lung Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th. Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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3
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Neumark DM. Spectroscopy of Radicals, Clusters, and Transition States Using Slow Electron Velocity-Map Imaging of Cryogenically Cooled Anions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4207-4223. [PMID: 37094039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Slow electron velocity-map imaging of cryogenically cooled anions (cryo-SEVI) is a high-resolution variant of anion photoelectron spectroscopy that has been applied with considerable success over the years to the study of radicals, size-selected clusters, and transition states for unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. Cryo-SEVI retains the versatility of conventional anion photoelectron spectroscopy while offering sub-meV resolution, thereby enabling the resolution of vibrational structure in the photoelectron spectra of complex anions. This Feature Article describes recent experiments in our laboratory using cryo-SEVI, including a new research direction in which anions are vibrationally pre-excited with an infrared laser pulse prior to photodetachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Yang Z, Sun BJ, He C, Li JQ, Chang AHH, Kaiser RI. Gas-Phase Preparation of 1-Germavinylidene (H 2CGe; X 1A 1), the Isovalent Counterpart of Vinylidene (H 2CC; X 1A 1), via Non-adiabatic Dynamics through the Elementary Reaction of Ground State Atomic Carbon (C; 3P) with Germane (GeH 4; X 1A 1). J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:430-436. [PMID: 36622768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
1-Germavinylidene (H2CGe; X1A1), the germanium analogue of vinylidene (H2CC; X1A1), was prepared via a directed gas-phase synthesis through the bimolecular reaction of ground state atomic carbon (C; 3P) with germane (GeH4; X1A1) under single-collision conditions. The reaction commences with the barrierless insertion of carbon into the Ge-H bond followed by intersystem crossing from the triplet to singlet surface and migration of atomic hydrogen to germylene (H2GeCH2), which predominantly decomposes via molecular hydrogen loss to 1-germavinylidene (H2CGe; X1A1). Therefore, the replacement of a single carbon atom in the acetylene-vinylidene system by germanium critically impacts the chemical bonding, molecular structure, and thermodynamic stability of the carbene-type structures favoring 1-germavinylidene (H2CGe) over germyne (HGeCH) by 160 kJ mol-1. Hence, the carbon-germane system represents a benchmark in the exploration of the chemistries of main group 14 elements with germanium-bearing systems showing few similarities with the isovalent carbon system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Bing-Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jin-Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Agnes H H Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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5
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Yang Z, Sun BJ, He C, Fatimah S, Chang AHH, Kaiser RI. Gas Phase Preparation of the Elusive Monobridged Ge(µ -H)GeH Molecule via Non-Adiabatic Reaction Dynamics. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103999. [PMID: 34929046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hitherto elusive monobridged Ge( µ -H)GeH (X 1 A') molecule was prepared in gas phase through bimolecular reaction of atomic germanium (Ge) with germane (GeH 4 ). Merged with electronic structure calculations, this reaction was revealed to commence on the triplet surface with the formation of a van der Waals complex, followed by insertion of germanium into a germanium-hydrogen bond via a submerged barrier forming the triplet digermanylidene intermediate (HGeGeH 3 ); the latter underwent intersystem crossing from the triplet to singlet surface. On the singlet surface, HGeGeH 3 predominantly isomerized via two successive hydrogen shifts prior to unimolecular decomposition to Ge( µ -H)GeH isomer, which is in equilibrium with the vinylidene-type (H 2 GeGe) and di-bridged (Ge( µ -H 2 )Ge) isomers. This reaction leads to the formation of the cyclic dinuclear germanium molecules, which do not exist on the isovalent C 2 H 2 surface, deepening our understanding of the role of nonadiabatic reaction dynamics in preparing non-classical, hydrogen-bridged isomers carrying main group XIV elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Yang
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Chemistry, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, 96822, Honolulu, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Chao He
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Ralf I Kaiser
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, 96822, Honolulu, UNITED STATES
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6
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Steiman TJ, Kalb AE, Coombs JC, Kirkland JK, Torres H, Ess DH, Uyeda C. Dinickel-Catalyzed Vinylidene–Alkene Cyclization Reactions. ACS Catal 2021; 11:14408-14416. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Talia J. Steiman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Annah E. Kalb
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - James C. Coombs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Justin K. Kirkland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Hector Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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7
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Delgado AAA, Sethio D, Matthews D, Oliveira V, Kraka E. Substituted hydrocarbon: a CCSD(T) and local vibrational mode investigation. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1970844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Sethio
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Devin Matthews
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vytor Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
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8
