1
|
Huang Y, Qiu Y, Young RM, Schatz GC, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Identifying Sources of Entanglement Loss in Photodriven Molecular Electron Spin Teleportation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20133-20140. [PMID: 38995837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
We report on an electron donor-electron acceptor-stable radical (D-A-R•) molecule in which an electron spin state first prepared on R• is followed by photogeneration of an entangled singlet 1[D•+-A•-] spin pair to produce D•+-A•--R•. Since the A•- and R• spins within D•+-A•--R• are uncorrelated, spin teleportation from R• to D•+ occurs with a maximal 25% efficiency only for the singlet pair 1(A•--R•) by spin-allowed electron transfer from A•- to R•. However, since 1[D•+-A•-] is sufficiently long-lived, coherent spin mixing involving the unreactive 3(A•--R•) population affects entanglement and teleportation within D•+-A•--R•. Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance experiments show a direct correlation between electron spin flip-flops and entanglement loss, providing information for designing molecular materials to serve as nanoscale quantum device interconnects.
Collapse
|
2
|
De Biasi F, Karthikeyan G, Visegrádi M, Levien M, Hope MA, Brown PJ, Wasielewski MR, Ouari O, Emsley L. Light-Induced 1H NMR Hyperpolarization in Solids at 9.4 and 21.1 T. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19667-19672. [PMID: 39007869 PMCID: PMC11273353 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The inherently low sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the major limiting factor for its application to elucidate structure and dynamics in solids. In the solid state, nuclear spin hyperpolarization methods based on microwave-induced dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) provide a versatile platform to enhance the bulk NMR signal of many different sample formulations, leading to significant sensitivity improvements. Here we show that 1H NMR hyperpolarization can also be generated in solids at high magnetic fields by optical irradiation of the sample. We achieved this by exploiting a donor-chromophore-acceptor molecule with an excited state electron-electron interaction similar to the nuclear Larmor frequency, enabling solid-state 1H photochemically induced DNP (photo-CIDNP) at high magnetic fields. Through hyperpolarization relay, we obtained bulk NMR signal enhancements εH by factors of ∼100 at both 9.4 and 21.1 T for the 1H signal of o-terphenyl in magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments at 100 K. These findings open a pathway toward a general light-induced hyperpolarization approach for dye-sensitized high-field NMR in solids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico De Biasi
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École
Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ganesan Karthikeyan
- Aix-Marseille
University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Máté Visegrádi
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École
Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Levien
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École
Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. Hope
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École
Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paige J. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Paula M.
Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Paula M.
Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille
University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École
Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Chen X, Sun Y, Zhao J. Radical enhanced intersystem crossing mechanism, electron spin dynamics of high spin states and their applications in the design of heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5257-5283. [PMID: 38884590 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers (PSs) can overcome the high cost and biological toxicity of traditional molecular systems containing heavy atoms (such as Pt(II), Ir(III), Ru(II), Pd(II), Lu(III), I, or Br atoms) and, therefore, are developing rapidly. Connecting a stable free radical to the chromophore can promote the intersystem crossing (ISC) process through electron spin exchange interaction to produce the triplet state of the chromophore or the doublet (D) and quartet (Q) states when taking the whole spin system into account. These molecular systems based on the radical enhanced ISC (REISC) mechanism are important in the field of heavy atom-free triplet PSs. The REISC system has a simple molecular structure and good biocompatibility, and it is especially helpful for building high-spin quantum states (D and Q states) that have the potential to be developed as qubits in quantum information science. This review introduces the molecular structure design for the purpose of high-spin states. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) is the most important characterization method to reveal the properties of these molecular systems, generation mechanism and electron spin polarization (ESP) of the high spin states. The spin polarization manipulation of high spin states and potential application in the field of quantum information engineering are also summarized. Moreover, molecular design principles of the REISC system to obtain long absorption wavelength, high triplet state quantum yield and long triplet state lifetime are introduced, as well as applications of the compounds in triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, photodynamic therapy and bioimaging. This review is useful for the design of heavy atom-free triplet PSs based on the radical-chromophore molecular structure motif and the study of the photophysics of the compounds, as well as the electron spin dynamics of the multi electron system upon photoexcitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
De Biasi F, Hope MA, Qiu Y, Brown PJ, Visegrádi M, Ouari O, Wasielewski MR, Emsley L. Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State 13C Photochemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization by a Synthetic Donor-Chromophore-Acceptor System at 9.4 T. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5488-5494. [PMID: 38748557 PMCID: PMC11129313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique in which nuclear spin hyperpolarization is generated upon optical irradiation of an appropriate donor-acceptor system. Until now, solid-state photo-CIDNP at high magnetic fields has been observed only in photosynthetic reaction centers and flavoproteins. In the present work, we show that the effect is not limited to such biomolecular samples, and solid-state 13C photo-CIDNP can be observed at 9.4 T under magic angle spinning using a frozen solution of a synthetic molecular system dissolved in an organic solvent. Signal enhancements for the source molecule larger than a factor of 2300 are obtained. In addition, we show that bulk 13C hyperpolarization of the solvent can be generated via spontaneous 13C-13C spin diffusion at natural abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico De Biasi
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École
Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. Hope
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École
Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yunfan Qiu
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Paula M.
Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Paige J. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Paula M.
Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Máté Visegrádi
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École
Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille
University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Paula M.
Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École
Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kirk ML, Shultz DA, Marri AR, van der Est A. Photoinduced Magnetic Exchange-Jump Promotes Ground State Biradical Electron Spin Polarization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9285-9292. [PMID: 38518125 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron spin polarization (ESP) is reported in the electronic ground states of three Pt(II) complexes comprised of two S = 1/2 nitronyl nitroxide (NN) radicals attached through different length para-phenylethynyl bridges to the 3,6 positions of a catecholate (CAT, donor) and 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, acceptor). Complexes 1-3 have from 17 to 41 bonds separating NN radicals and display cw-EPR spectra consistent with |JNN-NN| ≫ |aN|, |JNN-NN| ≥ |aN|, and |JNN-NN| < |aN|, respectively, where JNN-NN is the magnetic exchange coupling between NN radicals in the electronic ground state, and aN is the isotropic 14N hyperfine coupling constant. Light-induced transient EPR spectra characterized as enhanced ground-state absorption were observed for all three complexes using 532 nm pulsed laser excitation into the ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LL'CT) band of the (CAT)Pt(bpy) chromophore. The magnitude of the observed ESP increases in the order 1 < 2 < 3 and is inversely correlated with the magnitude of ground-state JNN-NN. In addition to the experimental observation of net absorptive polarization in 1-3, light excitation also produces multiplet polarization in 2. Since the weak dipolar coupling leads to a strong spectral overlap of the absorptive and emissive components, the multiplet polarization is not observed in 1 and 3 and is very weak in 2. The ability to spin-polarize multiple radical spins with a single photon is anticipated to advance new photoinduced multi qubit/qudit ESP protocols for quantum information science applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
- The Center for High Technology Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
- Center for Quantum Information and Control (CQuIC), The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
- Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Anil Reddy Marri
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kato K, Teki Y. Theoretical investigation of multi-spin excited states of anthracene radical-linked π-conjugated spin systems by computational chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8106-8114. [PMID: 38407399 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Multi-spin excited states of chromophore radical-linked π-conjugated spin systems are investigated by molecular orbital calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). The investigated systems consist of an anthracene photosensitive unit leading to a triplet-excited-state (S = 1), π-conjugated linker to propagate spin exchange-coupling, and stable organic radical with a doublet-ground-state (S = 1/2). The intramolecular exchange coupling (JDQ), g value, and fine-structure interaction of their excited states depended on the π-conjugation network (π-topology), type of radical, and molecular structure of the π-linker (length and dihedral angle). The exchange interaction was dependent on the π-topology and the type of radical species. A decrease in the dihedral angle between the anthracene moiety and phenyl linker in the photo-excited state led to larger exchange coupling. With an increase in the π-linker length (r), the magnitude of the exchange coupling gradually decreased in the photoexcited states according to JDQ = JEx0 exp(-βr), similar to the ground-state exchange. The g values of the quartet (Q) state depended only on the radical type (independent of the linker). Conversely, the fine-structure interaction of the Q state was independent of the radical type and depended on both the linker length and the dihedral angle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kato
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Teki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Panariti D, Conron SM, Zhang J, Wasielewski MR, Di Valentin M, Tait CE. Control of excitation selectivity in pulse EPR on spin-correlated radical pairs with shaped pulses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3842-3856. [PMID: 38221856 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06009h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Spin-correlated radical pairs generated by photoinduced electron transfer are characterised by a distinctive spin polarisation and a unique behaviour in pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Under non-selective excitation, an out-of-phase echo signal modulated by the dipolar and exchange coupling interactions characterising the radical pair is observed and allows extraction of geometric information in the two-pulse out-of-phase electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) experiment. The investigation of the role of spin-correlated radical pairs in a variety of biological processes and in the fundamental mechanisms underlying device function in optoelectronics, as well as their potential use in quantum information science, relies on the ability to precisely address and manipulate the spins using microwave pulses. Here, we explore the use of shaped pulses for controlled narrowband selective and broadband non-selective excitation of spin-correlated radical pairs in two model donor-bridge-acceptor triads, characterised by different spectral widths, at X- and Q-band frequencies. We demonstrate selective excitation with close to rectangular excitation profiles using BURP (band-selective, uniform response, pure-phase) pulses and complete non-selective excitation of both spins of the radical pair using frequency-swept chirp pulses. The use of frequency-swept pulses in out-of-phase ESEEM experiments enables increased modulation depths and, combined with echo transient detection and Fourier transformation, correlation of the dipolar frequencies with the EPR spectrum and therefore the potential to extract additional information on the donor-acceptor pair geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Panariti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sarah M Conron
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physics Program, and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physics Program, and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physics Program, and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | | | - Claudia E Tait
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kirk ML, Shultz DA, Hewitt P, Marri AR, van der Est A. Competitive reversed quartet mechanisms for photogenerated ground state electron spin polarization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9689-9695. [PMID: 37736649 PMCID: PMC10510625 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced electron spin polarization (ESP) of a spin-½ organic radical (nitronyl nitroxide, NN) in a series of Pt(ii) complexes comprised of 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and 3-tert-butylcatecholate (CAT) ligands, where the CAT ligand is substituted with (CH3)n-meta-phenyl-NN (bridge-NN) groups, is presented and discussed. We show the importance of attenuating the energy gap between localized NN radical and chromophoric excited states to control both the magnitude and sign of the optically-generated ESP, and to provide deeper insight into the details of the ESP mechanism. Understanding electronic structure contributions to optically generated ESP will enhance our ability to control the nature of prepared states for a variety of quantum information science applications, where strong ESP facilitates enhanced sensitivity and readout capabilities at low applied magnetic fields and higher temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 USA
