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Flórez-Angarita MF, Pérez-Torres JF. Photoionization of Oriented HD( 1Σ +) Yields Vibrating HD +( 2Σ +) with Charge Breathing and Small Charge Transfer. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8918-8929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. F. Pérez-Torres
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, carrera 27 calle 9, 680002Bucaramanga, Colombia
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2
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Schaupp T, Engel V. Quantum flux densities for electronic-nuclear motion: exact versus Born-Oppenheimer dynamics. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20200385. [PMID: 35341310 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study the coupled electronic-nuclear dynamics in a model system to compare numerically exact calculations of electronic and nuclear flux densities with those obtained from the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation. Within the adiabatic expansion of the total wave function, we identify the terms which contribute to the flux densities. It is found that only off-diagonal elements that involve the interaction between different electronic states contribute to the electronic flux whereas in the nuclear case the major contribution belongs to the BO electronic state. New flux densities are introduced where in both, the electronic and the nuclear case, the main contribution is contained in the component corresponding to the BO state. As a consequence, they can be determined within the BO approximation, and an excellent agreement with the exact results is found. This article is part of the theme issue 'Chemistry without the Born-Oppenheimer approximation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schaupp
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Emil-Fischer-Strasse 42, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Volker Engel
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Emil-Fischer-Strasse 42, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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3
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Yamamoto K, Takatsuka K. Binuclear Mn oxo complex as a self-contained photocatalyst in water-splitting cycle: Role of additional Mn oxides as a buffer of electrons and protons. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:024115. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5139065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamamoto
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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4
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Yamamoto K, Takatsuka K. Charge separation and successive reconfigurations of electronic and protonic states in a water-splitting catalytic cycle with the Mn4CaO5 cluster. On the mechanism of water splitting in PSII. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7912-7934. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00443j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Charge separation, reloading of electrons and protons, and O2 generation in a catalytic cycle for water splitting with Mn4CaO5 in PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamamoto
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
| | - Kazuo Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
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5
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Schild A. On the Probability Density of the Nuclei in a Vibrationally Excited Molecule. Front Chem 2019; 7:424. [PMID: 31245359 PMCID: PMC6562893 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For localized and oriented vibrationally excited molecules, the qualitative features of the one-body probability density of the nuclei (one-nucleus density) are investigated. Like the familiar and widely used one-electron density that represents the probability of finding an electron at a given location in space, the one-nucleus density represents the probability of finding a nucleus at a given position in space independent of the location of the other nuclei and independent of their type. In contrast to the electrons, however, the nuclei are comparably localized. Due to this localization of the individual nuclei, the one-nucleus density provides a quantum-mechanical representation of the "chemical picture" of the molecule as an object that can largely be understood in a three-dimensional space, even though its full nuclear probability density is defined on the high-dimensional configuration space of all the nuclei. We study how the nodal structure of the wavefunctions of vibrationally excited states translates to the one-nucleus density. It is found that nodes do not necessarily lead to visible changes in the one-nucleus density: Already for relatively small molecules, only certain vibrational excitations change the one-nucleus density qualitatively compared to the ground state. It turns out that there are simple rules for predicting the shape of the one-nucleus density from the normal mode coordinates. A Python module for the computation of the one-nucleus density is provided at https://gitlab.com/axelschild/mQNMc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schild
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Yamamoto K, Takatsuka K. On the Elementary Chemical Mechanisms of Unidirectional Proton Transfers: A Nonadiabatic Electron-Wavepacket Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4125-4138. [PMID: 30977655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We propose a set of chemical reaction mechanisms of unidirectional proton transfers, which may possibly work as an elementary process in chemical and biological systems. Being theoretically derived based on our series of studies on charge separation dynamics in water splitting by Mn oxides, the present mechanisms have been constructed after careful exploration over the accumulated biological studies on cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) and bacteriorhodopsin. In particular, we have focused on the biochemical findings in the literature that unidirectional transfers of approximately two protons are driven by one electron passage through the reaction center (binuclear center) in CcO, whereas no such dissipative electron transfer is believed to be demanded in the proton transport in bacteriorhodopsin. The proposed basic mechanisms of unidirectional proton transfers are further reduced to two elementary dynamical processes, namely, what we call the coupled proton and electron-wavepacket transfer (CPEWT) and the inverse CPEWT. To show that the proposed mechanisms can indeed be materialized in a molecular level, we construct model systems with possible molecules that are rather familiar in biological chemistry, for which we perform the ab initio calculations of full-dimensional nonadiabatic electron-wavepacket dynamics coupled with all nuclear motions including proton transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamamoto
