1
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Hill JG, Legon AC. Radial Potential Energy Functions of Linear Halogen-Bonded Complexes YX···ClF (YX = FB, OC, SC, N 2) and the Effects of Substituting X by Second-Row Analogues: Mulliken Inner and Outer Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2511-2521. [PMID: 35426668 PMCID: PMC9097511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Energies
of linear, halogen-bonded complexes in the isoelectronic
series YX···ClF (YX = FB, OC, or N2) are
calculated at several levels of theory as a function of the intermolecular
distance r(X···Cl) to yield radial
potential energy functions. When YX = OC, a secondary minimum is observed
corresponding to lengthened and shortened distances r(ClF) and r(CCl), respectively, relative to the
primary minimum, suggesting a significant contribution from the Mulliken
inner complex structure [O=C–Cl]+···F–. A conventional weak, halogen-bond complex OC···ClF
occurs at the primary minimum. For YX = FB, the primary minimum corresponds
to the inner complex [F=B–Cl]+···F–, while the outer complex FB···ClF is
at the secondary minimum. The effects on the potential energy function
of systematic substitution of Y and X by second-row congeners and
of reversing the order of X and Y are also investigated. Symmetry-adapted
perturbation theory and natural population analyses are applied to
further understand the nature of the various halogen-bond interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grant Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Anthony C Legon
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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2
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Bhattarai S, Sutradhar D, Chandra AK. Tuning of halogen-bond strength: Comparative role of basicity and strength of σ-hole. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Kitzmiller NL, Wolf ME, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. The HOX⋯SO 2 (X=F, Cl, Br, I) Binary Complexes: Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry. Chemphyschem 2020; 22:112-126. [PMID: 33090675 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide and hypohalous acids (HOX, X=F, Cl, Br, I) are ubiquitous molecules in the atmosphere that are central to important processes like seasonal ozone depletion, acid rain, and cloud nucleation. We present the first theoretical examination of the HOX⋯SO2 binary complexes and the associated trends due to halogen substitution. Reliable geometries were optimized at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of theory for HOF and HOCl complexes. The HOBr and HOI complexes were optimized at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(D+d)Z level of theory with the exception of the Br and I atoms which were modeled with an aug-cc-pwCVDZ-PP pseudopotential. 27 HOX⋯SO2 complexes were characterized and the focal point method was employed to produce CCSDT(Q)/CBS interaction energies. Natural Bond Orbital analysis and Symmetry Adapted Perturbation Theory were used to classify the nature of each principle interaction. The interaction energies of all HOX⋯SO2 complexes in this study ranged from 1.35 to 3.81 kcal mol-1 . The single-interaction hydrogen bonded complexes spanned a range of 2.62 to 3.07 kcal mol-1 , while the single-interaction halogen bonded complexes were far more sensitive to halogen substitution ranging from 1.35 to 3.06 kcal mol-1 , indicating that the two types of interactions are extremely competitive for heavier halogens. Our results provide insight into the interactions between HOX and SO2 which may guide further research of related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L Kitzmiller
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Mark E Wolf
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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4
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Du J, Wang C, Yin S, Wang W, Mo Y. Resonance-assisted/impaired anion-π interaction: towards the design of novel anion receptors. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36181-36191. [PMID: 35517107 PMCID: PMC9056982 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07877h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Substituents alter the electron density distribution in benzene in various ways, depending on their electron withdrawing and donating capabilities, as summarized by the empirical Hammett equation. The change of the π electron density distribution subsequently impacts the interaction of substituted benzenes or other cyclic conjugated rings with anions. Currently the design and synthesis of conjugated cyclic receptors capable of binding anions is an active field due to their applications in the sensing and removal of environmental contaminants and molecular recognition. By using the block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method, which is a variant of ab initio valence bond (VB) theory and can derive