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Pujari AK, Kaur R, Reddy YN, Paul S, Gogde K, Bhaumik J. Design and Synthesis of Metalloporphyrin Nanoconjugates for Dual Light-Responsive Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2004-2018. [PMID: 38241140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) utilizes photosensitizers (PSs) that eradicate a broad spectrum of bacteria in the presence of light and molecular oxygen. On the other hand, some light sources such as ultraviolet (UVB and UVC) have poor penetration and high cytotoxicity, leading to undesired PDT of the PSs. Herein, we have synthesized conjugatable mesosubstituted porphyrins and extensively characterized them. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations revealed that metalloporphyrin EP (5) is a suitable candidate for further applications. Subsequently, the metalloporphyrin was conjugated with lignin-based zinc oxide nanocomposites (ZnOAL and ZnOKL) to develop hydrophilic nanoconjugates (ZnOAL@EP and ZnOKL@EP). Upon dual light (UV + green light) exposure, nanoconjugates showed enhanced singlet oxygen generation ability and also demonstrated pH responsiveness. These nanoconjugates displayed significantly improved APDT efficiency (4-7 fold increase) to treat bacterial infection under dual light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Pujari
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ravneet Kaur
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Yeddula Nikhileshwar Reddy
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Shatabdi Paul
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Kunal Gogde
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Department of Bioproduct Chemistry, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Knowledge City, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
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Xu P, Wen C, Gao C, Liu H, Li Y, Guo X, Shen XC, Liang H. Near-Infrared-II-Activatable Self-Assembled Manganese Porphyrin-Gold Heterostructures for Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Sonodynamic-Augmented Photothermal/Photodynamic Therapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:713-727. [PMID: 38117769 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins and their derivatives are widely used as photosensitizers and sonosensitizers in tumor treatment. Nevertheless, their poor water solubility and low chemical stability reduce their singlet oxygen (1O2) yield and, consequently, their photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) efficiency. Although strategies for porphyrin molecule assembly have been developed to augment 1O2 generation, there is scope for further improving PDT and SDT efficiencies. Herein, we synthesized ordered manganese porphyrin (SM) nanoparticles with well-defined self-assembled metalloporphyrin networks that enabled efficient energy transfer for enhanced photocatalytic and sonocatalytic activity in 1O2 production. Subsequently, Au nanoparticles were grown in situ on the SM surface by anchoring the terminal alkynyl of porphyrin to form plasmonic SMA heterostructures, which showed the excellent near-infrared-II (NIR-II) region absorption and photothermal properties, and facilitated electron-hole pair separation and transfer. With the modification of hyaluronic acid (HA), SMAH heterostructure nanocomposites exhibited good water solubility and were actively targeted to cancer cells. Under NIR-II light and ultrasound (US) irradiation, the SMAH generates hyperthermia, and a large amount of 1O2, inducing cancer cell damage. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that the SMAH nanocomposites effectively suppressed tumor growth by decreasing GSH levels in SDT-augmented PDT/PTT. Moreover, by utilizing the strong absorption in the NIR-II window, SMAH nanocomposites can achieve NIR-II photoacoustic imaging-guided combined cancer treatment. This work provides a paradigm for enhancing the 1O2 yield of metalloporphyrins to improve the synergistic therapeutic effect of SDT/PDT/PTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Wen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunji Gao
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingshu Li
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Guo
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Can Shen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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Qi G, Tang Y, Shi L, Zhuang J, Liu X, Liu B. Capsule Shedding and Membrane Binding Enhanced Photodynamic Killing of Gram-Negative Bacteria by a Unimolecular Conjugated Polyelectrolyte. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10374-10382. [PMID: 37921703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of new antimicrobial agents to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria is of paramount importance due to increased antibiotic resistance worldwide. Herein, we show that a water-soluble porphyrin-cored hyperbranched conjugated polyelectrolyte (PorHP) exhibits high photodynamic bactericidal activity against the Gram-negative bacteria tested, including a multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen, while demonstrating low cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells. Comprehensive analyses reveal that the antimicrobial activity of PorHP proceeds via a multimodal mechanism by effective bacterial capsule shedding, strong bacterial outer membrane binding, and singlet oxygen generation. Through this multimodal antimicrobial mechanism, PorHP displays significant performance for Gram-negative bacteria with >99.9% photodynamic killing efficacy. Overall, PorHP shows great potential as an antimicrobial agent in fighting the growing threat of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Qi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore (Singapore), 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Yufu Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore (Singapore), 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Leilei Shi
