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Michelas M, Wimberger L, Boyer C. A General Approach for Photo-Oxidative Degradation of Various Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400358. [PMID: 39008823 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The escalating demand for plastics has resulted in a surge of plastic waste worldwide, posing a monumental environmental challenge. To address this issue, a versatile photo-oxidative degradation method applicable to seven distinct polymer families is proposed, comprising poly(isobutyl vinyl ether) (PIBVE), poly(2,3-dihydrofuran) (PDHF), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA), poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(dimethyl acrylamide) (PDMA), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) (PEGMEA), and even poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This method employs photo-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) followed by oxidation to promote polymer degradation. This reaction is carried out under aerobic condition in the presence of iron trichloride (FeCl3) as a photocatalyst in combination with low-intensity purple light irradiation. The process can degrade up to 97% of the polymer in less than 3 h. This degradation process can be easily controlled by switching the light off, which allows for precise modulation of the degradation rate, enhancing the effectiveness of the method. Overall, this method provides a sustainable method for degrading various polymer types with low energy input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Michelas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Laura Wimberger
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Lugo FA, Edeleva M, Van Steenberge PHM, Sabbe MK. Improved Approach for ab Initio Calculations of Rate Coefficients for Secondary Reactions in Acrylate Free-Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:872. [PMID: 38611129 PMCID: PMC11013146 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary reactions in radical polymerization pose a challenge when creating kinetic models for predicting polymer structures. Despite the high impact of these reactions in the polymer structure, their effects are difficult to isolate and measure to produce kinetic data. To this end, we used solvation-corrected M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) ab initio calculations to predict a complete and consistent data set of intrinsic rate coefficients of the secondary reactions in acrylate radical polymerization, including backbiting, β-scission, radical migration, macromonomer propagation, mid-chain radical propagation, chain transfer to monomer and chain transfer to polymer. Two new approaches towards computationally predicting rate coefficients for secondary reactions are proposed: (i) explicit accounting for all possible enantiomers for reactions involving optically active centers; (ii) imposing reduced flexibility if the reaction center is in the middle of the polymer chain. The accuracy and reliability of the ab initio predictions were benchmarked against experimental data via kinetic Monte Carlo simulations under three sufficiently different experimental conditions: a high-frequency modulated polymerization process in the transient regime, a low-frequency modulated process in the sliding regime at both low and high temperatures and a degradation process in the absence of free monomers. The complete and consistent ab initio data set compiled in this work predicts a good agreement when benchmarked via kMC simulations against experimental data, which is a technique never used before for computational chemistry. The simulation results show that these two newly proposed approaches are promising for bridging the gap between experimental and computational chemistry methods in polymer reaction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. Lugo
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Center for Polymer and Material Technology (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 130, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
| | - Maarten K. Sabbe
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles, and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (F.A.L.); (P.H.M.V.S.)
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Ölscher F, Göttker-Schnetmann I, Monteil V, Mecking S. Role of Radical Species in Salicylaldiminato Ni(II) Mediated Polymer Chain Growth: A Case Study for the Migratory Insertion Polymerization of Ethylene in the Presence of Methyl Methacrylate. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14819-28. [PMID: 26571229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To date, an inconclusive and partially contradictive picture exists on the behavior of neutral Ni(II) insertion polymerization catalysts toward methyl methacrylate (MMA). We shed light on this issue by a combination of comprehensive mechanistic NMR and EPR studies, isolation of a key Ni(I) intermediate, and pressure reactor studies with ethylene and MMA, followed by detailed polymer analysis. An interlocking mechanistic picture of an insertion and a free radical polymerization is revealed. Both polymerizations run simultaneously (25 bar ethylene, neat MMA, 70 °C); however, the chain growth cycles are independent of each other, and therefore exclusively a physical mixture of homo-PE and homo-PMMA is obtained. A Ni-C bond cleavage was excluded as a free radical source. Rather a homolytic P-C bond cleavage in the labile aryl phosphine ligand and the reaction of low-valent Ni(0/I) species with specific iodo substituted N^O (Ar-I) ligands were shown to initiate radical MMA polymerizations. Several reductive elimination decomposition pathways of catalyst precursor or active intermediates were shown to form low-valent Ni species. One of those pathways is a bimolecular reductive coupling via intermediate (N^O)Ni(I) formation. These intermediate Ni(I) species can be prevented from ultimate decomposition by capturing with organic radical sources, forming insertion polymerization active [(N^O)Ni(II)-R] species and prolonging the ethylene polymerization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Ölscher
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Inigo Göttker-Schnetmann
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Université de Lyon , Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), LCPP team Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
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On the Use of Quantum Chemistry for the Determination of Propagation, Copolymerization, and Secondary Reaction Kinetics in Free Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Moghadam N, Liu S, Srinivasan S, Grady MC, Rappe AM, Soroush M. Theoretical Study of Intermolecular Chain Transfer to Polymer Reactions of Alkyl Acrylates. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504110n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Moghadam
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shi Liu
- The
Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Sriraj Srinivasan
- Arkema Inc., 900 First Avenue, King of
Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Michael C. Grady
- DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19898, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- The
Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Masoud Soroush
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Rooney TR, Mavroudakis E, Lacík I, Hutchinson RA, Moscatelli D. Pulsed-laser and quantum mechanics study of n-butyl cyanoacrylate and methyl methacrylate free-radical copolymerization. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01423e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Improved control over polymer microstructure is achieved by radical copolymerization of n-butyl cyanoacrylate with methacrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Rooney
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dupuis Hall
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Evangelos Mavroudakis
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milano
- Italy
| | - Igor Lacík
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
- 845 41 Bratislava 45
- Slovakia
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dupuis Hall
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Davide Moscatelli
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20131 Milano
- Italy
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Moghadam N, Srinivasan S, Grady MC, Rappe AM, Soroush M. Theoretical Study of Chain Transfer to Solvent Reactions of Alkyl Acrylates. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5474-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5020669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Moghadam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sriraj Srinivasan
- Arkema Inc., 900 First Avenue, King of
Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Michael C. Grady
- DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19898, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- The Makineni Theoretical
Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Masoud Soroush
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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