the reference resonance-free state self-consistently, we quantified the resonance-assisted (RA) or resonance-impaired (RI) phenomena in anion–π interactions from both structural and energetic perspectives. The frozen interaction, in which the electrostatic attraction is involved, has been shown to be the governing factor for the RA or RI interactions with anions. Energy analyses based on the empirical point charge (EPC) model indicated that the anion–π interactions can be simplified as the attraction between a negative point charge (anion) and a group of local dipoles, affected by the enriched or diminished π-cloud due to the resonance between the substituents and the conjugated ring. Hence, two strategies for the design of novel anion receptors can be envisioned. One is the enhancement of the magnitudes and/or numbers of local dipoles (polarized σ bonds), and the other is the reduction of π electron density in conjugated rings. For cases with the RI characteristics, “curved” aromatic molecules are preferred to be anion receptors. Indeed, extremely strong binding was found in complexes formed with fluorinated corannulene (F-CDD) and fluorinated [5]cycloparaphenylene (F-[5]CPP). Inspired by the RA phenomenon, complexes of p-, o- and m-benzoquinones with halides were revisited. Substituents alter the electron density distribution in benzene in various ways, depending on their electron withdrawing and donating capabilities, as summarized by the empirical Hammett equation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
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5
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Sutradhar D, Bhattarai S, Parveen S, Chandra AK. Comparison between Chlorine-Shared and π-Halogen Bonds Involving Substituted Phosphabenzene and ClF Molecules. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24095-24105. [PMID: 32984731 PMCID: PMC7513335 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ab initio MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations have been carried out in order to study the nature of P···Cl halogen bonding interaction between a phosphorus atom in an aromatic ring in para-substituted phosphabenzene (PPBZ) and ClF molecule. The interaction of PPBZ with ClF results in two different types of complexes: (i) complex formation through the chlorine-shared halogen bond (T1-X-PPBZ·ClF) and (ii) complex formation via halogen-π interaction (T2-X-PPBZ·ClF). T1-X-PPBZ·ClF complexes are found to be more stable than the T2-X-PPBZ·ClF complexes. This work also presents a general criterion to distinguish a chlorine-shared halogen bond from a traditional halogen bond and sheds light on the formation of the chlorine-shared halogen bond. The binding energy of T1-X-PPBZ·ClF complexes correlates well with the negative electrostatic potential of the P atom and PA value of the substituted PPBZ. The properties of both T1-X-PPBZ·ClF and T2-X-PPBZ·ClF complexes are analyzed using atom-in-molecule, natural bond orbital, and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory calculations. The variation of the Cl-F bond distances and the redshifts of the ν(ClF) vibration resulting from the interaction with PPBZs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Sutradhar
- Solid
State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sumitra Bhattarai
- Department
of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Salma Parveen
- Department
of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Asit K. Chandra
- Department
of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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6
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Hydrogen vs. Halogen Bonds in 1-Halo- Closo-Carboranes. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092163. [PMID: 32392865 PMCID: PMC7254210 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical study of the hydrogen bond (HB) and halogen bond (XB) complexes between 1-halo-closo-carboranes and hydrogen cyanide (NCH) as HB and XB probe has been carried out at the MP2 computational level. The energy results show that the HB complexes are more stable than the XBs for the same system, with the exception of the isoenergetic iodine derivatives. The analysis of the electron density with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) shows the presence of a unique intermolecular bond critical point with the typical features of weak noncovalent interactions (small values of the electron density and positive Laplacian and total energy density). The natural energy decomposition analysis (NEDA) of the complexes shows that the HB and XB complexes are dominated by the charge-transfer and polarization terms, respectively. The work has been complemented with a search in the CSD database of analogous complexes and the comparison of the results, with those of the 1-halobenzene:NCH complexes showing smaller binding energies and larger intermolecular distances as compared to the 1-halo-closo-carboranes:NCH complexes.