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Jiahao Zhuang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore (Singapore), 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University (Fuzhou, China), Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Xianglong Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore (Singapore), 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University (Fuzhou, China), Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore (Singapore), 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University (Fuzhou, China), Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore (Singapore), Blk S9, Level 9, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544
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Raposo BL, Souza SO, Santana GS, Lima MTA, Sarmento-Neto JF, Reboucas JS, Pereira G, Santos BS, Cabral Filho PE, Ribeiro MS, Fontes A. A Novel Strategy Based on Zn(II) Porphyrins and Silver Nanoparticles to Photoinactivate Candida albicans. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3007-3020. [PMID: 37312931 PMCID: PMC10258042 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s404422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is an attractive alternative to treat Candida albicans infections, especially considering the spread of resistant strains. The combination of the photophysical advantages of Zn(II) porphyrins (ZnPs) and the plasmonic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has the potential to further improve PDI. Here, we propose the novel association of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated AgNPs with the cationic ZnPs Zn(II) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin or Zn(II) meso-tetrakis(N-n-hexylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin to photoinactivate C. albicans. Methods AgNPs stabilized with PVP were chosen to allow for (i) overlap between the NP extinction and absorption spectra of ZnPs and (ii) favor AgNPs-ZnPs interaction; prerequisites for exploring the plasmonic effect. Optical and zeta potential (ζ) characterizations were performed, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also evaluated. Yeasts were incubated with individual ZnPs or their respective AgNPs-ZnPs systems, at various ZnP concentrations and two proportions of AgNPs, then irradiated with a blue LED. Interactions between yeasts and the systems (ZnP alone or AgNPs-ZnPs) were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Results Subtle spectroscopic changes were observed for ZnPs after association with AgNPs, and the ζ analyses confirmed AgNPs-ZnPs interaction. PDI using ZnP-hexyl (0.8 µM) and ZnP-ethyl (5.0 µM) promoted a 3 and 2 log10 reduction of yeasts, respectively. On the other hand, AgNPs-ZnP-hexyl (0.2 µM) and AgNPs-ZnP-ethyl (0.6 µM) systems led to complete fungal eradication under the same PDI parameters and lower porphyrin concentrations. Increased ROS levels and enhanced interaction of yeasts with AgNPs-ZnPs were observed, when compared with ZnPs alone. Conclusion We applied a facile synthesis of AgNPs which boosted ZnP efficiency. We hypothesize that the plasmonic effect combined with the greater interaction between cells and AgNPs-ZnPs systems resulted in an efficient and improved fungal inactivation. This study provides insight into the application of AgNPs in PDI and helps diversify our antifungal arsenal, encouraging further developments toward inactivation of resistant Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Raposo
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Sueden O Souza
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gleyciane S Santana
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Max T A Lima
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José F Sarmento-Neto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Júlio S Reboucas
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Goreti Pereira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Química & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Beate S Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Cabral Filho
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/SP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Lin G, Nash GT, Luo T, Ghosh I, Sohoni S, Christofferson AJ, Liu G, Engel GS, Lin W. 2D Nano-Sonosensitizers Facilitate Energy Transfer to Enhance Sonodynamic Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2212069. [PMID: 36840977 PMCID: PMC10175216 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Although sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has shown promise for cancer treatment, the lack of efficient sonosensitizers (SSs) has limited the clinical application of SDT. Here, a new strategy is reported for designing efficient nano-sonosensitizers based on 2D nanoscale metal-organic layers (MOLs). Composed of Hf-oxo secondary building units (SBUs) and iridium-based linkers, the MOL is anchored with 5,10,15,20-tetra(p-benzoato)porphyrin (TBP) sensitizers on the SBUs to afford TBP@MOL. TBP@MOL shows 14.1- and 7.4-fold higher singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) generation than free TBP ligands and Hf-TBP, a 3D nanoscale metal-organic framework, respectively. The 1 O2 generation of TBP@MOL is enhanced by isolating TBP SSs on the SBUs of the MOL, which prevents aggregation-induced quenching of the excited sensitizers, and by triplet-triplet Dexter energy transfer between excited iridium-based linkers and TBP SSs, which more efficiently harnesses broad-spectrum sonoluminescence. Anchoring TBP on the MOL surface also enhances the energy transfer between the excited sensitizer and ground-state triplet oxygen to increase 1 O2 generation efficacy. In mouse models of colorectal and breast cancer, TBP@MOL demonstrates significantly higher SDT efficacy than Hf-TBP and TBP. This work uncovers a new strategy to design effective nano-sonosensitizers by facilitating energy transfer to efficiently capture broad-spectrum sonoluminescence and enhance 1 O2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Geoffrey T Nash
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Taokun Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Indranil Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Siddhartha Sohoni
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Gregory S Engel
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Bortnevskaya YS, Shiryaev NA, Zakharov NS, Kitoroage OO, Gradova MA, Karpechenko NY, Novikov AS, Nikolskaya ED, Mollaeva MR, Yabbarov NG, Bragina NA, Zhdanova KA. Synthesis and Biological Properties of EGFR-Targeted Photosensitizer Based on Cationic Porphyrin. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041284. [PMID: 37111769 PMCID: PMC10145264 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) in oncology is characterized by low invasiveness, minimal side effects, and little tissue scarring. Increasing the selectivity of PDT agents toward a cellular target is a new approach intended to improve this method. This study is devoted to the design and synthesis of a new conjugate based on meso-arylporphyrin with a low-molecular-weight tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Erlotinib. A nano-formulation based on Pluronic F127 micelles was obtained and characterized. The photophysical and photochemical properties and biological activity of the studied compounds and their nano-formulation were studied. A significant, 20-40-fold difference between the dark and photoinduced activity was achieved for the conjugate nanomicelles. After irradiation, the studied conjugate nanomicelles were 1.8 times more toxic toward the EGFR-overexpressing cell line MDA-MB-231 compared to the conditionally normal NKE cells. The IC50 was 0.073 ± 0.014 μM for the MDA-MB-231 cell line and 0.13 ± 0.018 μM for NKE cells after irradiation for the target conjugate nanomicelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia S Bortnevskaya
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Vernadsky pr., 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita A Shiryaev
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Vernadsky pr., 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita S Zakharov
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Vernadsky pr., 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg O Kitoroage
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Vernadsky pr., 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita A Gradova
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin St., 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Yu Karpechenko
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kashirskoe Highway, 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Toxicology, Pirogov National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Ostrovityanova St., 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Research Institute of Chemistry, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena D Nikolskaya
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariia R Mollaeva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita G Yabbarov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natal'ya A Bragina
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Vernadsky pr., 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Zhdanova
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Vernadsky pr., 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
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Zhdanova KA, Ivantsova AV, Vyalba FY, Usachev MN, Gradova MA, Gradov OV, Karpechenko NY, Bragina NA. Design of A3B-Porphyrin Conjugates with Terpyridine as Potential Theranostic Agents: Synthesis, Complexation with Fe(III), Gd(III), and Photodynamic Activity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:269. [PMID: 36678898 PMCID: PMC9865040 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the design and synthesis of new multifunctional porphyrin-based therapeutic agents for potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Zinc complexes of A3B-type meso-arylporphyrins containing OH- and COOH- groups were modified with chelating ligands based on 4'-(4-methylphenyl)-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine derivatives in high yields. Novel complexes with Gd(III), Fe(III) were obtained for these conjugates. Aggregation behaviour in solutions of different solubilisers was studied to inform the selection of the optimal solubilising platform for the porphyrins obtained; their photophysical and photochemical properties were also characterised. Micellar Pluronic F127 formulation was found to be the most effective solubiliser for stabilising the fluorescence-active monomolecular form of the photosensitisers (PS). In vitro cytotoxicity of the compounds was studied on the HEP-2 cell line with and without irradiation for 1.5 and 24 h. As a result, the IC50 of compounds 12 and 14 at an irradiation dose of 8.073 J/cm2 was shown to be 1.87 ± 0.333 and 1.4 ± 0.152 μM, respectively; without irradiation, the compound had no toxic effect within the studied concentration range (1.5 h). A test for the inhibition of metabolic cooperation or promoter activity was also performed for the abovementioned compounds, showing the efficacy and safety of the conjugates obtained. Preliminary data have indicated the high potential of the new type of PS to be promising molecular theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya A. Zhdanova