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry , Kyoto University , Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606-8103 , Japan
| | - Kazuo Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry , Kyoto University , Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606-8103 , Japan
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7
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Schaupp T, Engel V. On the calculation of time-dependent electron momenta within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:164110. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5092562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schaupp
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Volker Engel
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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8
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Diestler DJ, Jia D, Manz J, Yang Y. Na 2 Vibrating in the Double-Well Potential of State 2 1Σ u+ (JM = 00): A Pulsating "Quantum Bubble" with Antagonistic Electronic Flux. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2150-2159. [PMID: 29364671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The theory of concerted electronic and nuclear flux densities associated with the vibration and dissociation of a multielectron nonrotating homonuclear diatomic molecule (or ion) in an electronic state 2S+1Σg,u+ (JM = 00) is presented. The electronic population density, nuclear probability density, and nuclear flux density are isotropic. A theorem of Barth , presented in this issue, shows that the electronic flux density (EFD) is also isotropic. Hence, the evolving system appears as a pulsating, or exploding, "quantum bubble". Application of the theory to Na2 vibrating in the double-minimum potential of the 2 1Σu+ (JM = 00) excited state reveals that the EFD consists of two antagonistic components. One arises from electrons that flow essentially coherently with the nuclei. The other, which is oppositely directed (i.e., antagonistic) and more intense, is due to the transition in electronic structure from "Rydberg" to "ionic" type as the nuclei traverse the potential barrier between inner and outer potential wells. This "transition" component of the EFD rises and falls sharply as the nuclei cross the barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Diestler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany.,University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, United States
| | | | - J Manz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Y Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006, China
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9
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Abstract
For an arbitrary nonstationary wave function of a nonrelativistic closed many-body system consisting of arbitrary interacting particles, the general expressions for the time-dependent one-particle probability and flux densities in the center-of-mass frame without applying Born-Oppenheimer approximation are obtained. Even the wave function for the translation is additionally introduced; it disappears in the center-of-mass frame automatically. It is shown that for the rotational ground state the time-dependent probability and flux densities of an arbitrary particle in the center-of-mass frame are isotropic. It means that the angular dependence is absent but these densities depend on radius and time. More importantly, it is shown that the angular components of the time-dependent flux density vanish. With these statements, one can calculate the radial component of the radius- and time-dependent electronic flux density within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation via the continuity equation. Application of this theory to the pulsating or exploding "quantum bubble" of the vibrating or dissociating Na2 molecule in the rotational ground state, respectively, is found elsewhere in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Barth
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics , Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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10
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Jia D, Manz J, Yang Y. Communication: Electronic flux induced by crossing the transition state. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:041101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5018236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jörn Manz
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
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11
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Albert J, Hader K, Engel V. Communication: On the calculation of time-dependent electron flux within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation: A flux-flux reflection principle. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:241101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5011807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Albert
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kilian Hader
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Engel
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Yamamoto K, Takatsuka K. Photoinduced Charge Separation Catalyzed by Manganese Oxides onto a Y-Shaped Branching Acceptor Efficiently Preventing Charge Recombination. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:537-548. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamamoto
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University; Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyou-ku Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