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7
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Relativistic Effects on NMR Parameters of Halogen-Bonded Complexes. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234399. [PMID: 31810199 PMCID: PMC6930553 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Relativistic effects are found to be important for the estimation of NMR parameters in halogen-bonded complexes, mainly when they involve the heavier elements, iodine and astatine. A detailed study of 60 binary complexes formed between dihalogen molecules (XY with X, Y = F, Cl, Br, I and At) and four Lewis bases (NH3, H2O, PH3 and SH2) was carried out at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ/aug-cc-pVTZ-PP computational level to show the extent of these effects. The NMR parameters (shielding and nuclear quadrupolar coupling constants) were computed using the relativistic Hamiltonian ZORA and compared to the values obtained with a non-relativistic Hamiltonian. The results show a mixture of the importance of the relativistic corrections as both the size of the halogen atom and the proximity of this atom to the basic site of the Lewis base increase.
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8
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Shiekh BA, Kaur D, Kaur R. Probing non-covalent interactions of phosphine and arsine derivatives: an energy decomposition analysis using localized molecular orbitals. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Lu J, Scheiner S. Comparison of halogen with proton transfer. Symmetric and asymmetric systems. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Halogen bonds are prevalent in many areas of chemistry, physics, and biology. We present a statistical model for the interaction energies of halogen-bonded systems at equilibrium based on high-accuracy ab initio benchmark calculations for a range of complexes. Remarkably, the resulting model requires only two fitted parameters, X and B—one for each molecule—and optionally the equilibrium separation, R e , between them, taking the simple form E = X B / R e n . For n = 4 , it gives negligible root-mean-squared deviations of 0.14 and 0.28 kcal mol - 1 over separate fitting and validation data sets of 60 and 74 systems, respectively. The simple model is shown to outperform some of the best density functionals for non-covalent interactions, once parameters are available, at essentially zero computational cost. Additionally, we demonstrate how it can be transferred to completely new, much larger complexes and still achieve accuracy within 0.5 kcal mol - 1 . Using a principal component analysis and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory, we further show how the model can be used to predict the physical nature of a halogen bond, providing an efficient way to gain insight into the behavior of halogen-bonded systems. This means that the model can be used to highlight cases where induction or dispersion significantly affect the underlying nature of the interaction.
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11
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12
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Wang C, Danovich D, Shaik S, Wu W, Mo Y. Attraction between electrophilic caps: A counterintuitive case of noncovalent interactions. J Comput Chem 2018; 40:1015-1022. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 360015 China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of ChemistryWestern Michigan University Kalamazoo Michigan 49008
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13
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Quiñonero D, Alkorta I, Elguero J. Cation-cation and anion-anion complexes stabilized by halogen bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:27939-27950. [PMID: 27711592 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03662g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stable minima showing halogen bonds between charged molecules with the same sign have been explored by means of theoretical calculations. The dissociation transition states and their corresponding barriers have also been characterized. In all cases, the results indicate that the complexes are thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable with respect to the isolated monomers in gas phase. A corrected binding energy profile by removing the charge-charge repulsion of the monomers shows a profile similar to the one observed for the dissociation of analogous neutral systems. The nature of the interaction in the minima and TSs has been analyzed using the symmetry adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) method. The results indicate the presence of local favorable electrostatic interactions in the minima that vanish in the TSs. Natural bond orbital (NBO) and "atoms-in-molecules" (AIM) theories were used to analyze the complexes, obtaining good correlations between Laplacian and electron density values with both bond distances and charge-transfer energy contributions E(2). The largest E(2) orbital interaction energies for cation-cation and anion-anion complexes are 561.2 and 197.9 kJ mol-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Quiñonero
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Oliveira V, Kraka E, Cremer D. The intrinsic strength of the halogen bond: electrostatic and covalent contributions described by coupled cluster theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:33031-33046. [PMID: 27886325 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06613e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
36 halogen-bonded complexes YXARm (X: F, Cl, Br; Y: donor group; ARm acceptor group) have been investigated at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Binding energies, geometries, NBO charges, charge transfer, dipole moments, electrostatic potential, electron and energy density distributions, difference density distributions, vibrational frequencies, local stretching and bending force constants, and relative bond strength orders n have been calculated and used to order the halogen bonds according to their intrinsic strength. Halogen bonding is found to arise from electrostatic and strong covalent contributions. It can be strengthened by H-bonding or lone pair delocalization. The covalent character of a halogen bond increases in the way 3c-4e (three-center-four-electron) bonding becomes possible. One can characterize halogen bonds by their percentage of 3c-4e bonding. FCl-phosphine complexes can form relatively strong halogen bonds provided electronegative substituents increase the covalent contributions in form of 3c-4e halogen bonding. Binding energies between 1 and 45 kcal mol-1 are calculated, which reflects the large variety in halogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytor Oliveira
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, USA.