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Mutoh Y, Ishii Y, Saito S. Direct Formation of Disubstituted Vinylidenes from Internal Alkynes at Group 8 Metal Complexes and its Application to Organic Synthesis. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chuo University
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9
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Chang J, Guo L, Wang R, Mou J, Ren H, Ma J, Guo H. Absorption Spectra of Acetylene, Vinylidene, and Their Deuterated Isotopologues on Ab Initio Potential Energy and Dipole Moment Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4232-4240. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Lifen Guo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Ruifang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jie Mou
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Haisheng Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jianyi Ma
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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10
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Martin-Drumel MA, Baraban JH, Changala PB, Stanton JF, McCarthy MC. The Hunt for Elusive Molecules: Insights from Joint Theoretical and Experimental Investigations. Chemistry 2019; 25:7243-7258. [PMID: 30673130 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rotational spectroscopy is an invaluable tool to unambiguously determine the molecular structure of a species, and sometimes even to establish its very existence. This article illustrates how experimental and theoretical state-of-the-art tools can be used in tandem to investigate the rotational structure of molecules, with particular emphasis on those that have long remained elusive. The examples of three emblematic species-gauche-butadiene, disilicon carbide, and germanium dicarbide-highlight the close, mutually beneficial interaction between high-level theoretical calculations and sensitive microwave measurements. Prospects to detect other elusive molecules of chemical and astronomical interest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Aline Martin-Drumel
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Joshua H Baraban
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - P Bryan Changala
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of, Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - John F Stanton
- Quantum Theory Project, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Michael C McCarthy
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
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11
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Orr BJ. Collision-induced rovibrational energy transfer in small polyatomic molecules: the role of intramolecular perturbations. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1490463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Orr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, MQ Photonics Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Wang ED, Li GY, Ding JX, He GZ. Unexpected chemistry from the homogeneous thermal decomposition of acetylene: An ab initio study. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/31/cjcp1802019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- En-dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guang-yue Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China
| | - Jun-xia Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guo-zhong He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
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13
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DeVine JA, Weichman ML, Xie C, Babin MC, Johnson MA, Ma J, Guo H, Neumark DM. Autodetachment from Vibrationally Excited Vinylidene Anions. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1058-1063. [PMID: 29438618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Slow electron velocity-map imaging of the cryogenically cooled H2CC¯ anion reveals a strong dependence of its high-resolution photoelectron spectrum on detachment photon energy in two specific ranges, from 4000 to 4125 cm-1 and near 5020 cm-1. This effect is attributed to vibrational excitation of the anion followed by autodetachment to H2CC + e¯. In the lower energy range, the electron kinetic energy (eKE) distributions are dominated by two features that occur at constant eKEs of 114(3) and 151.9(14) cm-1 rather than constant electron binding energies, as is typically seen for direct photodetachment. These features are attributed to ΔJ = ΔK = 0 autodetachment transitions from two vibrationally excited anion states. The higher energy resonance autodetaches to neutral eigenstates with amplitude in the theoretically predicted shallow well lying along the vinylidene-acetylene isomerization coordinate. Calculations provide assignments of all autodetaching anion states and show that the observed autodetachment is facilitated by an intersection of the anion and neutral surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessalyn A DeVine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marissa L Weichman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Changjian Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Mark C Babin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jianyi Ma
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Zaleski DP, Harding LB, Klippenstein SJ, Ruscic B, Prozument K. Time-Resolved Kinetic Chirped-Pulse Rotational Spectroscopy in a Room-Temperature Flow Reactor. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:6180-6188. [PMID: 29193976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chirped-pulse Fourier transform millimeter-wave spectroscopy is a potentially powerful tool for studying chemical reaction dynamics and kinetics. Branching ratios of multiple reaction products and intermediates can be measured with unprecedented chemical specificity; molecular isomers, conformers, and vibrational states have distinct rotational spectra. Here we demonstrate chirped-pulse spectroscopy of vinyl cyanide photoproducts in a flow tube reactor at ambient temperature of 295 K and pressures of 1-10 μbar. This in situ and time-resolved experiment illustrates the utility of this novel approach to investigating chemical reaction dynamics and kinetics. Following 193 nm photodissociation of CH2CHCN, we observe rotational relaxation of energized HCN, HNC, and HCCCN photoproducts with 10 μs time resolution and sample the vibrational population distribution of HCCCN. The experimental branching ratio HCN/HCCCN is compared with a model based on RRKM theory using high-level ab initio calculations, which were in turn validated by comparisons to Active Thermochemical Tables enthalpies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Zaleski
