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Carena L, Zoppi B, Sordello F, Fabbri D, Minella M, Minero C. Phototransformation of Vanillin in Artificial Snow by Direct Photolysis and Mediated by Nitrite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37269319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of vanillin, as a proxy of methoxyphenols emitted by biomass burning, was investigated in artificial snow at 243 K and in liquid water at room temperature. Nitrite (NO2-) was used as a photosensitizer of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under UVA light, because of its key photochemical role in snowpacks and atmospheric ice/waters. In snow and in the absence of NO2-, slow direct photolysis of vanillin was observed due to back-reactions taking place in the quasi-liquid layer at the ice-grain surface. The addition of NO2- made the photodegradation of vanillin faster, because of the important contribution of photoproduced reactive nitrogen species in vanillin phototransformation. These species triggered both nitration and oligomerization of vanillin in irradiated snow, as the identified vanillin by-products showed. Conversely, in liquid water, direct photolysis was the main photodegradation pathway of vanillin, even in the presence of NO2-, which had negligible effects on vanillin photodegradation. The results outline the different role of iced and liquid water in the photochemical fate of vanillin in different environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zoppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sordello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Hullar T, Magadia D, Anastasio C. Photodegradation Rate Constants for Anthracene and Pyrene Are Similar in/on Ice and in Aqueous Solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12225-12234. [PMID: 30251528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Snowpacks contain a variety of chemicals, including organic pollutants such as toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). While PAHs undergo photodegradation in snow and ice, the rates of these reactions remain in debate. Some studies report that photochemical reactions in snow proceed at rates similar to those expected in a supercooled aqueous solution, but other studies report faster reaction rates, particularly at the air-ice interface (i.e., the quasi-liquid layer, or QLL). In addition, one study reported a surprising nonlinear dependence on photon flux. Here we examine the photodegradation of two common PAHs, anthracene and pyrene, in/on ice and in solution. For a given PAH, rate constants are similar in aqueous solution, in internal liquid-like regions of ice, and at the air-ice interface. In addition, we find the expected linear relationship between reaction rate constant and photon flux. Our results indicate that rate constants for the photochemical loss of PAHs in, and on, snow and ice are very similar to those in aqueous solution, with no enhancement at the air-ice interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Hullar
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Danielle Magadia
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
- Now at California Department of Food and Agriculture , 3292 Meadowview , Sacramento , California 95832 , United States
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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McFall AS, Edwards KC, Anastasio C. Nitrate Photochemistry at the Air-Ice Interface and in Other Ice Reservoirs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5710-5717. [PMID: 29667816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The photolysis of snowpack nitrate (NO3-) is an important source of gaseous reactive nitrogen species that affect atmospheric oxidants, particularly in remote regions. However, it is unclear whether nitrate photochemistry differs between the three solute reservoirs in/on ice: in liquid-like regions (LLRs) in the ice; within the solid ice matrix; and in a quasi-liquid layer (QLL) at the air-ice interface, where past work indicates photolysis is enhanced. In this work, we explore the photoformation of nitrite in these reservoirs using laboratory ices. Nitrite quantum yields, Φ(NO2-), at 313 nm for aqueous and LLR ice samples agree with previous values, e.g., 0.65 ± 0.07% at -10 °C. For ice samples made via flash-freezing solution in liquid nitrogen, where nitrate is possibly present as a solid solution, the nitrite quantum yield is 0.57 ± 0.05% at -10 °C, similar to the LLR results. In contrast, the quantum yield at the air-ice interface is enhanced by a factor of 3.7 relative to LLRs, with a value of 2.39 ± 0.24%. These results indicate nitrate photolysis is enhanced at the air-ice interface, although the importance of this enhancement in the environment depends on the amount of nitrate present at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S McFall
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Kasey C Edwards
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Benedict KB, Anastasio C. Quantum Yields of Nitrite (NO2–) from the Photolysis of Nitrate (NO3–) in Ice at 313 nm. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8474-8483. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B. Benedict
- Department of Land, Air,
and Water Resources, University of California—Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air,
and Water Resources, University of California—Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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5
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Chen Z, Anastasio C. Concentrations of a triplet excited state are enhanced in illuminated ice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:12-21. [PMID: 28060386 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions influence the fates and lifetimes of organic compounds in snow and ice, both through direct photoreactions and via photoproduced transient species such as hydroxyl radical (˙OH) and, perhaps, triplet excited states of organic compounds (i.e., triplets). While triplets can be important oxidants in atmospheric drops and surface waters, little is known of this class of oxidants in frozen samples. To investigate this, we examined the photoreaction of phenol with the triplet state of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (3DMB*), a product from biomass combustion, in illuminated laboratory ices. Our results show that the rate of phenol loss due to 3DMB* is, on average, increased by a factor of 95 ± 50 in ice compared to the equivalent liquid sample. We find that this experimentally measured freeze concentration factor, FEXP, is independent of total solute concentration and temperature, in contrast to what is expected from a liquid-like region whose composition follows freezing point depression. We also find that FEXP for triplets is independent of pH, although the rates of phenol loss increase with decreasing pH in both solution and ice. The enhancement in the rate of phenol loss in/on ice indicates that concentrations of triplet excited states are enhanced in ice relative to solution and suggests that this class of oxidants might be a significant sink for organics in snow and ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Chen
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA. and Atmospheric Science Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA. and Atmospheric Science Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA
