1
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O’Brien MH, Ranganathan R, Merunka D, Stafford AK, Bleecker SD, Peric M. Effect of Charge on the Rotation of Prolate Nitroxide Spin Probes in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. J Mol Liq 2024; 404:124994. [PMID: 38855052 PMCID: PMC11155483 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2024.124994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
We have studied the rotational diffusion of two prolate nitroxide probes, the doubly negatively charged peroxylamine disulfonate (Frémy's salt - FS) and neutral di-tert-butyl nitroxide (DTBN), in a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) having alkyl chain lengths from two to eight carbons using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Though the size and shape of the probes are reasonably similar, they behave differently due to the charge difference. The rotation of FS is anisotropic, and the rotational anisotropy increases with the alkyl chain length of the cation, while the rotation of DTBN is isotropic. The hyperfine coupling constant of DTBN decreases as a function of the alkyl chain length and is proportional to the relative permittivity of ionic liquids. On the other hand, the hyperfine coupling constant of FS increases with increasing chain length. These behaviors indicate the location of each probe in RTILs. FS is likely located in the polar region near the network of charged imidazolium ions. DTBN molecules are predominately distributed in the nonpolar domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan H. O’Brien
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Radha Ranganathan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Dalibor Merunka
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alexander K. Stafford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Steven D. Bleecker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Miroslav Peric
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
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2
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Chakraborty M, Barik S, Mahapatra A, Sarkar M. Effect of Lithium-Ion on the Structural Organization of Monocationic and Dicationic Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13015-13026. [PMID: 34788041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, ionic liquid-based (ILs) electrolytic system has emerged as suitable alternative to the conventional organic solvent-based electrolytic system. However, since, anion of ILs is known to form aggregates in the presence of lithium-ions (Li+), and this can influence the transport properties of Li+ ion in a significant manner, it is, therefore, important to understand how lithium-ions influence the structure and dynamics of ILs. With this objective, in the present study, intermolecular interaction, structural organization, and dynamics of monocationic ILs (MILs) and dicationic IL (DIL) have been studied in the absence and presence of lithium salt. Specifically, for this purpose, two MILs, 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C3C1im][NTf2]), 1-hexyl-3-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C6C1im][NTf2]), and a DIL, 1,6-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl)hexane bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([C6(mim)2][NTf2]2) have been chosen in such a way that either the alkyl chain of MILs becomes equal or half of the spacer chain length of DIL. To understand the effect of the addition of lithium-ion on the structural organization of MILs and DIL, steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques have been used. Structural organization in the apolar and polar domains of ILs has been probed by following the rotational diffusion of suitably chosen solute in the concerned media through time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA) measurements. TRFA studies have revealed that with the addition of Li+ ion, coordination between the Li+ ions and anions of MILs and DILs takes place in the ionic region leading to a change in the structural organization of the apolar regions of the respective medium. In fact, upon adding lithium-ions, a reduction in the packing of alkyl chains has also been observed for the MILs. However, not much change in the structural organization of the apolar region of the DIL has been observed when Li+ ion is added to it. In the presence of Li+ ions, a similar trend in the change of structural organization of polar regions for both MILs and DIL has been observed. Further, measurements of the self-diffusion coefficient through NMR have also supported the observation that Li+ ion also perturbs the nanostructural organization of the MIL in a significant manner than that it does for the DIL. The behavior of DIL in the presence of Li+ ion, as revealed by the present study, has been rationalized by considering the folded arrangement of DIL in the fluid-structure. Essentially, all of these investigations have suggested that the addition of lithium-ion significantly alters the microscopic behavior of MILs in comparison to that of DIL. The outcome of this study is expected to be helpful in realizing the potentials of these media as electrolytes in battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatani, Khordha-752050, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Sahadev Barik
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatani, Khordha-752050, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Amita Mahapatra
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatani, Khordha-752050, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Moloy Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatani, Khordha-752050, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
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3
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Migliorati V, Gibiino A, Lapi A, Busato M, D'Angelo P. On the Coordination Chemistry of the lanthanum(III) Nitrate Salt in EAN/MeOH Mixtures. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10674-10685. [PMID: 34236168 PMCID: PMC8389800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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A thorough structural