- The Center for High Technology Materials, The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87106 USA
- Center for Quantum Information and Control (CQuIC), The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131-0001 USA
| | - David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Patrick Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Anil Reddy Marri
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada L2S 3A1
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
De Biasi F, Hope MA, Avalos CE, Karthikeyan G, Casano G, Mishra A, Badoni S, Stevanato G, Kubicki DJ, Milani J, Ansermet JP, Rossini AJ, Lelli M, Ouari O, Emsley L. Optically Enhanced Solid-State 1H NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37366803 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Low sensitivity is the primary limitation to extending nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to more advanced chemical and structural studies. Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) is an NMR hyperpolarization technique where light is used to excite a suitable donor-acceptor system, creating a spin-correlated radical pair whose evolution drives nuclear hyperpolarization. Systems that exhibit photo-CIDNP in solids are not common, and this effect has, up to now, only been observed for 13C and 15N nuclei. However, the low gyromagnetic ratio and natural abundance of these nuclei trap the local hyperpolarization in the vicinity of the chromophore and limit the utility for bulk hyperpolarization. Here, we report the first example of optically enhanced solid-state 1H NMR spectroscopy in the high-field regime. This is achieved via photo-CIDNP of a donor-chromophore-acceptor molecule in a frozen solution at 0.3 T and 85 K, where spontaneous spin diffusion among the abundant strongly coupled 1H nuclei relays polarization through the whole sample, yielding a 16-fold bulk 1H signal enhancement under continuous laser irradiation at 450 nm. These findings enable a new strategy for hyperpolarized NMR beyond the current limits of conventional microwave-driven DNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico De Biasi
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Hope
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia E Avalos
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ganesan Karthikeyan
- Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Aditya Mishra
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saumya Badoni
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominik J Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Milani
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Ansermet
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- U.S. Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche delle Metalloproteine Paramagnetiche (CIRMMP), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mao H, Pažėra GJ, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Quantum Gate Operations on a Spectrally Addressable Photogenerated Molecular Electron Spin-Qubit Pair. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6585-6593. [PMID: 36913602 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Sub-nanosecond photodriven electron transfer from a molecular donor to an acceptor can be used to generate a radical pair (RP) having two entangled electron spins in a well-defined pure initial singlet quantum state to serve as a spin-qubit pair (SQP). Achieving good spin-qubit addressability is challenging because many organic radical ions have large hyperfine couplings (HFCs) in addition to significant g-anisotropy, which results in significant spectral overlap. Moreover, using radicals with g-factors that deviate significantly from that of the free electron results in difficulty generating microwave pulses with sufficiently large bandwidths to manipulate the two spins either simultaneously or selectively as is necessary to implement the controlled-NOT (CNOT) quantum gate essential for quantum algorithms. Here, we address these issues by using a covalently linked donor-acceptor(1)-acceptor(2) (D-A1-A2) molecule with significantly reduced HFCs that uses fully deuterated peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX) as D, naphthalenemonoimide (NMI) as A1, and a C60 derivative as A2. Selective photoexcitation of PXX within PXX-d9-NMI-C60 results in sub-nanosecond, two-step electron transfer to generate the long-lived PXX•+-d9-NMI-C60•- SQP. Alignment of PXX•+-d9-NMI-C60•- in the nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4'-(n-pentyl)biphenyl (5CB) at cryogenic temperatures results in well-resolved, narrow resonances for each electron spin. We demonstrate both single-qubit gate and two-qubit CNOT gate operations using both selective and nonselective Gaussian-shaped microwave pulses and broadband spectral detection of the spin states following the gate operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Gediminas J Pažėra
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiao X, Kurganskii I, Maity P, Zhao J, Jiang X, Mohammed OF, Fedin M. A long-lived charge-separated state of spiro compact electron donor-acceptor dyads based on rhodamine and naphthalenediimide chromophores. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13426-13441. [PMID: 36507154 PMCID: PMC9682887 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiro rhodamine (Rho)-naphthalenediimide (NDI) electron donor-acceptor orthogonal dyads were prepared to generate a long-lived charge separation (CS) state based on the electron spin control approach, i.e. to form the 3CS state, not the 1CS state, to prolong the CS state lifetime by the electron spin forbidden feature of the charge recombination process of 3CS → S0. The electron donor Rho (lactam form) is attached via three σ bonds, including two C-C and one N-N bonds (Rho-NDI), or an intervening phenylene, to the electron acceptor NDI (Rho-Ph-NDI and Rho-PhMe-NDI). Transient absorption (TA) spectra show that fast intersystem crossing (ISC) (<120 fs) occurred to generate an upper triplet state localized on the NDI moiety (3NDI*), and then to form the CS state. For Rho-NDI in both non-polar and polar solvents, a long-lived 3CS state (lifetime τ = 0.13 μs) and charge separation quantum yield (Φ CS) up to 25% were observed, whereas for Rho-Ph-NDI (τ T = 1.1 μs) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (τ T = 2.0 μs), a low-lying 3NDI* state was formed by charge recombination (CR) in n-hexane (HEX). In toluene (TOL), however, CS states were observed for Rho-Ph-NDI (0.37 μs) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (0.63 μs). With electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, weak electronic coupling between the Rho and NDI moieties for Rho-NDI was proved. Time-resolved EPR (TREPR) spectra detected two transient species including NDI-localized triplets (formed via SOC-ISC) and a 3CS state. The CS state of Rho-NDI features the largest dipolar interaction (|D| = 184 MHz) compared to Rho-Ph-NDI (|D| = 39 MHz) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (|D| = 41 MHz) due to the smallest distance between Rho and NDI moieties. For Rho-NDI, the time-dependent e,a → a,e phase change of the CS state TREPR spectrum indicates that the long-lived CS state is based on the electron spin control effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, and Novosibirsk State UniversityPirogova str. 2Novosibirsk 630090Russia