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Fede A, Grannas AM. Photochemical Production of Singlet Oxygen from Dissolved Organic Matter in Ice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12808-12815. [PMID: 26460930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved natural organic matter (DOM) is a ubiquitous component of natural waters and an important photosensitizer. A variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be produced from DOM photochemistry, including singlet oxygen, 1O2. Recently, it has been determined that humic-like substances and unknown organic chromophores are significant contributors to sunlight absorption in snowpack; however, DOM photochemistry in snow/ice has received little attention in the literature. We recently showed that DOM plays an important role in indirect photolysis processes in ice, producing ROS and leading to the efficient photodegradation of a probe hydrophobic organic pollutant, aldrin.1 ROS scavenger experiments indicated that 1O2 played a significant role in the indirect photodegradation of aldrin. Here we quantitatively examine 1O2 photochemically produced from DOM in frozen and liquid aqueous solutions. Steady-state 1O2 production is enhanced up to nearly 1000 times in frozen DOM samples compared to liquid samples. 1O2 production is dependent on the concentration of DOM, but the nature of the DOM source (terrestrial vs microbial) does not have a significant effect on 1O2 production in liquid or frozen samples, with different source types producing similar steady-state concentrations of 1O2. The temperature of frozen samples also has a significant effect on steady-state 1O2 production in the range of 228-262 K, with colder samples producing more steady-state 1O2. The large enhancement in 1O2 in frozen samples suggests that it may play a significant role in the photochemical processes that occur in snow and ice, and DOM could be a significant, but to date poorly understood, oxidant source in snow and ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Fede
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University , 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Amanda M Grannas
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University , 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
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George C, Ammann M, D’Anna B, Donaldson DJ, Nizkorodov S. Heterogeneous photochemistry in the atmosphere. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4218-58. [PMID: 25775235 PMCID: PMC4772778 DOI: 10.1021/cr500648z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian George
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sergey
A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Marrocco HA, Michelsen RRH. Nitrate Concentration near the Surface of Frozen Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14929-41. [PMID: 25495473 DOI: 10.1021/jp508244u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photolysis of nitrate plays an important role in the emission of nitrogen oxides from snow and ice, which affects the composition of the overlying atmosphere. In order to quantify these reactions, it is necessary to know how much nitrate is available for photolysis near the surfaces of snow and ice. The concentration of nitrate excluded from frozen solutions of nitric acid, sodium nitrate, and magnesium nitrate was measured with attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. Liquid water and nitrate were observed at and near the bottom surface of frozen aqueous solutions during annealing from -18 to -2 °C. At -2 °C, the nitrate concentration was determined to be ∼1.0 mol/L for frozen NaNO(3) and Mg(NO(3))(2) solutions and ∼0.8 mol/L for frozen HNO(3) solutions. At lower temperatures, nitrate concentration ranged from 1.6 to 3.7 mol/L. Ideal thermodynamics overestimates nitrate concentration at colder temperatures where the brine is highly concentrated for all solutions. The nitrate concentration at ice surfaces is well described by bulk freezing point depression data close to the melting point of ice and for nitric acid at colder temperatures. Effects of temperature and counterions and implications for modeling snow chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley A Marrocco
- Department of Chemistry, Randolph-Macon College , P.O. Box 5005, Ashland, Virginia 23005, United States
| | - Rebecca R H Michelsen
- Department of Chemistry, Randolph-Macon College , P.O. Box 5005, Ashland, Virginia 23005, United States
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Suchánek J, Henke P, Mosinger J, Zelinger Z, Kubát P. Effect of Temperature on Photophysical Properties of Polymeric Nanofiber Materials with Porphyrin Photosensitizers. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6167-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5029917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Suchánek
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Safety Engineering, Technical University of Ostrava, Lumírova
13, Ostrava-Vyškovice, 700 30 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiří Mosinger
- Faculty
of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Zelinger
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubát
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
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Bower JP, Anastasio C. Degradation of organic pollutants in/on snow and ice by singlet molecular oxygen (¹O₂*) and an organic triplet excited state. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:748-756. [PMID: 24487942 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Singlet molecular oxygen (¹O₂*) can be a significant sink for a variety of electron-rich pollutants in surface waters and atmospheric drops. We recently found that ¹O₂* concentrations are enhanced by up to a factor of 10(4) on illuminated ice compared to in the equivalent liquid solution, suggesting that ¹O₂* could be an important oxidant for pollutants in snow. To examine this, here we study the degradation of three model organic pollutants: furfuryl alcohol (to represent furans), tryptophan (for aromatic amino acids), and bisphenol A (for phenols). Each compound was studied in illuminated aqueous solution and ice containing Rose Bengal (RB, a sensitizer for ¹O₂*) and sodium chloride (to adjust the concentration of total solutes). The RB-mediated loss of each organic compound is enhanced on illuminated ice compared to in solution, by factors of 6400 for furfuryl alcohol, 8300 for tryptophan, and 50 for bisphenol A for ice containing 0.065 mM total solutes. Rates of loss of furfuryl alcohol and tryptophan decrease at a higher total solute concentration, in qualitative agreement with predictions from freezing-point depression. In contrast, the loss of bisphenol A on ice is independent of total solute concentration. Relative to liquid tests, the enhanced loss of tryptophan on ice during control experiments made with deoxygenated solutions and solutions in D₂O show that the triplet excited state of Rose Bengal may also contribute to loss of pollutants on ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Bower
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Walker RL, Searles K, Willard JA, Michelsen RRH. Total reflection infrared spectroscopy of water-ice and frozen aqueous NaCl solutions. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:244703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4841835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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