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lawrence B Harding
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Stephen J Klippenstein
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Branko Ruscic
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kirill Prozument
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072 Australien
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16
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Wentrup C. Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis: Techniques and Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14808-14835. [PMID: 28675675 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) had its beginnings in the 1940s and 1950s, mainly through mass spectrometric detection of pyrolytically formed free radicals. In the 1960s many organic chemists started performing FVP experiments with the purpose of isolating new and interesting compounds and understanding pyrolysis processes. Meanwhile, many different types of apparatus and techniques have been developed, and it is the purpose of this review to present the most important methods as well as a survey of typical reactions and observations that can be achieved with the various techniques. This includes preparative FVP, chemical trapping reactions, matrix isolation, and low temperature spectroscopy of reactive intermediates and unstable molecules, the use of online mass, photoelectron, microwave, and millimeterwave spectroscopies, gas-phase laser pyrolysis, pulsed pyrolysis with supersonic jet expansion, very low pressure pyrolysis for kinetic investigations, solution-spray and falling-solid FVP for involatile compounds, and pyrolysis over solid supports and reagents. Moreover, the combination of FVP with matrix isolation and photochemistry is a powerful tool for investigations of reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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17
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DeVine JA, Weichman ML, Laws B, Chang J, Babin MC, Balerdi G, Xie C, Malbon CL, Lineberger WC, Yarkony DR, Field RW, Gibson ST, Ma J, Guo H, Neumark DM. Encoding of vinylidene isomerization in its anion photoelectron spectrum. Science 2017; 358:336-339. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessalyn A. DeVine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Laws
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jing Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610067, China
| | - Mark C. Babin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Garikoitz Balerdi
- Departmento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Unidad Asociada I+D+I CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Changjian Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | - W. Carl Lineberger
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - David R. Yarkony
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Robert W. Field
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephen T. Gibson
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jianyi Ma
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610067, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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18
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Yang T, Dangi BB, Kaiser RI, Chao K, Sun B, Chang AHH, Nguyen TL, Stanton JF. Gas‐Phase Formation of the Disilavinylidene (H
2
SiSi) Transient. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Beni B. Dangi
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
- Department of Chemistry Florida A&M University Tallahassee FL 32307 USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Kang‐Heng Chao
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Bing‐Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Agnes H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Thanh Lam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - John F. Stanton
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
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19
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Yang T, Dangi BB, Kaiser RI, Chao K, Sun B, Chang AHH, Nguyen TL, Stanton JF. Gas‐Phase Formation of the Disilavinylidene (H
2
SiSi) Transient. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1264-1268. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Beni B. Dangi
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
- Department of Chemistry Florida A&M University Tallahassee FL 32307 USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Kang‐Heng Chao
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Bing‐Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Agnes H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Thanh Lam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - John F. Stanton
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
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20
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DeVine JA, Weichman ML, Zhou X, Ma J, Jiang B, Guo H, Neumark DM. Non-Adiabatic Effects on Excited States of Vinylidene Observed with Slow Photoelectron Velocity-Map Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16417-16425. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessalyn A. DeVine
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marissa L. Weichman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xueyao Zhou
- Department
of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianyi Ma
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department
of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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21