| | - Kazuo Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University; Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyou-ku Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
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13
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Yamamoto K, Takatsuka K. Dynamical mechanism of charge separation by photoexcited generation of proton–electron pairs in organic molecular systems. A nonadiabatic electron wavepacket dynamics study. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Yonehara T, Takatsuka K. Nonadiabtic electron dynamics in densely quasidegenerate states in highly excited boron cluster. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:164304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4947302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Yonehara
- Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takatsuka
- Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, 153-8902 Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Hermann G, Liu C, Manz J, Paulus B, Pérez-Torres JF, Pohl V, Tremblay JC. Multidirectional Angular Electronic Flux during Adiabatic Attosecond Charge Migration in Excited Benzene. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5360-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Hermann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - ChunMei Liu
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Manz
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- State
Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute
of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Beate Paulus
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jhon Fredy Pérez-Torres
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Pohl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean Christophe Tremblay
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für
Chemie und Biochemie, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Bredtmann T, Manz J, Zhao JM. Concerted Electronic and Nuclear Fluxes During Coherent Tunnelling in Asymmetric Double-Well Potentials. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3142-54. [PMID: 26799383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The quantum theory of concerted electronic and nuclear fluxes (CENFs) during coherent periodic tunnelling from reactants (R) to products (P) and back to R in molecules with asymmetric double-well potentials is developed. The results are deduced from the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation as a coherent superposition of two eigenstates; here, these are the two states of the lowest tunnelling doublet. This allows the periodic time evolutions of the resulting electronic and nuclear probability densities (EPDs and NPDs) as well as the CENFs to be expressed in terms of simple sinusodial functions. These analytical results reveal various phenomena during coherent tunnelling in asymmetric double-well potentials, e.g., all EPDs and NPDs as well as all CENFs are synchronous. Distortion of the symmetric reference to a system with an asymmetric double-well potential breaks the spatial symmetry of the EPDs and NPDs, but, surprisingly, the symmetry of the CENFs is conserved. Exemplary application to the Cope rearrangement of semibullvalene shows that tunnelling of the ideal symmetric system can be suppressed by asymmetries induced by rather small external electric fields. The amplitude for the half tunnelling, half nontunnelling border is as low as 0.218 × 10(-8) V/cm. At the same time, the delocalized eigenstates of the symmetric reference, which can be regarded as Schrödinger's cat-type states representing R and P with equal probabilities, get localized at one or the other minima of the asymmetric double-well potential, representing either R or P.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörn Manz
- Freie Universität Berlin , Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Li ZW, Yonehara T, Takatsuka K. Nonadiabatic electron wavepacket study on symmetry breaking dynamics of the low-lying excited states of cyclic-B4. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Liu C, Manz J, Yang Y. Staircase patterns of nuclear fluxes during coherent tunneling in excited doublets of symmetric double well potentials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5048-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06935a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Step-by-step flux for one-by-one transfers of the lobes of the density, from the reactant (left) to the product (right) in the excited tunneling doublet.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunMei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Jörn Manz
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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19
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Yamamoto K, Takatsuka K. An Electron Dynamics Mechanism of Charge Separation in the Initial-Stage Dynamics of Photoinduced Water Splitting in XMnWater (X=OH, OCaH) and Electron-Proton Acceptors. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2534-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Pérez-Torres JF. Dissociating H2+(2Σg+,JM=00) Ion as an Exploding Quantum Bubble. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:2895-901. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jhon Fredy Pérez-Torres
- Institut für Chemie
und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße
3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Bredtmann T, Diestler DJ, Li SD, Manz J, Pérez-Torres JF, Tian WJ, Wu YB, Yang Y, Zhai HJ. Quantum theory of concerted electronic and nuclear fluxes associated with adiabatic intramolecular processes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:29421-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03982g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Example of concerted electronic (right) and nuclear (left) fluxes: isomerization of B4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Bredtmann
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Dennis J. Diestler
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Jörn Manz
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | | | - Wen-Juan Tian
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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