Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic study of copper hopping in doped bis(L-histidinato)cadmium dihydrate

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Characteristics and Crystal Structure of a Tutton Salt Analogue: Copper-Doped Cadmium Creatininium Sulfate

Electron paramagnetic resonance and crystallographic studies on copper-doped cadmium creatininium sulfate (CdCrnS) were undertaken to study the characteristics of a copper-hexahydrate complex in an organic analogue of Tutton's salt. X-ray diffraction experiments determined the crystal structure of CdCrnS at both 100 and 298 K. CdCrnS, like Tutton salt, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n. The unit cell contains two cadmium hexahydrate complexes, four creatininium ions, four sulfates, and four additional solvation waters. Both crystallography and EPR find that the doped copper replaces the cadmium in the structure. Single-crystal EPR measurements at room temperature determined the g and copper hyperfine (A^Cu) tensors (principal values: g = 2.437, 2.134, and 2.080 and A^Cu = -327, -84.8, and 7.33 MHz). EPR spectra of the powder at room temperature gave g = 2.448, 2.125, and 2.085 and A^Cu = -315, -75.0, and 35.0 MHz and at 110 K gave g = 2.462, 2.116, and 2.077 and A^Cu = -340, -30.0, and 35.0 MHz. The room-temperature tensors are close to the "rigid lattice limit" values found in copper-doped Tutton salts but with a higher g_min and weaker A^Cu_x coupling than average. A small but measurable temperature dependency of the tensors indicated the presence of a dynamic Jahn-Teller (JT) effect. In addition, the EPR line width changed dramatically with temperature, which is like that found in all copper-doped Tutton crystals. Utilizing the model of Silver-Getz for the g-value variation gave an estimate for the energy difference (δ₁₂ = 640 cm^-1) between the ground and next highest JT configurations. An empirical correlation appears to exist between δ₁₂ and g_min and A^Cu_x for the copper hexahydrates studied in similar crystals. This suggests a relationship between the amount of unpaired spins in the copper d-orbital x lobe and the gap between wells of the adiabatic potential surface.

A DFT/ZORA Study of Cadmium Magnetic Shielding Tensors: Analysis of Relativistic Effects and Electronic-State Approximations

Theoretical considerations are discussed for the accurate prediction of cadmium magnetic shielding tensors using relativistic density functional theory (DFT). Comparison is made between calculations that model the extended lattice of the cadmium-containing solids using periodic boundary conditions and pseudopotentials with calculations that use clusters of atoms. The all-electron cluster-based calculations afford an opportunity to examine the importance of (i) relativistic effects on cadmium magnetic shielding tensors, as introduced through the ZORA Hamiltonian at either the scalar (SC) or spin-orbit (SO) levels and (ii) variation in the class of the DFT approximation. Twenty-three combinations of pseudopotentials or all-electron methods, DFT functionals, and relativistic treatments are assessed for the prediction of the principal components of the magnetic shielding tensors of 30 cadmium sites. We find that the inclusion of SO coupling can increase the cadmium magnetic shielding by as much as ca. 1100 ppm for a certain principal values; these effects are most pronounced for cadmium sites featuring bonds to other heavy atoms such as cadmium, iodine, or selenium. The best agreement with experimental values is found at the ZORA SO level in combination with a hybrid DFT method featuring a large admixture of Hartree-Fock exchange such as BH&HLYP. Finally, a theoretical examination is presented of the magnetic shielding tensor of the Cd(I) site in Cd₂(AlCl₄)₂.

Models for Copper Dynamic Behavior in Doped Cadmium dl-Histidine Crystals: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Crystallographic Analysis

Electron paramagnetic resonance and crystallographic studies of copper-doped cadmium dl-histidine, abbreviated as CdDLHis, were undertaken to gain further understanding on the relationship between site structure and dynamic behavior in biological model complexes. X-ray diffraction measurements determined the crystal structure of CdDLHis at 100 and 298 K. CdDLHis crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with two cadmium complexes per asymmetric unit. In each complex, the Cd is hexacoordinated to two histidine molecules. Both histidines are l in one complex and d in the other. Additionally, each complex contains multiple waters of varying disorder. Single crystal EPR spectroscopic splitting (g) and copper hyperfine (A(Cu)) tensors at room temperature (principal values: g = 2.249, 2.089, 2.050; A(Cu) = -453, -30.5, -0.08 MHz) were determined from rotational experiments. Alignments of the tensor directions with the host structure were used to position the copper unpaired dx(2)-y(2) orbital in an approximate plane made by four proposed ligand atoms: the N-imidazole and N-amino of one histidine, and the N-amino and O-carboxyl of the other. Each complex has two such planes related by noncrystallographic symmetry, which make an angle of 65° and have a 1.56 Å distance between their midpoints. These findings are consistent with three interpretations that can adequately explain previous temperature-dependent EPR powder spectra of this system: (1) a local structural distortion (static strain) at the copper site has a temperature dependence significant enough to affect the EPR pattern, (2) the copper can hop between the two sites in each complex at high temperature, and (3) there exists a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect involving the copper ligands.