characterization of the La(NO3)3 salt dissolved
into several mixtures of ethyl ammonium
nitrate (EAN) and methanol (MeOH) with EAN molar fraction χEAN ranging from 0 to 1 has been carried out by combining molecular
dynamics (MD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The XAS and
MD results show that changes take place in the La3+ first
solvation shell when moving from pure MeOH to pure EAN. With increasing
the ionic liquid content of the mixture, the La3+ first-shell
complex progressively loses MeOH molecules to accommodate more and
more nitrate anions. Except in pure EAN, the La3+ ion is
always able to coordinate both MeOH and nitrate anions, with a ratio
between the two ligands that changes continuously in the entire concentration
range. When moving from pure MeOH to pure EAN, the La3+ first solvation shell passes from a 10-fold bicapped square antiprism
geometry where all the nitrate anions act only as monodentate ligands
to a 12-coordinated icosahedral structure in pure EAN where the nitrate
anions bind the La3+ cation both in mono- and bidentate
modes. The La3+ solvation structure formed in the MeOH/EAN
mixtures shows a great adaptability to changes in the composition,
allowing the system to reach the ideal compromise among all of the
different interactions that take place into it. The structural properties of the La(NO3)3 salt dissolved into EAN/methanol mixtures were
characterized
by molecular dynamics and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The La3+ solvation shell undergoes significant changes with increasing
the ionic liquid content of the mixture, progressively losing methanol
molecules to accommodate more and more nitrate anions. The La3+ solvation structure shows great adaptability to composition
changes, passing from a 10-fold bicapped square antiprism geometry
in pure methanol to a 12-coordinated icosahedral complex in EAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Migliorati
- Dipartimento di Chimica, "La Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Gibiino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, "La Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lapi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, "La Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Busato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, "La Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola D'Angelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, "La Sapienza" Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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4
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Slade J, Merunka D, Huerta E, Peric M. Rotation of a Charged Spin Probe in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7435-7446. [PMID: 34197101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to investigate the rotational diffusion of a stable, positively charged nitroxide 4-trimethylammonium-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl iodide (Cat-1) in a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) having alkyl chain lengths from two to eight carbons. The rotation of Cat-1 is anisotropic with the preferential axis of rotation along the NO• moiety. The Stokes-Einstein-Debye law describes the mean rotational correlation time of Cat-1, assuming that the hydrodynamic radius is smaller than the van der Waals radius of the probe. This implies that the probe rotates freely, experiencing slip boundary condition, which is solvent-dependent. The rotational correlation time of Cat-1 in RTILs can very well be fitted to a power-law functionality with a singular temperature, which suggests that the apparent activation energy of rotation exhibits non-Arrhenius behavior. Compared to the rotation of perdeuterated 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidine-1-oxyl (pDTO), which is neutral, the rotation of Cat-1 is several times slower. The rotational anisotropy, the ratio of the rotational times of pDTO and Cat-1, and the apparent activation energy indicate the transition from a homogeneously globular structure to a spongelike structure when the alkyl chain has four carbons, which is also observed in molecular dynamics computational studies. For the first time, we have been able to show that the rotational correlation time of a solute molecule can be analyzed in terms of the Cohen-Turnbull free volume theory. The Cohen-Turnbull theory fully describes the rotation of Cat-1 in all ionic liquids in the measured temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakov Slade
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Dalibor Merunka
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Ezequiel Huerta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Center for Biological Physics, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Miroslav Peric
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Center for Biological Physics, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
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5
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Leier J, Michenfelder NC, Unterreiner A. Understanding the Photoexcitation of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:72-82. [PMID: 33565733 PMCID: PMC7874249 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoexcitation of (neat) room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) leads to the observation of transient species that are reminiscent of the composition of the RTILs themselves. In this minireview, we summarize state-of-the-art in the understanding of the underlying elementary processes. By varying the anion or cation, one aim is to generally predict radiation-induced chemistry and physics of RTILs. One major task is to address the fate of excess electrons (and holes) after photoexcitation, which implies an overview of various formation mechanisms considering structural and dynamical aspects. Therefore, transient studies on time scales from femtoseconds to microseconds can greatly help to elucidate the most relevant steps after photoexcitation. Sometimes, radiation may eventually result in destruction of the RTILs making photostability another important issue to be discussed. Finally, characteristic heterogeneities can be associated with specific physicochemical properties. Influencing these properties by adding conventional solvents, like water, can open a wide field of application, which is briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Leier