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Ivantsova
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor Yu. Vyalba
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim N. Usachev
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita A. Gradova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Gradov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Yu. Karpechenko
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Ministry of Health of Russia, Pirogov National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natal’ya A. Bragina
- Ministry of Health of Russia, Pirogov National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Sarbadhikary P, George BP, Abrahamse H. Potential Application of Photosensitizers With High-Z Elements for Synergic Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:921729. [PMID: 35837287 PMCID: PMC9274123 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.921729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of heavy elements in photosensitizers (PS) strongly influences their electronic and photophysical properties, and hence, conjugation of PS with a suitable element is regarded as a potential strategy to improve their photodynamic properties. Moreover, PS conjugated to metal ion or metal complex and heavy atoms such as halogen have attracted considerable attention as promising agents for multimodal or synergistic cancer therapy. These tetrapyrrole compounds depending on the type and nature of the inorganic elements have been explored for photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemotherapy, X-ray photon activation therapy (PAT), and radiotherapy. Particularly, the combination of metal-based PS and X-ray irradiation has been investigated as a promising novel approach for treating deep-seated tumors, which in the case of PDT is a major limitation due to low light penetration in tissue. This review will summarize the present status of evidence on the effect of insertion of metal or halogen on the photophysical properties of PS and the effectiveness of various metal and halogenated PS investigated for PDT, chemotherapy, and PAT as mono and/or combination therapy.
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Chen Y, Zhang M, Chen L, Pan M, Qin M, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Pan H, Zhou Y. Self-organization of zinc ions with a photosensitizer in vivo for enhanced antibiofilm and infected wound healing. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7837-7848. [PMID: 35583070 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial materials have been developed to combat bacteria more effectively and promote infected wound healing. However, it is widely recognized that the potential toxic effects and complexity of the synthesis process hinder their practical applications. In this work, we introduced a strategy for fighting bacteria and promoting wound healing caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) infection by the self-combination of Zn2+ and clinically applied 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (ALA) in the microbes. The clinical ALA could target and accumulate in the biofilm as well as contribute to the low-dose Zn2+ penetrating the biofilm due to the self-organized formation of Zn protoporphyrin IX in situ. Upon exposing to a 635 nm laser, the self-combination of ALA and Zn2+ significantly inhibited and eliminated the S. epidermidis biofilm via a synergistic biofilm eradication mechanism that enhanced photodynamic inactivation and aggravated cell wall/membrane disruption. In addition, the combination of ALA and Zn2+ could accelerate wound repair and reduce inflammatory response without causing cytotoxicity. The proposed strategy in this study illustrates the clinical prospects of eradicating biofilms and repairing infected wounds and demonstrates good biocompatibility towards infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, P. R. China.
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325001, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, P. R. China.
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325001, P. R. China
| | - Likai Chen
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, P. R. China.
| | - Mengmeng Pan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325001, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Qin
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325001, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiu Guo
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325001, P. R. China
| | - Yaobo Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325001, P. R. China
| | - Hao Pan
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, P. R. China.
| | - Yunlong Zhou
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, P. R. China.