| | - Partha Maity
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang UniversityUrumqi 830017P. R. China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, and Novosibirsk State UniversityPirogova str. 2Novosibirsk 630090Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kirk ML, Shultz DA, Marri AR, Hewitt P, van der Est A. Single-Photon-Induced Electron Spin Polarization of Two Exchange-Coupled Stable Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21005-21009. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L. Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131-0001, United States
- Center for High Technology Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87106, United States
- Center for Quantum Information and Control (CQuIC), The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131-0001, United States
| | - David A. Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina27695-8204, United States
| | - Anil Reddy Marri
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina27695-8204, United States
| | - Patrick Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina27695-8204, United States
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, CanadaL2S 3A1
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kirk ML, Shultz DA, Hewitt P, van der Est A. Excited State Exchange Control of Photoinduced Electron Spin Polarization in Electronic Ground States. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:872-878. [PMID: 35045702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ground-state electron spin polarization (ESP) is generated in radical elaborated (bpy)Pt(CAT-NN) and (bpy)Pt(CAT-p-Me2PhMe2-NN) (bpy = 5,5'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine, CAT = 3-tert-butylcatecholate, p-Ph = para-phenylene, NN = nitronylnitroxide). Photoexcitation produces an exchange-coupled, three-spin, charge-separated doublet 2S1 (S = chromophore excited spin singlet configuration) excited state that rapidly decays to a 2T1 (T = chromophore excited spin triplet configuration) excited state. The SQ-bridge-NN bond torsions affect the magnitude of the excited state exchange interaction (JSQ-NN), which determines the 2T1-4T1 energy gap. Ground state ESP is dependent on the magnitude of JSQ-NN, and we postulate that this results from differences in 2T1 and 4T1 state mixing. Mechanisms that lead to the rapid transfer of the excited state ESP to the ground state are discussed. Although subnanosecond 2T1 state lifetimes are measured optically in solution, the ground state ESP decays very slowly at 20 K and is observable for more than a millisecond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
- The Center for High Technology Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Patrick Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kirk ML, Shultz DA, Hewitt P, Stasiw DE, Chen J, van der Est A. Chromophore-radical excited state antiferromagnetic exchange controls the sign of photoinduced ground state spin polarization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13704-13710. [PMID: 34760154 PMCID: PMC8549796 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02965g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A change in the sign of the ground-state electron spin polarization (ESP) is reported in complexes where an organic radical (nitronylnitroxide, NN) is covalently attached to a donor-acceptor chromophore via two different meta-phenylene bridges in (bpy)Pt(CAT-m-Ph-NN) (mPh-Pt) and (bpy)Pt(CAT-6-Me-m-Ph-NN) (6-Me-mPh-Pt) (bpy = 5,5'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine, CAT = 3-tert-butylcatecholate, m-Ph = meta-phenylene). These molecules represent a new class of chromophores that can be photoexcited with visible light to produce an initial exchange-coupled, 3-spin (bpy˙-, CAT+˙ = semiquinone (SQ), and NN), charge-separated doublet 2S1 (S = chromophore excited spin singlet configuration) excited state. Following excitation, the 2S1 state rapidly decays to the ground state by magnetic exchange-mediated enhanced internal conversion via the 2T1 (T = chromophore excited spin triplet configuration) state. This process generates emissive ground state ESP in 6-Me-mPh-Pt while for mPh-Pt the ESP is absorptive. It is proposed that the emissive polarization in 6-Me-mPh-Pt results from zero-field splitting induced transitions between the chromophoric 2T1 and 4T1 states, whereas predominant spin-orbit induced transitions between 2T1 and low-energy NN-based states give rise to the absorptive polarization observed for mPh-Pt. The difference in the sign of the ESP for these molecules is consistent with a smaller excited state 2T1 - 4T1 gap for 6-Me-mPh-Pt that derives from steric interactions with the 6-methyl group. These steric interactions reduce the excited state pairwise SQ-NN exchange coupling compared to that in mPh-Pt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Patrick Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Daniel E Stasiw
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada L2S 3A1
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Harvey SM, Wasielewski MR. Photogenerated Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs: From Photosynthetic Energy Transduction to Quantum Information Science. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15508-15529. [PMID: 34533930 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
More than a half century ago, the NMR spectra of diamagnetic products resulting from radical pair reactions were observed to have strongly enhanced absorptive and emissive resonances. At the same time, photogenerated radical pairs were discovered to exhibit unusual electron paramagnetic resonance spectra that also had such resonances. These non-Boltzmann, spin-polarized spectra were observed in both chemical systems as well as in photosynthetic reaction center proteins following photodriven charge separation. Subsequent studies of these phenomena led to a variety of chemical electron donor-acceptor model systems that provided a broad understanding of the spin dynamics responsible for these spectra. When the distance between the two radicals is restricted, these observations result from the formation of spin-correlated radical pairs (SCRPs) in which the spin-spin exchange and dipolar interactions between the two unpaired spins play an important role in the spin dynamics. Early on, it was recognized that SCRPs photogenerated by ultrafast electron transfer are entangled spin pairs created in a well-defined spin state. These SCRPs can serve as spin qubit pairs (SQPs), whose spin dynamics can be manipulated to study a wide variety of quantum phenomena intrinsic to the field of quantum information science. This Perspective highlights the role of SCRPs as SQPs, gives examples of possible quantum manipulations using SQPs, and provides some thoughts on future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kandrashkin YE. Influence of Spin Decoherence on the Yield of Photodriven Quantum Teleportation in Molecular Triads. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6405-6410. [PMID: 34232670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of spin coherences due to spin-selective recombination in the system with three unpaired electrons is discussed. It is shown that in the case of bidirectional kinetics, the decoherence processes can significantly change the quantum yield of the products. This enables one to discriminate between approaches that model spin-selective recombination but predict different decoherence rates. The rigid donor-acceptor-radical molecular triad is suggested to study the decay rate of singlet-triplet coherence. A modification of the photodriven quantum teleportation protocol is proposed to measure the quantum yields of the monoradical products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E Kandrashkin
