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Sedmidubská B, Kočišek J. Interaction of low-energy electrons with radiosensitizers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9112-9136. [PMID: 38376461 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
We provide an experimentalist's perspective on the present state-of-the-art in the studies of low-energy electron interactions with common radiosensitizers, including compounds used in combined chemo-radiation therapy and their model systems. Low-energy electrons are important secondary species formed during the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter. Their role in the radiation chemistry of living organisms has become an important topic for more than 20 years. With the increasing number of works and reviews in the field, we would like to focus here on a very narrow area of compounds that have been shown to have radio-sensitizing properties on the one hand, and high reactivity towards low-energy electrons on the other hand. Gas phase experiments studying electron attachment to isolated molecules and environmental effects on reaction dynamics are reviewed for modified DNA components, nitroimidazoles, and organometallics. In the end, we provide a perspective on the future directions that may be important for transferring the fundamental knowledge about the processes induced by low-energy electrons into practice in the field of rational design of agents for concomitant chemo-radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Sedmidubská
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS, Dolejškova 3, 182223 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Břehová 7, 11519 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000 CNRS and Faculté des sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jaroslav Kočišek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS, Dolejškova 3, 182223 Prague, Czech Republic.
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2
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Scoditti S, Dabbish E, Russo N, Mazzone G, Sicilia E. Anticancer Activity, DNA Binding, and Photodynamic Properties of a N∧C∧N-Coordinated Pt(II) Complex. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10350-10360. [PMID: 34170132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the effort to discover new targets and improve the therapeutic efficacy of metal-containing anticancer compounds, transition metal complexes that can elicit cytotoxicity when irradiated with light of a proper wavelength and, then, candidates as potential photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy are actively being investigated. In this work, the cytotoxicity in the dark and the photophysical properties of the complex Pt(N∧C∧N)Cl, where the N∧C∧N ligand is 2,6-dipyrido-4-methyl-benzene chloride, are investigated in detail by means of a series of theoretical levels, that is density functional theory and its time-dependent extension together with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In the dark, cytotoxicity has been explored by simulating the steps of the mechanism of action of classical Pt(II) complexes. The suitability of the investigated complex to act as a photosensitizer has been verified by calculating spectroscopic properties for both the unperturbed complex and its aquated and guanine-bound forms. Furthermore, using MD simulation outcomes as a starting point, the photophysical properties of DNA-intercalated and -bound complexes have been evaluated with the goal of establishing how intercalation and binding affect sensitization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Scoditti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Eslam Dabbish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
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Behmand B, Noronha AM, Wilds CJ, Marignier JL, Mostafavi M, Wagner JR, Hunting DJ, Sanche L. Hydrated electrons induce the formation of interstrand cross-links in DNA modified by cisplatin adducts. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:343-351. [PMID: 32211848 PMCID: PMC7299263 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded oligonucleotides containing cisplatin adducts, with and without a mismatched region, were exposed to hydrated electrons generated by gamma-rays. Gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrates the formation of cisplatin-interstrand crosslinks from the cisplatin-intrastrand species. The rate constant per base for the reaction between hydrated electrons and the double-stranded oligonucleotides with and without cisplatin containing a mismatched region was determined by pulse radiolysis to be 7 × 109 and 2 × 109 M-1 s-1, respectively. These results provide a better understanding of the radiosensitizing effect of cisplatin adducts in hypoxic tumors and of the formation of interstrand crosslinks, which are difficult for cells to repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Behmand
- Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - A M Noronha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - C J Wilds
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - J-L Marignier
- Centre de cinétique rapide ELYSE, Laboratoire de chimie physique, Université de Paris-Saclay 11, Orsay, France
| | - M Mostafavi
- Centre de cinétique rapide ELYSE, Laboratoire de chimie physique, Université de Paris-Saclay 11, Orsay, France
| | - J R Wagner
- Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - D J Hunting
- Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - L Sanche
- Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
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Cai Y, Zhou L, Gao Y, Liu W, Shao Y, Zheng Y. Contribution of Base Damages to the Molecular Radiosensitization Mechanism of Platinum Chemotherapeutic Drugs. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Cai
