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Yanaka S, Yagi-Utsumi M, Kato K, Kuwajima K. The B domain of protein A retains residual structures in 6 M guanidinium chloride as revealed by hydrogen/deuterium-exchange NMR spectroscopy. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4569. [PMID: 36659853 PMCID: PMC9926473 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of residual structures persistent in unfolded proteins is an important issue in studies of protein folding, because the residual structures present, if any, may form a folding initiation site and guide the subsequent folding reactions. Here, we studied the residual structures of the isolated B domain (BDPA) of staphylococcal protein A in 6 M guanidinium chloride. BDPA is a small three-helix-bundle protein, and until recently its folding/unfolding reaction has been treated as a simple two-state process between the native and the fully unfolded states. We employed a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-quenched hydrogen/deuterium (H/D)-exchange 2D NMR techniques with the use of spin desalting columns, which allowed us to investigate the H/D-exchange behavior of individually identified peptide amide (NH) protons. We obtained H/D-exchange protection factors of the 21 NH protons that form an α-helical hydrogen bond in the native structure, and the majority of these NH protons were significantly protected with a protection factor of 2.0-5.2 in 6 M guanidinium chloride, strongly suggesting that these weakly protected NH protons form much stronger hydrogen bonds under native folding conditions. The results can be used to deduce the structure of an early folding intermediate, when such an intermediate is shown by other methods. Among three native helical regions, the third helix in the C-terminal side was highly protected and stabilized by side-chain salt bridges, probably acting as the folding initiation site of BDPA. The present results are discussed in relation to previous experimental and computational findings on the folding mechanisms of BDPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (the Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Maho Yagi-Utsumi
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (the Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (the Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Kuwajima
- Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Kamenik AS, Linker SM, Riniker S. Enhanced sampling without borders: on global biasing functions and how to reweight them. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1225-1236. [PMID: 34935813 PMCID: PMC8768491 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04809k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are a powerful tool to follow the time evolution of biomolecular motions in atomistic resolution. However, the high computational demand of these simulations limits the timescales of motions that can be observed. To resolve this issue, so called enhanced sampling techniques are developed, which extend conventional MD algorithms to speed up the simulation process. Here, we focus on techniques that apply global biasing functions. We provide a broad overview of established enhanced sampling methods and promising new advances. As the ultimate goal is to retrieve unbiased information from biased ensembles, we also discuss benefits and limitations of common reweighting schemes. In addition to concisely summarizing critical assumptions and implications, we highlight the general application opportunities as well as uncertainties of global enhanced sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Kamenik
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie M Linker
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sereina Riniker
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Abstract
Proteins are molecular machines whose function depends on their ability to achieve complex folds with precisely defined structural and dynamic properties. The rational design of proteins from first-principles, or de novo, was once considered to be impossible, but today proteins with a variety of folds and functions have been realized. We review the evolution of the field from its earliest days, placing particular emphasis on how this endeavor has illuminated our understanding of the principles underlying the folding and function of natural proteins, and is informing the design of macromolecules with unprecedented structures and properties. An initial set of milestones in de novo protein design focused on the construction of sequences that folded in water and membranes to adopt folded conformations. The first proteins were designed from first-principles using very simple physical models. As computers became more powerful, the use of the rotamer approximation allowed one to discover amino acid sequences that stabilize the desired fold. As the crystallographic database of protein structures expanded in subsequent years, it became possible to construct proteins by assembling short backbone fragments that frequently recur in Nature. The second set of milestones in de novo design involves the discovery of complex functions. Proteins have been designed to bind a variety of metals, porphyrins, and other cofactors. The design of proteins that catalyze hydrolysis and oxygen-dependent reactions has progressed significantly. However, de novo design of catalysts for energetically demanding reactions, or even proteins that bind with high affinity and specificity to highly functionalized complex polar molecules remains an importnant challenge that is now being achieved. Finally, the protein design contributed significantly to our understanding of membrane protein folding and transport of ions across membranes. The area of membrane protein design, or more generally of biomimetic polymers that function in mixed or non-aqueous environments, is now becoming increasingly possible.