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, USA.
| | - Dieter Cremer
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, USA.
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15
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Oliveira V, Kraka E. Systematic Coupled Cluster Study of Noncovalent Interactions Involving Halogens, Chalcogens, and Pnicogens. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9544-9556. [PMID: 29154546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The noncovalent interactions of 32 complexes involving pnicogens, chalcogens, and halogens atoms were investigated at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Two different types of complexes could be distinguished on the basis of geometric parameters, electron difference densities, and the charge transfer mechanisms associated with each type. In the type I conformation, the monomers adopt a skewed orientation allowing charge to be transfer between both monomers, whereas in the type II conformation the monomers adopt a linear arrangement, maximizing charge transfer in only one direction. Type I complexes involving the interaction between pnicogens and chalcogens cannot be unambiguously defined as chalcogen or pnicogen bonds, they are an admixture of both. The charge transfer dependence on the conformation adopted by the complexes described in this work can serve as a novel conformationally driven design concept for materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytor Oliveira
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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Del Bene JE, Alkorta I, Elguero J. Halogen Bonding Involving CO and CS with Carbon as the Electron Donor. Molecules 2017; 22:E1955. [PMID: 29137153 PMCID: PMC6150174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MP2/aug'-cc-pVTZ calculations have been carried out to investigate the halogen-bonded complexes formed when CO and CS act as electron-pair donors through C to ClF, ClNC, ClCl, ClOH, ClCN, ClCCH, and ClNH₂. CO forms only complexes stabilized by traditional halogen bonds, and all ClY molecules form traditional halogen-bonded complexes with SC, except ClF which forms only an ion-pair complex. Ion-pair complexes are also found on the SC:ClNC and SC:ClCl surfaces. SC:ClY complexes stabilized by traditional halogen bonds have greater binding energies than the corresponding OC:ClY complexes. The largest binding energies are found for the ion-pair SC-Cl⁺:-Y complexes. The transition structures which connect the complex and the ion pair on SC:ClNC and SC:ClCl potential surfaces provide the barriers for inter-converting these structures. Charge-transfer from the lone pair on C to the σ-hole on Cl is the primary charge-transfer interaction stabilizing OC:ClY and SC:ClY complexes with traditional halogen bonds. A secondary charge-transfer occurs from the lone pairs on Cl to the in-plane and out-of-plane π antibonding orbitals of ClY. This secondary interaction assumes increased importance in the SC:ClNH₂ complex, and is a factor leading to its unusual structure. C-O and C-S stretching frequencies and 13C chemical shieldings increase upon complex formation with ClY molecules. These two spectroscopic properties clearly differentiate between SC:ClY complexes and SC-Cl⁺:-Y ion pairs. Spin-spin coupling constants 1xJ(C-Cl) for OC:ClY complexes increase with decreasing distance. As a function of the C-Cl distance, 1xJ(C-Cl) and ¹J(C-Cl) provide a fingerprint of the evolution of the halogen bond from a traditional halogen bond in the complexes, to a chlorine-shared halogen bond in the transition structures, to a covalent bond in the ion pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Del Bene
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA.