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, S; tate Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Limei Zhou
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, S; tate Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Yingxia Gao
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, S; tate Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, S; tate Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Yu Shao
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, S; tate Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, S; tate Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
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Dong Y, Chen Y, Zhou L, Shao Y, Fu X, Zheng Y. Molecular efficacy of radio- and chemotherapy sequences from direct DNA damage measurements. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1274-1282. [PMID: 28799445 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1366673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the molecular aspects of the synergy between ionizing radiation and platinum (Pt) chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment with chemoradiation therapy (CRT) by measuring damages induced by low-energy electrons (LEE) to DNA bound to cisplatin. LEE are produced abundantly by any type of ionizing radiation and cisplatin represents a typical Pt-chemotherapeutic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our strategy involves two parallel administrations of cisplatin and irradiation with a 4.6 and 9.6 eV electron fluence of 1.1 × 1012: (1) LEE bombardment of supercoiled DNA and its subsequent reaction with cisplatin; (2) the reaction of DNA with cisplatin followed by LEE irradiation. The damage yields for the loss of supercoiled (LS), single-strand breaks (SSB) and double-strand breaks (DSB) were obtained from gel electrophoresis analysis. Base modifications were revealed by treating the samples with Escherichia coli base excision repair endonuclease (Nth and Fpg). RESULTS The yields were deduced from the respective time-response for the reaction of DNA with cisplatin. The results show that binding cisplatin to DNA followed by LEE irradiation, consistently yields more DNA damages than the reverse order. In comparison to non-treated DNA, administration (2) results in an increase of LS and SSB of 1.4-3.3 folds and of DSB by more than an order of magnitude. Furthermore, after enzyme treatment, the yields of DSB rise by factors of 5.3-15.4, indicating a large increase of clustered damages, which should at least partially translate into an increase of lethal damages in cancer cells during the CRT. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that a strong synergy between radiation and cisplatin can only be achieved at the molecular level, if the drug is present at the time of irradiation. Furthermore, this work confirms the LEE mechanism previously proposed to explain the synergy between radiation and Pt drugs in CRT. It involves chemical sensitization of DNA prior to irradiation, to facilitate strand breaks and clustered damages induced by the highly reactive LEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Dong
- a Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- a Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , P.R. China
| | - Limei Zhou
- a Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , P.R. China
| | - Yu Shao
- a Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xianzhi Fu
- a Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- a Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , P.R. China
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Zhao S, Zhang RB. Alternative role of cisplatin in DNA damage – theoretical studies on the influence of excess electrons on the cisplatin–DNA complex. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17919c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of excess electrons with cisplatin–DNA generates highly reactive Pt-containing species towards C–H abstraction, which strongly contributes to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Ru-bo Zhang
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
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Behmand B, Marignier JL, Mostafavi M, Wagner JR, Hunting DJ, Sanche L. Radiosensitization of DNA by Cisplatin Adducts Results from an Increase in the Rate Constant for the Reaction with Hydrated Electrons and Formation of Pt(I). J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:9496-500. [PMID: 26098937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pulse radiolysis measurements of the decay of hydrated electrons in solutions containing different concentrations of the oligonucleotide GTG with and without a cisplatin adduct show that the presence of a cisplatin moiety accelerates the reaction between hydrated electrons and the oligonucleotide. The rate constant of the reaction is found to be 2.23 × 10(10) mol(-1) L s(-1), which indicates that it is diffusion controlled. In addition, we show for the first time the formation of a Pt(I) intermediate as a result of the reaction of hydrated electrons with GTG-cisplatin. A putative reaction mechanism is proposed, which may form the basis of the radiosensitization of cancer cells in concomitant chemoradiation therapy with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Behmand
- †Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - J-L Marignier
- ‡Centre de cinétique rapide ELYSE, Laboratoire de chimie physique, Université de Paris-Sud 11, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - M Mostafavi
- ‡Centre de cinétique rapide ELYSE, Laboratoire de chimie physique, Université de Paris-Sud 11, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - J R Wagner
- †Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - D J Hunting