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325001, P. R. China
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10
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Souza SO, Raposo BL, Sarmento-Neto JF, Rebouças JS, Macêdo DPC, Figueiredo RCBQ, Santos BS, Freitas AZ, Cabral Filho PE, Ribeiro MS, Fontes A. Photoinactivation of Yeast and Biofilm Communities of Candida albicans Mediated by ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+ Porphyrin. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060556. [PMID: 35736039 PMCID: PMC9225021 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the main cause of superficial candidiasis. While the antifungals available are defied by biofilm formation and resistance emergence, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) arises as an alternative antifungal therapy. The tetracationic metalloporphyrin Zn(II) meso-tetrakis(N-n-hexylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+) has high photoefficiency and improved cellular interactions. We investigated the ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+ as a photosensitizer (PS) to photoinactivate yeasts and biofilms of C. albicans strains (ATCC 10231 and ATCC 90028) using a blue light-emitting diode. The photoinactivation of yeasts was evaluated by quantifying the colony forming units. The aPDI of ATCC 90028 biofilms was assessed by the MTT assay, propidium iodide (PI) labeling, and scanning electron microscopy. Mammalian cytotoxicity was investigated in Vero cells using MTT assay. The aPDI (4.3 J/cm2) promoted eradication of yeasts at 0.8 and 1.5 µM of PS for ATCC 10231 and ATCC 90028, respectively. At 0.8 µM and same light dose, aPDI-treated biofilms showed intense PI labeling, about 89% decrease in the cell viability, and structural alterations with reduced hyphae. No considerable toxicity was observed in mammalian cells. Our results introduce the ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+ as a promising PS to photoinactivate both yeasts and biofilms of C. albicans, stimulating studies with other Candida species and resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueden O. Souza
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.L.R.); (P.E.C.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.O.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Bruno L. Raposo
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.L.R.); (P.E.C.F.)
| | - José F. Sarmento-Neto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (J.F.S.-N.); (J.S.R.)
| | - Júlio S. Rebouças
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (J.F.S.-N.); (J.S.R.)
| | - Danielle P. C. Macêdo
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740-520, PE, Brazil; (D.P.C.M.); (B.S.S.)
| | - Regina C. B. Q. Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM-FIOCRUZ), Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil;
| | - Beate S. Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740-520, PE, Brazil; (D.P.C.M.); (B.S.S.)
| | - Anderson Z. Freitas
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (A.Z.F.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Paulo E. Cabral Filho
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.L.R.); (P.E.C.F.)
| | - Martha S. Ribeiro
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (A.Z.F.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.L.R.); (P.E.C.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.O.S.); (A.F.)
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11
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Souza TH, Sarmento-Neto JF, Souza SO, Raposo BL, Silva BP, Borges CP, Santos BS, Cabral Filho PE, Rebouças JS, Fontes A. Advances on antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation mediated by Zn(II) porphyrins. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Harmandar K, Tunç G, Küçük T, Gürek AG, Atilla D. Asymmetrically meso-substituted porphyrin derivative containing the triazole group: Synthesis, characterization and photo-physicochemical properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel asymmetrically meso-substituted AB3 porphyrins derivative including one triazole group to enhance the anticancer activity of the molecule and three bromophenyl groups to improve photochemical properties has been synthesized and characterized. Our objectives were to generate a system with triazole and bromophenyl groups that enhance the singlet oxygen generation and exhibits an anti-cancer effect. Therefore, photophysical and photochemical properties of this asymmetric porphyrin derivative (AB[Formula: see text] and the symmetric derivative (B[Formula: see text] were investigated in THF. The substituent effect on fluorescence quantum yield and singlet oxygen generation was evaluated for efficiency in photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a photosensitizer. The molecules exhibited no aggregation tendency, solubility in common organic solvents and high singlet oxygen quantum yield in THF therefore these favorable properties make them good candidates as a photosensitizer for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevser Harmandar
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli- TURKEY
| | - Gülenay Tunç
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli- TURKEY
| | - Tuğba Küçük
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli- TURKEY
| | - Ayşe Gül Gürek
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli- TURKEY
| | - Devrim Atilla
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli- TURKEY
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13
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Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. An octabrominated Sn(iv) tetraisopropylporphyrin as a photosensitizer dye for singlet oxygen biomedical applications. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:9568-9573. [PMID: 32578634 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two novel Sn(iv) tetraisopropylphenylporphyrins have been synthesized to explore the effect of octabromination at the β-pyrrole positions on their photophysical properties and photodynamic activity. The lower energy Q band of an octabrominated complex lies at 675 nm well within the therapeutic window. The octabrominated dye has a relatively high singlet oxygen quantum yield of 0.78 in DMF and exhibits favorable photodynamic activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 10.7 μM and a 5.74 log reduction value (5 μM) towards S. aureus under illumination at 660 nm for 60 min with a Thorlabs M660L3 LED (280 mW cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
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14