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Chalanchi SM, Alkorta I, Elguero J, Quiñonero D. Hydrogen Bond versus Halogen Bond in Cation-Cation Complexes: Effect of the Solvent. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3462-3468. [PMID: 28881408 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Competition between hydrogen- (HB) and halogen-bonded (XB) 4-ammoniumpyridine and halogenammonium (NHn F3-n X+ ; n=0-3; X=F, Cl, Br, and I) cation-cation complexes are explored by means of DFT calculations. HB and XB minima structures are found for all systems in the gas phase. As the number of fluorine atoms increases, the HB complexes are more favored than those of XB. Proton transfer is generally observed in complexes with two, three, or four halogen atoms. The XB complexes evolve from traditional halogen bonds, to halogen-shared complexes, and to ionic complexes as the number of fluorine atoms increases. The dissociation transition states and their corresponding barriers are also characterized; the barriers increase as the number of fluorine atoms increases. The results if solvent effects are considered indicate that, even in an apolar solvent, such as n-hexane, most of the complexes have favorable binding energies. Atoms-in-molecules theory is used to analyze the complexes, and results in good correlations between electron density and total electron energy density (Η) values with the intermolecular bond length. According to the Η values obtained, the covalency of these interactions starts to manifest at distances around 72-74 % the sum of the van der Waals radii of the interacting atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Quiñonero
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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18
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Del Bene JE, Alkorta I, Elguero J. Carbenes as Electron-Pair Donors for P⋅⋅⋅C Pnicogen Bonds. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1597-1610. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet E. Del Bene
- Department of Chemistry; Youngstown State University; Youngstown Ohio 44555 USA
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica ( IQM-CSIC); Juan de la Cierva, 3 E-28006 Madrid Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica ( IQM-CSIC); Juan de la Cierva, 3 E-28006 Madrid Spain
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19
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Nunes R, Costa PJ. Ion-Pair Halogen Bonds in 2-Halo-Functionalized Imidazolium Chloride Receptors: Substituent and Solvent Effects. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:586-594. [PMID: 28052536 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of 2-halo-functionalized imidazolium derivatives (n-X+ ; X=Cl, Br, I) with a chloride anion through ion-pair halogen bonds (n-X⋅Cl) was studied by means of DFT and ab initio calculations. A method benchmark was performed on 2-bromo-1H-imidazol-3-ium in association with chloride (1-Br⋅Cl); MP2 yielded the best results when compared with CCSD(T) calculations. The interaction energies (ΔE) in the gas phase are high and, although the electrostatic interaction is strong owing to the ion-pair nature of the system, large X⋅⋅⋅Cl- Wiberg bond orders and contributions from charge transfer (nCl- →σ*C-X) are obtained. These values drop considerably in chloroform and water; this shows that solvent plays a role in modulating the interaction and that gas-phase calculations are particularly unrealistic for experimental applications. The introduction of electron-withdrawing groups in the 4,5-positions of the imidazolium (e.g., -NO2 , -F) increases the halogen-bond strength in both the gas phase and solvent, including water. The effect of the substituents on the 1,3-positions (N-H groups) also depends on the solvent. The variation of ΔE can be predicted through a two-parameter linear regression that optimizes the weights of charge-transfer and electrostatic interactions, which are different in vacuum and in solvent (chloroform and water). These results could be used in the rational design of efficient chloride receptors based on halogen bonds that work in solution, in particular, in an aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Nunes
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, DQB, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Costa
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, DQB, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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20