- †Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - L Sanche
- †Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
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Zhao J, Wang M, Fu A, Yang H, Bu Y. Hydrated Electron Transfer to Nucleobases in Aqueous Solutions Revealed by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2348-56. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bao Q, Chen Y, Zheng Y, Sanche L. Cisplatin Radiosensitization of DNA Irradiated with 2-20 eV Electrons: Role of Transient Anions. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2014; 118:15516-15524. [PMID: 26793285 PMCID: PMC4716812 DOI: 10.1021/jp503706h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Platinum chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)), can act as radiosensitizers when bound covalently to nuclear DNA in cancer cells. This radiosensitization is largely due to an increase in DNA damage induced by low-energy secondary electrons, produced in large quantities by high-energy radiation. We report the yields of single- and double-strand breaks (SSB and DSB) and interduplex cross-links (CL) induced by electrons of 1.6-19.6 eV (i.e., the yield functions) incident on 5 monolayer (ML) films of cisplatin-DNA complexes. These yield functions are compared with those previously recorded with 5 ML films of unmodified plasmid DNA. Binding of five cisplatin molecules to plasmid DNA (3197 base pairs) enhances SSB, DSB, and CL by factors varying, from 1.2 to 2.8, 1.4 to 3.5, and 1.2 to 2.7, respectively, depending on electron energy. All yield functions exhibit structures around 5 and 10 eV that can be attributed to enhancement of bond scission, via the initial formation of core-excited resonances associated with π → π* transitions of the bases. This increase in damage is interpreted as arising from a modification of the parameters of the corresponding transient anions already present in nonmodified DNA, particularly those influencing molecular dissociation. Two additional resonances, specific to cisplatin-modified DNA, are formed at 13.6 and 17.6 eV in the yield function of SSB. Furthermore, cisplatin binding causes the induction of DSB by electrons of 1.6-3.6 eV, i.e., in an energy region where a DSB cannot be produced by a single electron in pure DNA. Breaking two bonds with a subexcitation-energy electron is tentatively explained by a charge delocalization mechanism, where a single electron occupies simultaneously two σ* bonds linking the Pt atom to guanine bases on opposite strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhong Bao
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Léon Sanche
- Group in the Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
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Behmand B, Wagner JR, Sanche L, Hunting DJ. Cisplatin intrastrand adducts sensitize DNA to base damage by hydrated electrons. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:4803-8. [PMID: 24779712 PMCID: PMC4623755 DOI: 10.1021/jp5014913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oligonucleotide TTTTTGTGTTT with or without a cisplatin adduct was reacted with hydrated electrons generated by ionizing radiation. Hydroxyl radicals were quenched with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and the solutions were bubbled with wet nitrogen to eliminate oxygen, a scavenger of hydrated electrons. Prior to irradiation, the structure of the initial cisplatin adduct was identified by mass spectrometry as G-cisplatin-G. Radiation damage to DNA bases was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), after enzymatic digestion of the TTTTTGTGTTT-cisplatin complex to deoxyribonucleosides. The masses of the platinum adducts following digestion and separation by HPLC were measured by mass spectrometry. Our results demonstrate that hydrated electrons induce damage to thymines as well as detachment of the cisplatin moiety from both guanines in the oligonucleotide. This detachment regenerates both unmodified guanine and damaged guanine, in equimolar amounts. At 1000 Gy, a net average of 2.5 thymines and 1 guanine are damaged for each platinum lost from the oligonucleotide. Given the extensive base damage that occurs for each cisplatin adduct lost, it is clear that, prior to undergoing detachment, these adducts must catalyze several cycles of reactions of hydrated electrons with DNA bases. It is likely that a single reaction leads to the loss of the cisplatin adduct and the damage observed on the guanine base; however, the damage to the thymine bases must require the continued presence of the cisplatin adduct, acting as a catalyst. To our knowledge, this is the first time that platinum-DNA adducts have been shown to have catalytic activity. We propose two pathways for the interaction of hydrated electrons with TTTTTGTGTTT-cisplatin: (1) the hydrated electron is initially captured by a thymine base and transferred by base to base electron hopping to the guanine site, where the cisplatin moiety detaches from the oligonucleotide via dissociative electron attachment, and (2) the hydrated electron interacts directly with the platinum-guanine adduct and induces detachment of the cisplatin moiety via dissociative electron attachment. Although the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated, our results provide important insights into the radiosensitization of DNA by cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Behmand
- Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - J. R. Wagner
- Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - L. Sanche
- Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - D. J. Hunting
- Groupe en sciences des radiations, Faculté de médicine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
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