Friese DH, Ruud K. Three-photon circular dichroism: towards a generalization of chiroptical non-linear light absorption.
Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016;
18:4174-84. [PMID:
26782622 DOI:
10.1039/c5cp07102j]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the theory of three-photon circular dichroism (3PCD), a novel non-linear chiroptical property not yet described in the literature. We derive the observable absorption cross section including the orientational average of the necessary seventh-rank tensors and provide origin-independent expressions for 3PCD using either a velocity-gauge treatment of the electric dipole operator or a length-gauge formulation using London atomic orbitals. We present the first numerical results for hydrogen peroxide, 3-methylcyclopentanone (MCP) and 4-helicene, including also a study of the origin dependence and basis set convergence of 3PCD. We find that for the 3PCD-brightest low-lying Rydberg state of hydrogen peroxide, the dichroism is extremely basis set dependent, with basis set convergence not being reached before a sextuple-zeta basis is used, whereas for the MCP and 4-helicene molecules, the basis set dependence is more moderate and at the triple-zeta level the 3PCD contributions are more or less converged irrespective of whether the considered states are Rydberg states or not. The character of the 3PCD-brightest states in MCP is characterized by a fairly large charge-transfer character from the carbonyl group to the ring system. In general, the quadrupole contributions to 3PCD are found to be very small.
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