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Nadine C. Michenfelder
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Andreas‐Neil Unterreiner
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
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6
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Wang YL, Li B, Sarman S, Mocci F, Lu ZY, Yuan J, Laaksonen A, Fayer MD. Microstructural and Dynamical Heterogeneities in Ionic Liquids. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5798-5877. [PMID: 32292036 PMCID: PMC7349628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a special category of molten salts solely composed of ions with varied molecular symmetry and charge delocalization. The versatility in combining varied cation-anion moieties and in functionalizing ions with different atoms and molecular groups contributes to their peculiar interactions ranging from weak isotropic associations to strong, specific, and anisotropic forces. A delicate interplay among intra- and intermolecular interactions facilitates the formation of heterogeneous microstructures and liquid morphologies, which further contributes to their striking dynamical properties. Microstructural and dynamical heterogeneities of ILs lead to their multifaceted properties described by an inherent designer feature, which makes ILs important candidates for novel solvents, electrolytes, and functional materials in academia and industrial applications. Due to a massive number of combinations of ion pairs with ion species having distinct molecular structures and IL mixtures containing varied molecular solvents, a comprehensive understanding of their hierarchical structural and dynamical quantities is of great significance for a rational selection of ILs with appropriate properties and thereafter advancing their macroscopic functionalities in applications. In this review, we comprehensively trace recent advances in understanding delicate interplay of strong and weak interactions that underpin their complex phase behaviors with a particular emphasis on understanding heterogeneous microstructures and dynamics of ILs in bulk liquids, in mixtures with cosolvents, and in interfacial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lei Wang
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bin Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Sten Sarman
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Centre of
Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Department
of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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7
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Barik S, Chakraborty M, Sarkar M. How Does Addition of Lithium Salt Influence the Structure and Dynamics of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents? J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2864-2878. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahadev Barik
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Bhimpur-Padanpur,
Jatni, Khurda, 752050 Odisha, India
| | - Manjari Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Bhimpur-Padanpur,
Jatni, Khurda, 752050 Odisha, India
| | - Moloy Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Bhimpur-Padanpur,
Jatni, Khurda, 752050 Odisha, India
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8
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Migliorati V, Lapi A, D'Angelo P. Unraveling the solvation geometries of the lanthanum(iii) bistriflimide salt in ionic liquid/acetonitrile mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20434-20443. [PMID: 32915187 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03977b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
La(Tf2N)3 in C8(mim)2(Tf2N)2/acetonitrile mixtures forms 10-fold coordination complexes composed of both acetonitrile molecules and Tf2N− anions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Lapi
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università di Roma “La Sapienza”
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Paola D'Angelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università di Roma “La Sapienza”
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
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9
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Hunger J, Roy S, Grechko M, Bonn M. Dynamics of Dicyanamide in Ionic Liquids is Dominated by Local Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:1831-1839. [PMID: 30717596 PMCID: PMC6398149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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The
dynamics of probe molecules is commonly used to investigate
the structural dynamics of room-temperature ionic liquids; however,
the extent to which this dynamics reflects the dynamics of the ionic
liquids or is probe specific has remained debated. Here, we explore
to what extent the vibrational and rotational dynamics of the dicyanamide
anion, a common ionic liquid anion, correlates with the structural
relaxation of ionic liquids. We use polarization-resolved, ultrafast
infrared spectroscopy to probe the temperature- and probe-concentration-dependent
dynamics of samples with small amounts of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
([emim]+) dicyanamide ([DCA]−) dissolved
in four [emim]+-based ionic liquids with tetrafluoroborate
([BF4]−), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
([NTf2]−), ethylsufate ([EtSO4]−), and triflate ([OTf]−) as
anions. The transient spectra after broad-band excitation at 2000–2300
cm–1, resonant with the symmetric and antisymmetric
C≡N stretching vibrations, initially contain oscillatory signatures
due to the vibrational coherence between both modes. Vibrational population
relaxation occurs on two distinct time scales, ∼6–7
and ∼15–20 ps. The vibrational dynamics is rather insensitive
to the details of the ionic liquid anion and temperature, except for
the slow vibrational relaxation component. The decay of the excitation