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Khiri D, Hochlaf M, Chambaud G. Energetic Diagrams and Structural Properties of Monohaloacetylenes HC≡CX (X = F, Cl, Br). J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5985-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Khiri
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation
et Simulation Multi-Echelle MSME, UMR 8208 CNRS, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - M. Hochlaf
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation
et Simulation Multi-Echelle MSME, UMR 8208 CNRS, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - G. Chambaud
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation
et Simulation Multi-Echelle MSME, UMR 8208 CNRS, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
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22
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23
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Quantum Dynamics of Vinylidene Photodetachment on an Accurate Global Acetylene-Vinylidene Potential Energy Surface. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:8488-96. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b05061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Prozument K, Barratt Park G, Shaver RG, Vasiliou AK, Oldham JM, David DE, Muenter JS, Stanton JF, Suits AG, Barney Ellison G, Field RW. Chirped-Pulse millimeter-Wave spectroscopy for dynamics and kinetics studies of pyrolysis reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:15739-15751. [PMID: 24756159 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55352c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Chirped-Pulse millimeter-Wave (CPmmW) spectrometer is applied to the study of chemical reaction products that result from pyrolysis in a Chen nozzle heated to 1000-1800 K. Millimeter-wave rotational spectroscopy unambiguously determines, for each polar reaction product, the species, the conformers, relative concentrations, conversion percentage from precursor to each product, and, in some cases, vibrational state population distributions. A chirped-pulse spectrometer can, within the frequency range of a single chirp, sample spectral regions of up to ∼10 GHz and simultaneously detect many reaction products. Here we introduce a modification to the CPmmW technique in which multiple chirps of different spectral content are applied to a molecular beam pulse that contains the pyrolysis reaction products. This technique allows for controlled allocation of its sensitivity to specific molecular transitions and effectively doubles the bandwidth of the spectrometer. As an example, the pyrolysis reaction of ethyl nitrite, CH3CH2ONO, is studied, and CH3CHO, H2CO, and HNO products are simultaneously observed and quantified, exploiting the multi-chirp CPmmW technique. Rotational and vibrational temperatures of some product molecules are determined. Subsequent to supersonic expansion from the heated nozzle, acetaldehyde molecules display a rotational temperature of 4 ± 1 K. Vibrational temperatures are found to be controlled by the collisional cooling in the expansion, and to be both species- and vibrational mode-dependent. Rotational transitions of vibrationally excited formaldehyde in levels ν4, 2ν4, 3ν4, ν2, ν3, and ν6 are observed and effective vibrational temperatures for modes 2, 3, 4, and 6 are determined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Prozument
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - G Barratt Park
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Rachel G Shaver
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - AnGayle K Vasiliou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, 276 Bicentennial Way, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
| | - James M Oldham
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Donald E David
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Cristol Chemistry 58, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - John S Muenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - John F Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
| | - Arthur G Suits
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - G Barney Ellison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Cristol Chemistry 58, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Robert W Field
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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25
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Chen HF, Liu MC, Chen SC, Huang TP, Wu YJ. IRRADIATION OF ETHYLENE DILUTED IN SOLID NITROGEN WITH VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND ELECTRONS: ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF HCN AND HNC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/804/1/36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Ruscic B. Active Thermochemical Tables: Sequential Bond Dissociation Enthalpies of Methane, Ethane, and Methanol and the Related Thermochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:7810-37. [PMID: 25760799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Active Thermochemical Tables (ATcT) thermochemistry for the sequential bond dissociations of methane, ethane, and methanol systems were obtained by analyzing and solving a very large thermochemical network (TN). Values for all possible C-H, C-C, C-O, and O-H bond dissociation enthalpies at 298.15 K (BDE298) and bond dissociation energies at 0 K (D0) are presented. The corresponding ATcT standard gas-phase enthalpies of formation of the resulting CHn, n = 4-0 species (methane, methyl, methylene, methylidyne, and carbon atom), C2Hn, n = 6-0 species (ethane, ethyl, ethylene, ethylidene, vinyl, ethylidyne, acetylene, vinylidene, ethynyl, and ethynylene), and COHn, n = 4-0 species (methanol, hydroxymethyl, methoxy, formaldehyde, hydroxymethylene, formyl, isoformyl, and carbon monoxide) are also presented. The ATcT thermochemistry of carbon dioxide, water, hydroxyl, and carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms is also included, together with the sequential BDEs of CO2 and H2O. The provenances of the ATcT enthalpies of formation, which are quite distributed and involve a large number of relevant determinations, are analyzed by variance decomposition and discussed in terms of principal contributions. The underlying reasons for periodic appearances of remarkably low and/or unusually high BDEs, alternating along the dissociation sequences, are analyzed and quantitatively rationalized. The present ATcT results are the most accurate thermochemical values currently available for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Ruscic