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chiesa A, Chizzini M, Garlatti E, Salvadori E, Tacchino F, Santini P, Tavernelli I, Bittl R, Chiesa M, Sessoli R, Carretta S. Assessing the Nature of Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity by Magnetic Resonance. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6341-6347. [PMID: 34228926 PMCID: PMC8397348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS), resulting from charge transport through helical systems, has recently inspired many experimental and theoretical efforts but is still the object of intense debate. In order to assess the nature of CISS, we propose to focus on electron-transfer processes occurring at the single-molecule level. We design simple magnetic resonance experiments, exploiting a qubit as a highly sensitive and coherent magnetic sensor, to provide clear signatures of the acceptor polarization. Moreover, we show that information could even be obtained from time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance experiments on a randomly oriented solution of molecules. The proposed experiments will unveil the role of chiral linkers in electron transfer and could also be exploited for quantum computing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Chiesa
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- UdR
Parma, INSTM, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - M. Chizzini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - E. Garlatti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- UdR
Parma, INSTM, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - E. Salvadori
- Dipartimento
di Chimica & NIS Centre, Università
di Torino, Via P. Giuria
7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - F. Tacchino
- IBM
Quantum, IBM Research—Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - P. Santini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- UdR
Parma, INSTM, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - I. Tavernelli
- IBM
Quantum, IBM Research—Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - R. Bittl
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Chiesa
- Dipartimento
di Chimica & NIS Centre, Università
di Torino, Via P. Giuria
7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - R. Sessoli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” & INSTM, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S. Carretta
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- UdR
Parma, INSTM, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kirk ML, Shultz DA, Chen J, Hewitt P, Daley D, Paudel S, van der Est A. Metal Ion Control of Photoinduced Electron Spin Polarization in Electronic Ground States. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10519-10523. [PMID: 34251803 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Both the sign and intensity of photoinduced electron spin polarization (ESP) in the electronic ground state doublet (2S0/D0) of chromophore-radical complexes can be controlled by changing the nature of the metal ion. The complexes consist of an organic radical (nitronyl nitroxide, NN) covalently attached to a donor-acceptor chromophore via a m-phenylene bridge, (bpy)M(CAT-m-Ph-NN) (1) (bpy = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine, M = PdII (1-Pd) or PtII (1-Pt), CAT = 3-tert-butylcatecholate, m-Ph = meta-phenylene). In both complexes, photoexcitation with visible light produces an initial exchange-coupled, three-spin (bpy•-, CAT•+ = semiquinone (SQ), and NN•), charge-separated doublet 2S1 (S = chromophore excited spin singlet configuration) excited state that rapidly decays to the ground state via a 2T1 (T = chromophore excited spin triplet configuration) state. This process is not expected to be spin selective, and only very weak emissive ESP is found for 1-Pd. In contrast, strong absorptive ESP is generated in 1-Pt. It is postulated that zero-field-splitting-induced transitions between the chromophoric 2T1 and 4T1 states (1-Pd and 1-Pt) and spin-orbit-induced transitions between 2T1 and NN-based quartet states (1-Pt) account for the differences in polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States.,The Center for High Technology Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Patrick Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - David Daley
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Sangita Paudel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lorenzo ER, Olshansky JH, Abia DSD, Krzyaniak MD, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Interaction of Photogenerated Spin Qubit Pairs with a Third Electron Spin in DNA Hairpins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4625-4632. [PMID: 33735563 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The designing of tunable molecular systems that can host spin qubits is a promising strategy for advancing the development of quantum information science (QIS) applications. Photogenerated radical pairs are good spin qubit pair (SQP) candidates because they can be initialized in a pure quantum state that exhibits relatively long coherence times. DNA is a well-studied molecular system that allows for control of energetics and spatial specificity through careful design and thus serves as a tunable scaffold on which to control multispin interactions. Here, we examine a series of DNA hairpins that use naphthalenediimide (NDI) as the hairpin linker. Photoexcitation of the NDI leads to subnanosecond oxidation of guanine (G) within the duplex or a stilbenediether (Sd) end-cap to give NDI•--G•+ or NDI•--Sd•+ SQPs, respectively. A 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperdinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO) stable radical is covalently attached to the hairpin at varying distances from the SQP spins. While TEMPO has a minimal effect on the SQP formation and decay dynamics, EPR spectroscopy indicates that there are significant spin-spin dipolar interactions between the SQP and TEMPO. We also demonstrate the ability to implement more complex spin manipulations of the NDI•--Sd•+-TEMPO system using pulse-EPR techniques, which is important for developing DNA hairpins for QIS applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmaline R Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jacob H Olshansky
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Daniel S D Abia