anisotropy, a measure of the rotational dynamics of [DCA]−, markedly depends on temperature, and the obtained decay time exhibits
an activation energy of ∼15–21 kJ/mol. Remarkably, neither
the rotation time nor the activation energy can be simply explained
by the variation of the macroscopic viscosity. Hence, our results
suggest that the dynamics of dicyanamide is only in part representative
of the ionic liquid structural dynamics. Rather, the dynamics of the
probe anion seems to be determined by the specific interaction of
[DCA]− with the ionic liquid’s ions for the
class of [emim]+-based ionic liquids studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hunger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Soham Roy
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Maksim Grechko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
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10
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Sessa F, Migliorati V, Lapi A, D’Angelo P. Ce3+ and La3+ ions in ethylammonium nitrate: A XANES and molecular dynamics investigation. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Kadyan A, Pandey S. Florescence Quenching within Lithium Salt-Added Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5106-5113. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kadyan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016, India
| | - Siddharth Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016, India
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12
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Petti MK, Lomont JP, Maj M, Zanni MT. Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy Is Being Used to Address Core Scientific Questions in Biology and Materials Science. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1771-1780. [PMID: 29346730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional spectroscopy is a powerful tool for extracting structural and dynamic information from a wide range of chemical systems. We provide a brief overview of the ways in which two-dimensional visible and infrared spectroscopies are being applied to elucidate fundamental details of important processes in biological and materials science. The topics covered include amyloid proteins, photosynthetic complexes, ion channels, photovoltaics, batteries, as well as a variety of promising new methods in two-dimensional spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Petti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Justin P Lomont
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michał Maj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Martin T Zanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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13
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Maurya R, Naithani S, Bandyopadhyay D, Choudhury N, Dutt GB. Is Solute Rotation in an Ionic Liquid Influenced by the Addition of Glucose? J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10965-10973. [PMID: 29125769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence anisotropy measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to understand the specific interactions of two structurally similar nondipolar solutes, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-dioxo-3,6-diphenylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (DMDPP) and 1,4-dioxo-3,6-diphenylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (DPP), with neat 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([BMIM][N(CN)2]) and also in the presence of glucose. It has been observed that the measured reorientation times of DMDPP in neat [BMIM][N(CN)2] follow the predictions of the Stokes-Einstein-Debye hydrodynamic theory with slip boundary condition. Addition of glucose (0.075 and 0.15 mole fraction) has no bearing on the rotational diffusion of the solute apart from the viscosity related effects. In contrast, the reorientation times of DPP in neat [BMIM][N(CN)2] obey stick boundary condition as the hydrogen bond donating solute experiences specific interactions with the dicyanamide anion. No influence of the additive can be noticed on the rotational diffusion of DPP at 0.075 mole fraction of glucose. However, at 0.15 mole fraction of glucose, the reorientation times of the solute at a given viscosity and temperature decrease by 15-40% compared to those obtained in the neat ionic liquid. MD simulations indicate that each DPP molecule hydrogen bonds with two dicyanamide anions in neat ionic liquid. The simulations also reveal that, at 0.15 mole fraction of glucose, the concentration of anions hydrogen bonded to glucose increases significantly; therefore, the percentage of solute molecules that can form hydrogen bonds with two dicyanamide anions decreases to 84, which leads to faster rotation of DPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Maurya
- Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College , Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110 021, India
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14
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Dhale RS, Sahu PK, Sarkar M. Understanding the Microscopic Behavior of the Mixture of Ionic Liquid/Ethylene Glycol/Lithium Salt through Time-Resolved Fluorescence, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Studies. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7934-7945. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Satish Dhale
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, Khurda-752050, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar Sahu
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, Khurda-752050, India
| | - Moloy Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, Khurda-752050, India
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15
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Ray P, Vogl T, Balducci A, Kirchner B. Structural Investigations on Lithium-Doped Protic and Aprotic Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5279-5292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Promit Ray
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4 + 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Helmholtzstr.