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States.,Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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27
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Han H, Li A, Guo H. Toward spectroscopically accurate global ab initio potential energy surface for the acetylene-vinylidene isomerization. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:244312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4904859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Han
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
87131, USA
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Anyang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
87131, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
87131, USA
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28
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Boyé-Péronne S, Gauyacq D, Liévin J. Theoretical description of electronically excited vinylidene up to 10 eV: First high level ab initio study of singlet valence and Rydberg states. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:174317. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4900875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Boyé-Péronne
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, UMR 8214, CNRS and Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 210, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Dolores Gauyacq
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, UMR 8214, CNRS and Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 210, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Liévin
- Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Cpi 160/09, 50 Av. F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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29
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Park GB, Baraban JH, Field RW. Full dimensional Franck-Condon factors for the acetylene à 1Au—X̃ Σg+1 transition. II. Vibrational overlap factors for levels involving excitation in ungerade modes. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:134305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4896533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Barratt Park
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joshua H. Baraban
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert W. Field
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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30
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McIntosh GJ, Russell DK. Experimental and theoretical studies into the formation of C4-C6 products in partially chlorinated hydrocarbon pyrolysis systems: a probabilistic approach to congener-specific yield predictions. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8644-63. [PMID: 25225996 DOI: 10.1021/jp5015516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a study of the pyrolytic formation of vinylacetylene and benzene congeners formed from chlorinated hydrocarbon precursors, a complex, multipath polymerization system formed in a monomer-rich environment. (Co-)pyrolyses of dichloro- and trichloroethylene yield a rich array of products, and assuming a single dominant underlying growth mechanism, this (on comparing expected and observed products) allows a number of potentially competing channels to C4 and C6 products to be ruled out. Poor congener/isomer descriptions rule out even-carbon radical routes, and the absence of C3 and C5 products rule out odd-carbon processes. Vinylidenes appear unable to describe the increased reactivity of acetylenes with chlorination noted in our experiments, leaving molecular acetylene dimerization processes and, in C6 systems, the closely related Diels-Alder cyclization as the likely reaction mechanism. The feasibility of these routes is further supported by ab initio calculations. However, some of the most persuasive evidence is provided by congener-specific yield predictions enabled by the construction of a probability tree analogue of kinetic modeling. This approach is relatively quick to construct, provides surprisingly accurate predictions, and may be a very useful tool in screening for important reaction channels in poorly understood congener- or isomer-rich reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J McIntosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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31
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Ajaz A, Voukides AC, Cahill KJ, Thamatam R, Skraba-Joiner SL, Johnson RP. Microwave Flash Pyrolysis: C9H8 Interconversions and Dimerisations. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pyrolysis of 2-ethynyltoluene, indene, fluorene, and related compounds has been studied by sealed tube microwave flash pyrolysis (MFP), in concert with modelling of putative mechanistic pathways by density functional theory (DFT) computations. In the MFP technique, samples are admixed with graphite and subjected to intense microwave power (150–300 W) in a quartz reaction tube under a nitrogen atmosphere. The MFP reaction of 2-ethynyltoluene gave mostly indene, the product of a Roger Brown rearrangement (1,2-H shift to a vinylidene) followed by insertion. An additional product was chrysene, the likely result of hydrogen atom loss from indene followed by dimerisation. The intermediacy of dimeric bi-indene structures was supported by pyrolysis of bi-indene and by computational models. Benzo[a]anthracene and benzo[c]phenanthrene are minor products in these reactions. These are shown to arise from pyrolysis of chrysene under the same MFP conditions. MFP reaction of fluorene gave primarily bi-fluorene, bifluorenylidene, and dibenzochrysene, the latter derived from a known Stone–Wales rearrangement.
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