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Del Bene JE, Alkorta I, Elguero J, Sánchez-Sanz G. Lone-Pair Hole on P: P···N Pnicogen Bonds Assisted by Halogen Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1362-1370. [PMID: 28156104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio MP2/aug'-cc-pVTZ calculations have been performed on the binary complexes XY:PH3 for XY = ClCl, FCl, and FBr; and PH3:N-base for N-base = NCH, NH3, NCF, NCCN, and N2; and the corresponding ternary complexes XY:PH3:N-base, to investigate P···N pnicogen bond formation through the lone-pair hole at P in the binary complexes and P···N pnicogen-bond formation assisted by P···Y halogen bond formation through the σ-hole at Y. Although the binary complexes PH3:N-base that form through the lone-pair hole have very small binding energies, they are not equilibrium structures on their potential surfaces. The presence of the P···Y halogen bond makes PH3 a better electron-pair acceptor through its lone-pair hole, leading to stable ternary complexes XY:PH3:N-base. The halogen bonds in ClCl:PH3 and ClCl:PH3:NCCN are traditional halogen bonds, but in the remaining binary and ternary complexes, they are chlorine- or bromine-shared halogen bonds. For a given nitrogen base, the P···N pnicogen bond in the ternary complex FCl:PH3:N-base appears to be stronger than that bond in FBr:PH3:N-base, which is stronger than the P···N bond in the corresponding ClCl:PH3:N-base complex. EOM-CCSD spin-spin coupling constants for the binary and ternary complexes with ClCl and FCl are also consistent with the changing nature of the halogen bonds in these complexes. At long P-Cl distances, the coupling constant 1xJ(P-Cl) increases with decreasing distance but then decreases as the P-Cl distance continues to decrease, and the halogen bonds become chlorine-shared bonds. At the shorter distances, 1xJ(P-Cl) approaches the value of 1J(P-Cl) for the cation +(Cl-PH3). The coupling constants 1pJ(P-N) are small and, with one exception, are greater in ClCl:PH3:N-base complexes compared to that in FCl:PH3:N-base, despite the shorter P-N distances in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Del Bene
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University , Youngstown, Ohio 44555, United States
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC) , Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC) , Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Goar Sánchez-Sanz
- Irish Centre of High-End Computing (ICHEC) , Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2 D02 HP83, Ireland
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21
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Del Bene JE, Alkorta I, Elguero J. Using one halogen bond to change the nature of a second bond in ternary complexes with P⋯Cl and F⋯Cl halogen bonds. Faraday Discuss 2017; 203:29-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio MP2/aug’-cc-pVTZ calculations have been carried out to determine the effect of the presence of one halogen bond on the nature of the other in ternary complexes H2XP:ClF:ClH and H2XP:ClF:ClF, for X = F, Cl, H, NC, and CN. The P⋯Cl bonds remain chlorine-shared halogen bonds in the ternary complexes H2XP:ClF:ClH, although the degree of chlorine sharing increases relative to the corresponding binary complexes. The F⋯Cl bonds in the ternary complexes remain traditional halogen bonds. The binding energies of the complexes H2XP:ClF:ClH increase relative to the corresponding binary complexes, and nonadditivities of binding energies are synergistic. In contrast, the presence of two halogen bonds in the ternary complexes H2XP:ClF:ClF has a dramatic effect on the nature of these bonds in the four most strongly bound complexes. In these, chlorine transfer occurs across the P⋯Cl halogen bond to produce complexes represented as (H2XP–Cl)+:−(F:ClF). In the ion-pair, the cation is also halogen bonded to the anion by a Cl⋯F− halogen bond, while the anion is stabilized by an −F⋯Cl halogen bond. The central ClF molecule no longer exists as a molecule. The binding energies of the ternary H2XP:ClF:ClF complexes are significantly greater than the binding energies of the H2XP:ClF:ClH complexes, and nonadditivities exhibit large synergistic effects. The Wiberg bond indexes for the complexes H2XP:ClF, H2XP:ClF:ClH, and H2XP:ClF:ClF, and the cations (H2XP–Cl)+ reflect the changes in the P–Cl and Cl–F bonds. Similarly, EOM-CCSD spin–spin coupling constants are also consistent with the changes in these same bonds. In particular, 1xJ(P–Cl) in H2XP:ClF complexes becomes 1J(P–Cl) in the ternary complexes with chlorine-transferred halogen bonds. A plot of these coupling constants shows a change in the curvature of the trendline as chlorine-shared halogen bonds in H2XP:ClF:ClH become chlorine-transferred halogen bonds in H2XP:ClF:ClF. 1xJ(F–Cl) coupling constants also reflect changes in the nature of F⋯Cl halogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC)
- E-28006 Madrid
- Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC)
- E-28006 Madrid
- Spain