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Garg P, Kaur G, Sharma B, Chaudhary GR. Fluorescein-Metal Hybrid Surfactant Conjugates as a Smart Material for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Staphylococcus aureus. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4674-4683. [PMID: 35025466 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively used as an effective alternative for the treatment of bacterial infection using photosensitizers (PSs) in the presence of appropriate light. However, the limitation in the effectiveness of PDT is because of the low yield of singlet oxygen from existing PSs because of their low solubility. Thus, we have developed a platform to enhance the solubility and the photodynamic activity of PSs against bacterial cells using metallosurfactants. Herein, we have used manganese metal-containing single- (MnC I) and double-chain metallosurfactants (MnC II) which show an interplay of electrostatic/hydrophobic interactions with fluorescein (FL) dye (as a PS) and when used in the presence of light enhances the PDT. These interactions play a significant role in enhancing the singlet oxygen generation efficiency of FL. MnC I and MnC II have shown good antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. More interestingly, these metallosurfactants when combined with FL significantly enhanced the affectivity against S. aureus, wherein 100% killing was achieved. As compared to experiments performed in the dark, the metallosurfactant, by enhancing the solubility of FL, increases the formation of singlet oxygen upon light irradiation and thus increases cell death. Therefore, the synergistic effect of FL (light toxicity) and metallosurfactants (dark toxicity) defined excellent reduction in the colony formation of bacteria. These results were corroborated through field-emission scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, where the rupturing of the cell wall of bacterial cells was observed during this therapy. Moreover, the binding of metallosurfactants to the genomic DNA of S. aureus was also evaluated by gel retardation analysis and UV-visible spectroscopy. The outcomes from this study will deliver formulations for PDT which can be used in clinical medical applications and cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bunty Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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15
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Liu L, Yan C, Li Y, Liu Z, Yuan C, Zhang H, Shao X. Tetrathiafulvalene‐Fused Heterabuckybowl: Protonation‐Induced Electron Transfer and Self‐Sensitized Photooxidation. Chemistry 2020; 26:7083-7091. [PMID: 32073723 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000 Gansu Province P.R. China
| | - Chaoxian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000 Gansu Province P.R. China
| | - Yecheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000 Gansu Province P.R. China
| | - Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000 Gansu Province P.R. China
| | - Chengshan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000 Gansu Province P.R. China
| | - Hao‐Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000 Gansu Province P.R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Tianshui Southern Road 222 Lanzhou 730000 Gansu Province P.R. China
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16
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Deng J, Li H, Yang M, Wu F. Palladium porphyrin complexes for photodynamic cancer therapy: effect of porphyrin units and metal. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:905-912. [DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00363k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ROS generation ability and photocytotoxicity of the synthesized porphyrin compounds were enhanced with the number of porphyrin units in the photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Deng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of the Ministry of Education
- Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology Key Laboratory
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan
| | - Haolan Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of the Ministry of Education
- Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology Key Laboratory
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan
| | - Mengqian Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of the Ministry of Education
- Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology Key Laboratory
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of the Ministry of Education
- Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology Key Laboratory
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan
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17
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Lu JY, Zhang PL, Chen QY. A Nano-BODIPY Encapsulated Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework As Photoresponsive Integrating Antibacterial Agent. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 3:458-465. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ye Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Peng-Li Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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18
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Mousavi SM, Zarei M, Hashemi SA, Babapoor A, Amani AM. A conceptual review of rhodanine: current applications of antiviral drugs, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1132-1148. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1573824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aziz Babapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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19