11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Balducci
- Institute
for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center
for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4 + 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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16
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Rumble CA, Uitvlugt C, Conway B, Maroncelli M. Solute Rotation in Ionic Liquids: Size, Shape, and Electrostatic Effects. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5094-5109. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Rumble
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Caleb Uitvlugt
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Brian Conway
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mark Maroncelli
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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17
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Serva A, Migliorati V, Spezia R, D'Angelo P. How Does CeIII
Nitrate Dissolve in a Protic Ionic Liquid? A Combined Molecular Dynamics and EXAFS Study. Chemistry 2017; 23:8424-8433. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Serva
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Valentina Migliorati
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
| | - Riccardo Spezia
- LAMBE CEA, CNRS; Université Paris Saclay; 91025 Evry Cedex France
- LAMBE Université d'Evry; 91025 Evry Cedex France
| | - Paola D'Angelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Roma Italy
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18
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Yamada SA, Bailey HE, Tamimi A, Li C, Fayer MD. Dynamics in a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid from the Cation Perspective: 2D IR Vibrational Echo Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2408-2420. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Yamada
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Heather E. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Amr Tamimi
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Chunya Li
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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19
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Prabhu SR, Dutt GB. How Does the Alkyl Chain Length of an Ionic Liquid Influence Solute Rotation in the Presence of an Electrolyte? J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:13118-13124. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b09032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sugosh R. Prabhu
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - G. B. Dutt
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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20
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Thomaz JE, Lawler CM, Fayer MD. The Influence of Water on the Alkyl Region Structure in Variable Chain Length Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid/Water Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10350-10357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Thomaz
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christian M. Lawler
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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21
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Giammanco CH, Kramer PL, Fayer MD. Ionic Liquid versus Li+ Aqueous Solutions: Water Dynamics near Bistriflimide Anions. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:9997-10009. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara H. Giammanco
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Patrick L. Kramer
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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22
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Tamimi A, Fayer MD. Ionic Liquid Dynamics Measured with 2D IR and IR Pump–Probe Experiments on a Linear Anion and the Influence of Potassium Cations. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:5842-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Tamimi
- Department
of Chemistry Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department
of Chemistry Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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23
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Murphy T, Callear SK, Warr GG, Atkin R. Dissolved chloride markedly changes the nanostructure of the protic ionic liquids propylammonium and ethanolammonium nitrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17169-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06947e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bulk nanostructure of 15 mol% propylammonium chloride (PACl) dissolved in propylammonium nitrate (PAN) and 15 mol% ethanolammonium chloride (EtACl) in ethanolammonium nitrate (EtAN) has been determined using neutron diffraction with empirical potential structure refinement fits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Murphy
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | | | | | - Rob Atkin
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
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24
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Majhi D, Pabbathi A, Sarkar M. Probing the Aggregation Behavior of Neat Imidazolium-Based Alkyl Sulfate (Alkyl = Ethyl, Butyl, Hexyl, and Octyl) Ionic Liquids through Time Resolved Florescence Anisotropy and NMR and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Study. J Phys Chem B 2015; 120:193-205. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Majhi
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751005, India
| | - Ashok Pabbathi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Moloy Sarkar
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751005, India
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25
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Prabhu SR, Dutt GB. Rotational Diffusion of Nonpolar and Ionic Solutes in 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate–LiBF4 Mixtures: Does the Electrolyte Induce the Structure-Making or Structure-Breaking Effect? J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:15040-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sugosh R. Prabhu
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - G. B. Dutt
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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26
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Nanda R, Rajamohanan PR, Kumar A. Experimental Signature of Microheterogeneity in Ionic Liquid-H2O Systems and Their Perturbation by Adding Li+Salts: A Pulsed Gradient Spin-Echo NMR Approach. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2936-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Prabhu SR, Dutt GB. Rotational Diffusion of Charged and Nondipolar Solutes in Ionic Liquid–Organic Solvent Mixtures: Evidence for Stronger Specific Solute–Solvent Interactions in Presence of Organic Solvent. J Phys Chem B 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sugosh R. Prabhu
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - G. B. Dutt
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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28
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Kramer PL, Giammanco CH, Fayer MD. Dynamics of water, methanol, and ethanol in a room temperature ionic liquid. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:212408. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4914156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hayes
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
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30
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Prabhu SR, Dutt GB. Does addition of an electrolyte influence the rotational diffusion of nondipolar solutes in a protic ionic liquid? J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6311-6. [PMID: 25914928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rotational diffusion of two structurally similar nondipolar solutes, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-dioxo-3,6-diphenylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (DMDPP) and 1,4-dioxo-3,6-diphenylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (DPP), has been examined in ethylammonium nitrate-lithium nitrate (EAN-LiNO3) mixtures to understand the influence of added electrolyte on the local environment experienced by the solute molecules. The measured reorientation times of both DMDPP and DPP in EAN-LiNO3 mixtures fall within the broad limits set by the hydrodynamic slip and stick boundary conditions. The hydrogen bond accepting DMDPP and the hydrogen bond donating DPP experience specific interactions with the cation and anion of the ionic liquid, respectively. Addition of LiNO3 (0.1 and 0.2 mole fraction) to EAN induces only viscosity related effects on the rotational diffusion of the two nondipolar solutes. These observations suggest that the local environment experienced by DMDPP and DPP in EAN is not altered upon the addition of LiNO3. Our results are consistent with the structural details available in the literature for EAN-LiNO3 mixtures.