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mao H, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Controlling the Dynamics of Three Electron Spin Qubits in a Donor-Acceptor-Radical Molecule Using Dielectric Environment Changes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2213-2218. [PMID: 33630591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photogenerated entangled electron spin pairs provide a versatile source of molecular qubits. Here, we examine the spin-dependent dynamics of a covalent donor-acceptor-radical molecule, D-A-R•, where the donor chromophore (D) is peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX), the acceptor (A) is pyromellitimide (PI), and the radical (R•) is α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl (BDPA). Selective photoexcitation of D within D-A-R• in butyronitrile/propionitrile at 140 K and butyronitrile at 105 K results in the spin-selective reactions D-A-R• → D•+-1(A•--R•) and D•+-3(A•--R•). Subsequently, at 140 K, D•+-1(A•--R•) → D•+-A-R-, whereas D•+-3(A•--R•) → D-A-R•. In contrast, at 105 K, D•+-3(A•--R•) → 3*D-A-R• and D-A-R•. Time-resolved EPR spectroscopy shows that 3*D-A-R• is highly spin-polarized, where the ms = ±1/2 spin sublevels of the doublet-quartet manifolds are selectively populated. These results demonstrate dielectric environment control over different spin states in the same molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Avalos CE, Richert S, Socie E, Karthikeyan G, Casano G, Stevanato G, Kubicki DJ, Moser JE, Timmel CR, Lelli M, Rossini AJ, Ouari O, Emsley L. Enhanced Intersystem Crossing and Transient Electron Spin Polarization in a Photoexcited Pentacene–Trityl Radical. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6068-6075. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E. Avalos
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Richert
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Etienne Socie
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominik J. Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques E. Moser
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christiane R. Timmel
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Center of Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nelson JN, Zhang J, Zhou J, Rugg BK, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. CNOT gate operation on a photogenerated molecular electron spin-qubit pair. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:014503. [PMID: 31914753 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of the two-qubit controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate is necessary to develop a complete set of universal gates for quantum computing. Here, we demonstrate that a photogenerated radical (spin qubit) pair within a covalent donor-chromophore-acceptor molecule can be used to successfully execute a CNOT gate with high fidelity. The donor is tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), the chromophore is 8-aminonaphthalene-1,8-dicarboximide (ANI), and the acceptor is pyromellitimide (PI). Selective photoexcitation of ANI with a 416 nm laser pulse results in subnanosecond formation of the TTF•+-ANI-PI•- radical (spin qubit) pair at 85 K having a 1.8 µs phase memory time. This is sufficiently long to execute a CNOT gate using a sequence of five microwave pulses followed by a sequence of two pulses that read out all the elements of the density matrix. Comparing these data to a simulation of the data that assumes ideal conditions results in a fidelity of 0.97 for the execution of the CNOT gate. These results show that photogenerated molecular spin qubit pairs can be used to execute this essential quantum gate at modest temperatures, which affords the possibility that chemical synthesis can be used to develop structures to execute more complex quantum logic operations using electron spins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Brandon K Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Teki Y. Excited‐State Dynamics of Non‐Luminescent and Luminescent π‐Radicals. Chemistry 2019; 26:980-996. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Teki
- Division of Molecular Materials ScienceGraduate School of ScienceOsaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tichnell CR, Daley DR, Stein BW, Shultz DA, Kirk ML, Danilov EO. Wave Function Control of Charge-Separated Excited-State Lifetimes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3986-3992. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Tichnell
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - David R. Daley
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Stein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - David A. Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Martin L. Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Evgeny O. Danilov
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Goodwin DL, Myers WK, Timmel CR, Kuprov I. Feedback control optimisation of ESR experiments. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 297:9-16. [PMID: 30326343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerically optimised microwave pulses are used to increase excitation efficiency and modulation depth in electron spin resonance experiments performed on a spectrometer equipped with an arbitrary waveform generator. The optimisation procedure is sample-specific and reminiscent of the magnet shimming process used in the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance - an objective function (for example, echo integral in a spin echo experiment) is defined and optimised numerically as a function of the pulse waveform vector using noise-resilient gradient-free methods. We found that the resulting shaped microwave pulses achieve higher excitation bandwidth and better echo modulation depth than the pulse shapes used as the initial guess. Although the method is theoretically less sophisticated than simulation based quantum optimal control techniques, it has the advantage of being free of the linear response approximation; rapid electron spin relaxation also means that the optimisation takes only a few seconds. This makes the procedure fast, convenient, and easy to use. An important application of this method is at the final stage of the implementation of theoretically designed pulse shapes: compensation of pulse distortions introduced by the instrument. The performance is illustrated using spin echo and out-of-phase electron spin echo envelope modulation experiments. Interface code between Bruker SpinJet arbitrary waveform generator and Matlab is included in versions 2.2 and later of the Spinach library.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Goodwin
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Institute for Biological Interfaces 4 - Magnetic Resonance, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - William K Myers
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Ilya Kuprov
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Stein BW, Tichnell CR, Chen J, Shultz DA, Kirk ML. Excited State Magnetic Exchange Interactions Enable Large Spin Polarization Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2221-2228. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Stein
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03
2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
- Chemistry
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Christopher R. Tichnell
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Ju Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03
2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - David A. Shultz
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Martin L. Kirk
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03