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Ma A, Chen H, Cui Y, Luo Z, Liang R, Wu Z, Chen Z, Yin T, Ni J, Zheng M, Cai L. Metalloporphyrin Complex-Based Nanosonosensitizers for Deep-Tissue Tumor Theranostics by Noninvasive Sonodynamic Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804028. [PMID: 30589210 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal complexes are widely used as anticancer drugs, while the severe side effects of traditional chemotherapy require new therapeutic modalities. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) provides a significantly noninvasive ultrasound (US) treatment approach by activating sonosensitizers and initiating reactive oxygen species (ROS) to damage malignant tissues. In this work, three metal 4-methylphenylporphyrin (TTP) complexes (MnTTP, ZnTTP, and TiOTTP) are synthesized and encapsulated with human serum albumin (HSA) to form novel nanosonosensitizers. These nanosonosensitizers generate abundant singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) under US irradiation, and importantly show excellent US-activatable abilities with deep-tissue depths up to 11 cm. Compared to ZnTTP-HSA and TiOTTP-HSA, MnTTP-HSA exhibits the strongest ROS-activatable behavior due to the lowest highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap energy by density functional theory. It is also effective for deep-tissue photoacoustic/magnetic resonance dual-modal imaging to trace the accumulation of nanoparticles in tumors. Moreover, MnTTP-HSA intriguingly achieves high SDT efficiency for simultaneously suppressing the growth of bilateral tumors away from ultrasound source in mice. This work develops a deep-tissue imaging-guided SDT strategy through well-defined metalloporphyrin nanocomplexes and paves a new way for highly efficient noninvasive SDT treatments of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Key Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Huaqing Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Cui
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ruijing Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ze Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ting Yin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ni
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Mingbin Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Key Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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Ravikumar M, Raghav D, Rathinasamy K, Kathiravan A, Mothi EM. DNA Targeting Long-Chain Alkoxy Appended Tin(IV) Porphyrin Scaffolds: Photophysical and Antimicrobial PDT Investigations. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1705-1716. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Ravikumar
- Centre for Scientific and Applied Research, PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627152, India
| | - Darpan Raghav
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala 673601, India
| | - Krishnan Rathinasamy
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala 673601, India
| | - Arunkumar Kathiravan
- Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 062, India
| | - Ebrahim M. Mothi
- Centre for Scientific and Applied Research, PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627152, India
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21
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Wu F, Yang M, Zhang J, Zhu S, Shi M, Wang K. Metalloporphyrin–indomethacin conjugates as new photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 24:53-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Paul AK, Jayaram DT, Babu PSS, Adarsh N, Thurakkal S, Nair AS, Ramaiah D. Synthesis and in vitro photobiological studies of porphyrin capped gold nanoparticles
$$^{\S }$$
§. J CHEM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-018-1539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Ravikumar M, Kathiravan A, Neels A, Mothi EM. Tin(IV) Porphyrins Containing β-Substituted Bromines: Synthesis, Conformations, Electrochemistry and Photophysical Evaluation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Ravikumar
- Centre for Scientific and Applied Research; PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Melathediyoor; 627152 Tirunelveli - Tamil Nadu India
| | - Arunkumar Kathiravan
- Department of Chemistry; Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology; Avadi 600062 Chennai - Tamil Nadu India
| | - Antonia Neels
- Center for X-ray Analytics; Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Ebrahim M. Mothi
- Centre for Scientific and Applied Research; PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Melathediyoor; 627152 Tirunelveli - Tamil Nadu India
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Gayathri T, Vijayalakshmi A, Mangalath S, Joseph J, Rao NM, Singh SP. Study on Liposomal Encapsulation of New Bodipy Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:323-327. [PMID: 29670694 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a series of four efficient photosensitizers (PSs) based on a Bodipy core for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In the absence of hydrophilic functional groups, these PSs have been encapsulated in liposomes and examined for photocytotoxicity against human ovarian carcinoma cell line (SK-OV-3). The IC50 values obtained are as low as 0.350 μM, which compete with the classical photosensitizer chlorine E6 (IC50 = 0.39 μM) under similar experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thumuganti Gayathri
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
| | - A. Vijayalakshmi
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Sreejith Mangalath
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Joshy Joseph
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | | | - Surya Prakash Singh
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
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25
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Singh S, Jha P, Singh V, Sinha K, Hussain S, Singh MK, Das P. A quantum dot-MUC1 aptamer conjugate for targeted delivery of protoporphyrin IX and specific photokilling of cancer cells through ROS generation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 8:1040-1048. [PMID: 27723851 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-targeted photosensitizers lack selectivity that undermines the potential use of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, we report the DNA mediated assembly of a ZnSe/ZnS quantum dot (QD)-photosensitizer (PS)-Mucin 1(MUC1) aptamer conjugate for targeting the MUC1 cancer biomarker and simultaneous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), was conjugated to a single stranded DNA and self-assembled to a complementary strand that was conjugated to a QD and harboring a MUC1 aptamer sequence. A multistep fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is shown that involves the QD, PpIX and covalently linked CF™ 633 amine dye (CF dye) to the MUC1 peptide that tracks the potency of the aptamer to attach itself with the MUC1 peptide. Since the absorption spectra of the CF dye overlap with the emission spectra of PpIX, the former acts as an acceptor to PpIX forming a second FRET pair when the dye labeled MUC1 binds to the aptamer. The binding of the QD-PpIX nanoassemblies with MUC1 through the aptamer was further confirmed by gel electrophoresis and circular dichroism studies. The selective photodamage of MUC1 expressing HeLa cervical cancer cells through ROS generation in the presence of the QD-PpIX FRET probe upon irradiation is successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801103, Bihar, India.