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Yang YI, Shao Q, Zhang J, Yang L, Gao YQ. Enhanced sampling in molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:070902. [PMID: 31438687 DOI: 10.1063/1.5109531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although molecular dynamics simulations have become a useful tool in essentially all fields of chemistry, condensed matter physics, materials science, and biology, there is still a large gap between the time scale which can be reached in molecular dynamics simulations and that observed in experiments. To address the problem, many enhanced sampling methods were introduced, which effectively extend the time scale being approached in simulations. In this perspective, we review a variety of enhanced sampling methods. We first discuss collective-variables-based methods including metadynamics and variationally enhanced sampling. Then, collective variable free methods such as parallel tempering and integrated tempering methods are presented. At last, we conclude with a brief introduction of some newly developed combinatory methods. We summarize in this perspective not only the theoretical background and numerical implementation of these methods but also the new challenges and prospects in the field of the enhanced sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Isaac Yang
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Shao
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 6, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Lijiang Yang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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5
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Abstract
The folding simulations of three ββα-motifs and β-barrel structured proteins (NTL9, NuG2b, and CspA) were performed to determine the important roles of native and nonnative contacts in protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shao
- Drug Discovery and Design Center
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
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6
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Wang Y, Tian P, Boomsma W, Lindorff-Larsen K. Monte Carlo Sampling of Protein Folding by Combining an All-Atom Physics-Based Model with a Native State Bias. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:11174-11185. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Pengfei Tian
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wouter Boomsma
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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7
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Peng X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu Q, Chu H, Zhang D, Li G. Integrating Multiple Accelerated Molecular Dynamics To Improve Accuracy of Free Energy Calculations. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:1216-1227. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangda Peng
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Chinese
Academy of Science, University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuebin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - QingLong Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Huiying Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Dinglin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Guohui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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Shao Q, Shi J, Zhu W. Determining Protein Folding Pathway and Associated Energetics through Partitioned Integrated-Tempering-Sampling Simulation. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:1229-1243. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shao
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiye Shi
- UCB Biopharma
SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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9
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Shao Q. Enhanced conformational sampling technique provides an energy landscape view of large-scale protein conformational transitions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29170-29182. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05634b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel in silico approach (NMA–ITS) is introduced to rapidly and effectively sample the configuration space and give quantitative data for exploring the conformational changes of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shao
- Drug Discovery and Design Center
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
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10
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Yang L, Liu CW, Shao Q, Zhang J, Gao YQ. From thermodynamics to kinetics: enhanced sampling of rare events. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:947-55. [PMID: 25781363 DOI: 10.1021/ar500267n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite great advances in molecular dynamics simulations, there remain large gaps between the simulations and experimental observations in terms of the time and length scales that can be approached. Developing fast and accurate algorithms and methods is of ultimate importance to bridge these gaps. In this Account, we briefly summarize recent efforts in such directions. In particular, we focus on integrated tempering sampling. The efficiency of this sampling method has been demonstrated by applications to a range of chemical and biological problems: protein folding, molecular cluster structure searches, and chemical reactions. The combination of integrated tempering sampling and a trajectory sampling method allows the calculation of rate constants and reaction pathways without predefined collective coordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qiang Shao
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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11
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Davis CM, Cooper AK, Dyer RB. Fast helix formation in the B domain of protein A revealed by site-specific infrared probes. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1758-66. [PMID: 25706439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of experimental and computational protein folding studies can be difficult because of differences in structural resolution. Isotope-edited infrared spectroscopy offers a direct measure of structural changes involved in protein folding at the single-residue level. Here we demonstrate the increased resolution of site-specific infrared probes to the peptide backbone in the B domain of staphylococcal protein A (BdpA). (13)C═(18)O-labeled methionine was incorporated into each of the helices using recombinant protein expression. Laser-induced temperature jumps coupled with infrared spectroscopy were used to probe changes in the peptide backbone on the submillisecond time scale. The relaxation kinetics of the buried helices, solvated helices, and labeled positions were measured independently by probing the corresponding bands assigned in the amide I region. Using these wavelength-dependent measurements, we observe a fast nanosecond phase and slower microsecond phase at each position. We find at least partial formation of helices 1-3 in the fast intermediate state that precedes the transition state. These measurements provide direct, time-resolved experimental evidence of the early formation of partial helical structure in helices 1 and 3, supporting folding models proposed by computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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12
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Shao Q. Important roles of hydrophobic interactions in folding and charge interactions in misfolding of α-helix bundle protein. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An enhanced-sampling molecular dynamics simulation is presented to quantitatively demonstrate the important roles of hydrophobic and charge interactions in the folding and misfolding of α-helix bundle protein, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shao
- Drug Discovery and Design Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
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