2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lukina EA, Popov AA, Uvarov MN, Suturina EA, Reijerse EJ, Kulik LV. Light-induced charge separation in a P3HT/PC 70BM composite as studied by out-of-phase electron spin echo spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:28585-28593. [PMID: 27711566 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05389k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A composite material of semiconducting polymer P3HT and fullerene derivative PC70BM was studied by means of electron spin echo (ESE) spectroscopy. The out-of-phase ESE signal was observed under laser irradiation of the composite at low temperature. We assume that during the charge separation process firstly the spin-correlated radical pairs in the singlet-polarized spin state are formed, and then the net polarization of radical pairs arises due to spin evolution. Both types of polarizations contribute to the out-of-phase ESE signal in the case of non-ideal microwave pulses. Analytical calculation of the echo shape for both types of initial polarization revealed that the contribution of the net polarization becomes zero after averaging over the whole EPR spectrum of the radical pair. This behavior was experimentally confirmed; thus the analysis of the out-of-phase ESE signal was simplified. Interspin distance distributions in the charge transfer state were obtained by modeling the out-of-phase ESE envelope modulation measured at different delays after laser flash TDAF from 300 ns to 3.3 μs at a temperature of 65 K. Due to geminate recombination and diffusion of the radicals from the interface the distribution becomes significantly broader with larger distances prevailing at longer TDAF values. The average distance between charges increases from 3.5 nm to 5.6 nm with an increase in TDAF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Lukina
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander A Popov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail N Uvarov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta A Suturina
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia and Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Leonid V Kulik
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rugg BK, Phelan BT, Horwitz NE, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Ratner MA, Wasielewski MR. Spin-Selective Photoreduction of a Stable Radical within a Covalent Donor–Acceptor–Radical Triad. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15660-15663. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Noah E. Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Mark A. Ratner
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Horwitz NE, Phelan BT, Nelson JN, Mauck CM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Spin Polarization Transfer from a Photogenerated Radical Ion Pair to a Stable Radical Controlled by Charge Recombination. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4455-4463. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah E. Horwitz
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jordan N. Nelson
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Catherine M. Mauck
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, and §Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nelson JN, Krzyaniak MD, Horwitz NE, Rugg BK, Phelan BT, Wasielewski MR. Zero Quantum Coherence in a Series of Covalent Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2241-2252. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Noah E. Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Popov AA, Lukina EA, Rapatskiy L, Kulik LV. Time-domain shape of electron spin echo signal of spin-correlated radical pairs in polymer/fullerene blends. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 276:86-94. [PMID: 28157560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Temporal shape of electron spin echo (ESE) signal of photoinduced spin-correlated radical pairs (SCRP) in composite of conductive polymer P3HT and substituted fullerene PCBM is studied in details. ESE signals of radical pairs (RP) P3HT+/PCBM- are calculated in realistic model, taking into account finite microwave pulse length. Inhomogeneous broadening of resonant lines and interradical distance distribution are included. Experimentally observed ESE time-domain shape was found to contradict predictions of conventional SCRP theory, which would be valid in the case of very fast electron transfer. Thus, instantaneous formation of singlet SCRP is not the case for P3HT+/PCBM- pair, and spin system has enough time to evolve coherently during sequential electron transfer. While it is impossible to reproduce experimental data within simple singlet SCRP model, assumption of presence of additional - with respect to what is predicted by singlet SCRP theory - AE (absorption/emission) spin polarization gives convincing accordance with the experiment. Density matrix of RP P3HT+/PCBM- is a superposition of two contributions, namely the parts reflecting (i) antiphase polarization of original singlet-born SCRP and (ii) additional AE-polarization which is generated during initial stage of charge separation. AE-polarization affects experimental ESEEM (electron spin echo envelope modulation) traces, as well as ESE shape, making impossible their interpretation via simple singlet SCRP model. However, this effect can be eliminated by averaging of ESEEM traces over EPR spectral positions. Finally, choosing the optimal gate for ESE time-domain integration and proper microwave detection phase tuning are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Popov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina A Lukina
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Leonid Rapatskiy
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34 - 36, D - 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Leonid V Kulik
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lukina EA, Suturina E, Reijerse E, Lubitz W, Kulik LV. Spin dynamics of light-induced charge separation in composites of semiconducting polymers and PC60BM revealed using Q-band pulse EPR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:22141-22152. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Q-Band electron spin echo spectroscopy allows distinguishing light-induced polarons of different types in photovoltaic polymer/fullerene composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Lukina
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- 630090 Novosibirsk
| | - E. Suturina
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - E. Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion
- D-45470 Muelheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
| | - W. Lubitz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion
- D-45470 Muelheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
| | - L. V. Kulik
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- 630090 Novosibirsk
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Horwitz NE, Phelan BT, Nelson JN, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Picosecond Control of Photogenerated Radical Pair Lifetimes Using a Stable Third Radical. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2841-53. [PMID: 27108738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer reactions in organic donor-acceptor systems leading to long-lived radical ion pairs (RPs) have attracted broad interest for their potential applications in fields as diverse as solar energy conversion and spintronics. We present the photophysics and spin dynamics of an electron donor - electron acceptor - stable radical system consisting of a meta-phenylenediamine (mPD) donor covalently linked to a 4-aminonaphthalene-1,8-dicarboximide (ANI) electron-accepting chromophore as well as an α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl (BDPA) stable radical. Selective photoexcitation of ANI produces the BDPA-mPD(+•)-ANI(-•) triradical in which the mPD(+•)-ANI(-•) RP spins are strongly exchange coupled. The presence of BDPA is found to greatly increase the RP intersystem crossing rate from the initially photogenerated BDPA-(1)(mPD(+•)-ANI(-•)) to BDPA-(3)(mPD(+•)-ANI(-•)), resulting in accelerated RP recombination via the triplet channel to produce BDPA-mPD-(3*)ANI as compared to a reference molecule lacking the BDPA radical. The RP recombination rates observed are much faster than those previously reported for weakly coupled triradical systems. Time-resolved EPR spectroscopy shows that this process is also associated with strong spin polarization of the stable radical. Overall, these results show that RP intersystem crossing rates can be strongly influenced by stable radicals nearby strongly coupled RP systems, making it possible to use a third spin to control RP lifetimes down to a picosecond time scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah E Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jordan N Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The ability to perceive geomagnetic fields (GMFs) represents a fascinating biological phenomenon. Studies on transgenic flies have provided evidence that photosensitive Cryptochromes (Cry) are involved in the response to magnetic fields (MFs). However, none of the studies tackled the problem of whether the Cry-dependent magnetosensitivity is coupled to the sole MF presence or to the direction of MF vector. In this study, we used gene silencing and a directional MF to show that mammalian-like Cry2 is necessary for a genuine directional response to periodic rotations of the GMF vector in two insect species. Longer wavelengths of light required higher photon fluxes for a detectable behavioral response, and a sharp detection border was present in the cyan/green spectral region. Both observations are consistent with involvement of the FADox, FAD(•-) and FADH(-) redox forms of flavin. The response was lost upon covering the eyes, demonstrating that the signal is perceived in the eye region. Immunohistochemical staining detected Cry2 in the hemispherical layer of laminal glia cells underneath the retina. Together, these findings identified the eye-localized Cry2 as an indispensable component and a likely photoreceptor of the directional GMF response. Our study is thus a clear step forward in deciphering the in vivo effects of GMF and supports the interaction of underlying mechanism with the visual system.
Collapse
|
36
|
Zarea M, Ratner MA, Wasielewski MR. Spin polarization transfer by the radical pair mechanism. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:054101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4927589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Zarea
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Mark A. Ratner
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gardner DM, Chen HF, Krzyaniak MD, Ratner MA, Wasielewski MR. Large Dipolar Spin–Spin Interaction in a Photogenerated U-Shaped Triradical. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:8040-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Gardner
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Hsiao-Fan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Mark A. Ratner
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dyar SM, Smeigh AL, Karlen SD, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Photo-initiated multi-step electron transfer in donor–acceptor systems using a novel bi-functionalized perylene chromophore. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
39
|
Lukina EA, Popov AA, Uvarov MN, Kulik LV. Out-of-Phase Electron Spin Echo Studies of Light-Induced Charge-Transfer States in P3HT/PCBM Composite. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:13543-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Lukina
- Voevodsky
Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova
2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Popov
- Voevodsky
Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova
2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail N. Uvarov
- Voevodsky
Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Leonid V. Kulik
- Voevodsky
Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova
2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wu YL, Brown KE, Gardner DM, Dyar SM, Wasielewski MR. Photoinduced Hole Injection into a Self-Assembled π-Extended G-Quadruplex. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3981-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kristen E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Daniel M. Gardner
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Scott M. Dyar
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yonemura H, Forbes MDE. Electron Spin Exchange in Linked Phenothiazine-Viologen Charge Transfer Complexes Incorporated in "Through-Ring" (Rotaxane) α-Cyclodextrins. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:672-7. [PMID: 25682983 DOI: 10.1111/php.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of covalently bound phenothiazine (PHZ) donor and methylviologen (V) acceptor compounds with polymethylene chain spacers (C8 , C10 , C12 ) were incorporated in a "through-ring" (rotaxane) fashion to α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) hosts such that the alkyl chains were fully extended, with the donor and acceptor on opposite sides of the α-CD cylinder. Photoexcitation of the PHZ unit induces electron transfer from the PHZ first excited triplet state to the V moiety, forming a biradicaloid charge-separated state. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy at the X-band and Q-band microwave frequencies was used to investigate the spin exchange interaction, J, in these biradicaloids. Simulation of the spectra using a "static" model for spin-correlated radical pairs allows extraction of the J values, which are negative in sign and have absolute values range from 2 to 1000 Gauss. Comparison of the PHZn V (n = 8, 10, 12) spectra to those obtained using phenyl ether spacers indicates that π-bonds may assist the electronic coupling. The results are discussed in terms of through-bond vs through-space electronic coupling mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yonemura
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zarea M, Carmieli R, Ratner MA, Wasielewski MR. Spin Dynamics of Radical Pairs with Restricted Geometries and Strong Exchange Coupling: The Role of Hyperfine Coupling. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4249-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5039283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Zarea
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne−Northwestern
Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne−Northwestern
Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Mark A. Ratner
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne−Northwestern
Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne−Northwestern
Solar Energy Research
(ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Carmieli R, Thazhathveetil AK, Lewis FD, Wasielewski MR. Photoselective DNA Hairpin Spin Switches. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:10970-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4055405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raanan Carmieli
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar
Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Arun K. Thazhathveetil
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar
Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Frederick D. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar
Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar
Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|