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Oliveira V, Kraka E, Cremer D. Quantitative Assessment of Halogen Bonding Utilizing Vibrational Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2016; 56:488-502. [PMID: 27966937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 202 halogen-bonded complexes have been studied using a dual-level approach: ωB97XD/aug-cc-pVTZ was used to determine geometries, natural bond order charges, charge transfer, dipole moments, electron and energy density distributions, vibrational frequencies, local stretching force constants, and relative bond strength orders n. The accuracy of these calculations was checked for a subset of complexes at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Apart from this, all binding energies were verified at the CCSD(T) level. A total of 10 different electronic effects have been identified that contribute to halogen bonding and explain the variation in its intrinsic strength. Strong halogen bonds are found for systems with three-center-four-electron (3c-4e) bonding such as chlorine donors in interaction with substituted phosphines. If halogen bonding is supported by hydrogen bonding, genuine 3c-4e bonding can be realized. Perfluorinated diiodobenzenes form relatively strong halogen bonds with alkylamines as they gain stability due to increased electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytor Oliveira
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University (SMU) , 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University (SMU) , 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Dieter Cremer
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University (SMU) , 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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23
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Xu H, Cheng J, Li Q, Li W. Some measures for making a traditional halogen bond be chlorine-shared or ion-pair one in FCl•NH3 complex. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1255798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huili Xu
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Cheng
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzuo Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
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24
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Shaw RA, Hill JG, Legon AC. Halogen Bonding with Phosphine: Evidence for Mulliken Inner Complexes and the Importance of Relaxation Energy. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8461-8468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Shaw
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - J. Grant Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Anthony C. Legon
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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25
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Alkorta I, Elguero J, Del Bene JE. Boron as an Electron-Pair Donor for B⋅⋅⋅Cl Halogen Bonds. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3112-3119. [PMID: 27412758 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
MP2/aug'-cc-pVTZ calculations were performed to investigate boron as an electron-pair donor in halogen-bonded complexes (CO)2 (HB):ClX and (N2 )2 (HB):ClX, for X=F, Cl, OH, NC, CN, CCH, CH3 , and H. Equilibrium halogen-bonded complexes with boron as the electron-pair donor are found on all of the potential surfaces, except for (CO)2 (HB):ClCH3 and (N2 )2 (HB):ClF. The majority of these complexes are stabilized by traditional halogen bonds, except for (CO)2 (HB):ClF, (CO)2 (HB):ClCl, (N2 )2 (HB):ClCl, and (N2 )2 (HB):ClOH, which are stabilized by chlorine-shared halogen bonds. These complexes have increased binding energies and shorter B-Cl distances. Charge transfer stabilizes all complexes and occurs from the B lone pair to the σ* Cl-A orbital of ClX, in which A is the atom of X directly bonded to Cl. A second reduced charge-transfer interaction occurs in (CO)2 (HB):ClX complexes from the Cl lone pair to the π* C≡O orbitals. Equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) spin-spin coupling constants, 1x J(B-Cl), across the halogen bonds are also indicative of the changing nature of this bond. 1x J(B-Cl) values for both series of complexes are positive at long distances, increase as the distance decreases, and then decrease as the halogen bonds change from traditional to chlorine-shared bonds, and begin to approach the values for the covalent bonds in the corresponding ions [(CO)2 (HB)-Cl]+ and [(N2 )2 (HB)-Cl]+ . Changes in 11 B chemical shieldings upon complexation correlate with changes in the charges on B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Janet E Del Bene
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, 44555, USA.