| | - Pravin Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844101, Bihar, India
| | - Vandana Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801103, Bihar, India.
| | - Kislay Sinha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844101, Bihar, India
| | - Sahid Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801103, Bihar, India.
| | - Manoj K Singh
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Prolay Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801103, Bihar, India.
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26
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Park JM, Yao W, Jung CY, Cho JH, Kim DH, Jaung JY. Cationic dipyridylamine substituted zinc tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine derivatives for photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Devi NS, Devi N. Synthesis of rhodanine-derived enaminones in aqueous medium. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1319486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. S. Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Cotton College, Guwahati, Assam
| | - Nirada Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Cotton College, Guwahati, Assam
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28
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Skwor TA, Klemm S, Zhang H, Schardt B, Blaszczyk S, Bork MA. Photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: A metalloporphyrin comparison. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 165:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Yao YH, Luo Y, Li J, Zhang FX. Synthesis of Novel Porphyrin Derivatives and Their Cytotoxic Activities against A431 Cells. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201500184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Zhao FY, Li WJ, Guo A, Chang L, Li Y, Ruan WJ. Zn(ii) porphyrin based nano-/microscale metal–organic frameworks: morphology dependent sensitization and photocatalytic oxathiolane deprotection. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn(ii) porphyrin based nano-/microscale MOFs showed morphology dependent 1O2 sensitization efficiency and were used as selective photocatalysts for oxathiolane deprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - An Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Lan Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Wen-Juan Ruan
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
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31
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Ahmad S, Yadav KK, Narang U, Bhattacharya S, Singh SJ, Chauhan SMS. Synthesis, properties and singlet oxygen generation of thiazolidinone double bond linked porphyrin at meso and β-position. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03489f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Meso and β-substituted free base and zinc metallated thiazolidinone–porphyrin conjugates were synthesized by one pot four component Knoevenagel condensation by utilizing substituted amines, carbon disulfide, ethyl chloroacetate and porphyrin aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ahmad
- Bio-organic Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Kumar Karitkey Yadav
- Bio-organic Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Uma Narang
- Bio-organic Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Soumee Bhattacharya
- Bio-organic Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | | | - S. M. S. Chauhan
- Bio-organic Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
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32
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Bonacin JA, Katic V, Toledo KCF, Toma HE. Spectroscopic and electrochemical behavior of a supramolecular tetrapyridylporphyrin encompassing four terpyridine(oxalate)chloridoruthenium(II) complexes and its use in nitrite sensors. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Mehraban N, Freeman HS. Developments in PDT Sensitizers for Increased Selectivity and Singlet Oxygen Production. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:4421-4456. [PMID: 28793448 PMCID: PMC5455656 DOI: 10.3390/ma8074421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally-invasive procedure that has been clinically approved for treating certain types of cancers. This procedure takes advantage of the cytotoxic activity of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by visible and NIR light irradiation of dye sensitizers following their accumulation in malignant cells. The main two concerns associated with certain clinically-used PDT sensitizers that have been influencing research in this arena are low selectivity toward malignant cells and low levels of ¹O₂ production in aqueous media. Solving the selectivity issue would compensate for photosensitizer concerns such as dark toxicity and aggregation in aqueous media. One main approach to enhancing dye selectivity involves taking advantage of key methods used in pharmaceutical drug delivery. This approach lies at the heart of the recent developments in PDT research and is a point of emphasis in the present review. Of particular interest has been the development of polymeric micelles as nanoparticles for delivering hydrophobic (lipophilic) and amphiphilic photosensitizers to the target cells. This review also covers methods employed to increase ¹O₂ production efficiency, including the design of two-photon absorbing sensitizers and triplet forming cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Mehraban
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
| | - Harold S Freeman
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA.
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