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31
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Russina O, Caminiti R, Méndez-Morales T, Carrete J, Cabeza O, Gallego L, Varela L, Triolo A. How does lithium nitrate dissolve in a protic ionic liquid? J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Araque JC, Yadav SK, Shadeck M, Maroncelli M, Margulis CJ. How Is Diffusion of Neutral and Charged Tracers Related to the Structure and Dynamics of a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid? Large Deviations from Stokes–Einstein Behavior Explained. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7015-29. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Araque
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Sharad K. Yadav
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Michael Shadeck
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mark Maroncelli
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Claudio J. Margulis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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33
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Prabhu SR, Dutt GB. Effect of Low Viscous Nondipolar Solvent on the Rotational Diffusion of Structurally Similar Nondipolar Solutes in an Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:2019-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512456c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sugosh R. Prabhu
- Radiation
and Photochemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - G. B. Dutt
- Radiation
and Photochemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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34
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Cerclier CV, Zanotti JM, Bideau JL. Ionogel based on biopolymer–silica interpenetrated networks: dynamics of confined ionic liquid with lithium salt. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:29707-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04889c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Slow down of ionic liquid dynamics when confined in a biopolymer silica host network and segregation of lithium at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole V. Cerclier
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN)
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS
- 44322 Nantes cedex 3
- France
| | - Jean-Marc Zanotti
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin
- UMR12 CEA-CNRS
- CEA Saclay
- 91191 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | - Jean Le Bideau
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN)
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS
- 44322 Nantes cedex 3
- France
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35
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36
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Barra KM, Sabatini RP, McAtee ZP, Heitz MP. Solvation and Rotation Dynamics in the Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium Chloride Ionic Liquid/Methanol Cosolvent System. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:12979-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5092784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Barra
- Department
of Chemistry, The College at Brockport, State University of New York, Brockport, New York 14420, United States
| | - Randy P. Sabatini
- Department
of Chemistry, The College at Brockport, State University of New York, Brockport, New York 14420, United States
| | - Zachery P. McAtee
- Department
of Chemistry, The College at Brockport, State University of New York, Brockport, New York 14420, United States
| | - Mark P. Heitz
- Department
of Chemistry, The College at Brockport, State University of New York, Brockport, New York 14420, United States
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37
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Méndez-Morales T, Carrete J, Cabeza Ó, Russina O, Triolo A, Gallego LJ, Varela LM. Solvation of lithium salts in protic ionic liquids: a molecular dynamics study. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:761-70. [PMID: 24405468 DOI: 10.1021/jp410090f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure of solutions of lithium nitrate in a protic ionic liquid with a common anion, ethylammonium nitrate, at room temperature is investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Several structural properties, such as density, radial distribution functions, hydrogen bonds, spatial distribution functions, and coordination numbers, are analyzed in order to get a picture of the solvation of lithium cations in this hydrogen-bonded, amphiphilically nanostructured environment. The results reveal that the ionic liquid mainly retains its structure upon salt addition, the interaction between the ammonium group of the cation and the nitrate anion being only slightly perturbed by the addition of the salt. Lithium cations are solvated by embedding them in the polar nanodomains of the solution formed by the anions, where they coordinate with the latter in a solid-like fashion reminiscent of a pseudolattice structure. Furthermore, it is shown that the average coordination number of [Li](+) with the anions is 4, nitrate coordinating [Li](+) in both monodentate and bidentate ways, and that in the second coordination layer both ethylammonium cations and other lithiums are also found. Additionally, the rattling motion of lithium ions inside the cages formed by their neighboring anions, indicative of the so-called caging effect, is confirmed by the analysis of the [Li](+) velocity autocorrelation functions. The overall picture indicates that the solvation of [Li](+) cations in this amphiphilically nanostructured environment takes place by means of a sort of inhomogeneous nanostructural solvation, which we could refer to as nanostructured solvation, and which could be a universal solvation mechanism in ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Méndez-Morales
- Grupo de Nanomateriais e Materia Branda, Departamento de Física da Materia Condensada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Campus Vida s/n, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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