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26
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Suponitsky KY, Burakov NI, Kanibolotsky AL, Mikhailov VA. Multiple Noncovalent Bonding in Halogen Complexes with Oxygen Organics. I. Tertiary Amides. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4179-90. [PMID: 27228362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the structure and binding of adducts of N,N'-diacetylpiperazine with halogens and interhalogens based on combination of different experimental methods and quantum chemical calculations. On the basis of conductometric and spectro-photometric experimental results, behavior of complexes in the acetonitrile solution was described. The iodine adduct with N,N'-diacetylpiperazine fully degrades into components. Adducts of interhalogens I-X (X = Cl or Br) with N,N'-diacetylpiperazine in acetonitrile partially dissociate to anionic [X-I-X](-) and cationic species. In the solid state, molecules are connected via C═O···I, C-H···I, and Cl···Cl attractive interactions. N,N'-diacetylpiperazine···dihalogen complex is stabilized by simultaneous C═O···I and C-H···I interactions. Such binding mode allows to explain the problems of the direct halogenation of acetyl-containing compounds with molecular halogens as reagents. We believe that the observed binding pattern can be used as prototypical for future design of halogeno complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrill Yu Suponitsky
- X-ray Structural Centre, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , 28 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - N I Burakov
- L. M. Litvinenko Institute of Physical Organic and Coal Chemistry , R. Luxemburg Street 70, 83114 Donetsk, Ukraine
| | - Alexander L Kanibolotsky
- L. M. Litvinenko Institute of Physical Organic and Coal Chemistry , R. Luxemburg Street 70, 83114 Donetsk, Ukraine.,WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilii A Mikhailov
- L. M. Litvinenko Institute of Physical Organic and Coal Chemistry , R. Luxemburg Street 70, 83114 Donetsk, Ukraine
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27
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Marín-Luna M, Alkorta I, Elguero J. The effect of cytosine methylation on its halogen-bonding properties. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Cheng N, Liu Y, Zhang C. Theoretical studies of traditional and halogen-shared halogen bonds: the doped all-metal aromatic clusters MAl3 − (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) as halogen bond acceptors. Theor Chem Acc 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-015-1752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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On the nature of halogen bonded complexes between carbonyl bases and chlorotrifluoromethane. Theor Chem Acc 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-015-1706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Alkorta I, Elguero J, Mó O, Yáñez M, Del Bene JE. Using beryllium bonds to change halogen bonds from traditional to chlorine-shared to ion-pair bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:2259-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04574b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic synergistic cooperative effects between Be⋯F beryllium bonds and Cl⋯N halogen bonds in XYBe:FCl:N-base ternary complexes lead to changes in the halogen-bond type from traditional to chlorine-shared to ion-pair bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC)
- 28006-Madrid
- Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC)
- 28006-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Otilia Mó
- Departamento de Química
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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31
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Donoso-Tauda O, Jaque P, Elguero J, Alkorta I. Traditional and ion-pair halogen-bonded complexes between chlorine and bromine derivatives and a nitrogen-heterocyclic carbene. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:9552-60. [PMID: 25188812 DOI: 10.1021/jp506663x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical study of the halogen-bonded complexes (A-X···C) formed between halogenated derivatives (A-X; A = F, Cl, Br, CN, CCH, CF3, CH3, H; and X = Cl, Br) and a nitrogen heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-dimethylimidazole-2-ylidene (MeIC) has been performed using MP2/aug'-cc-pVDZ level of theory. Two types of A-X:MeIC complexes, called here type-I and -II, were found and characterized. The first group is described by long C-X distances and small binding energies (8-54 kJ·mol(-1)). In general, these complexes show the traditional behavior of systems containing halogen-bonding interactions. The second type is characterized by short C-X distances and large binding energies (148-200 kJ·mol(-1)), and on the basis of the topological analysis of the electron density, they correspond to ion-pair halogen-bonded complexes. These complexes can be seen as the interaction between two charged fragments: A(-) and (+)[X-CIMe] with a high electrostatic contribution in the binding energy. The charge transfer between lone pair A(LP) to the σ* orbital of C-X bond is also identified as a significant stabilizing interaction in type-II complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Donoso-Tauda
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello , Av. Republica 275, Santiago, Chile
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