1
|
Potassium Glutamate and Glycine Betaine Induce Self-Assembly of the PCNA and β-Sliding Clamps. Biophys J 2020; 120:73-85. [PMID: 33221249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sliding clamps are oligomeric ring-shaped proteins that increase the efficiency of DNA replication. The stability of the Escherichia coli β-clamp, a homodimer, is particularly remarkable. The dissociation equilibrium constant of the β-clamp is of the order of 10 pM in buffers of moderate ionic strength. Coulombic electrostatic interactions have been shown to contribute to this remarkable stability. Increasing NaCl concentration in the assay buffer results in decreased dimer stability and faster subunit dissociation kinetics in a way consistent with simple charge-screening models. Here, we examine non-Coulombic ionic effects on the oligomerization properties of sliding clamps. We determined relative diffusion coefficients of two sliding clamps using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Replacing NaCl by KGlu, the primary cytoplasmic salt in E. coli, results in a decrease of the diffusion coefficient of these proteins consistent with the formation of protein assemblies. The UV-vis spectrum of the β-clamp labeled with tetramethylrhodamine shows the characteristic absorption band of dimers of rhodamine when KGlu is present in the buffer. This suggests that KGlu induces the formation of assemblies that involve two or more rings stacked face-to-face. Results can be quantitatively explained on the basis of unfavorable interactions between KGlu and the functional groups on the protein surface, which drive biomolecular processes that bury exposed surface. Similar results were obtained with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PCNA sliding clamp, suggesting that KGlu effects are not specific to the β-clamp. Clamp association is also promoted by glycine betaine, a zwitterionic compound that accumulates intracellularly when E. coli is exposed to high concentrations of extracellular solute. Possible biological implications are discussed.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang H, Lallemang M, Hermann B, Wallin C, Loch R, Blanc A, Balzer BN, Hugel T, Luo J. ATP Impedes the Inhibitory Effect of Hsp90 on Aβ 40 Fibrillation. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166717. [PMID: 33220262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that assists protein folding in an Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent way. Hsp90 has been reported to interact with Alzheimeŕs disease associated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and to suppress toxic oligomer- and fibril formation. However, the mechanism remains largely unclear. Here we use a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and biochemical analysis to quantify this interaction and put forward a microscopic picture including rate constants for the different transitions towards fibrillation. We show that Hsp90 binds to Aβ40 monomers weakly but inhibits Aβ40 from growing into fibrils at substoichiometric concentrations. ATP impedes this interaction, presumably by modulating Hsp90's conformational dynamics and reducing its hydrophobic surface. Altogether, these results might indicate alternative ways to prevent Aβ40 fibrillation by manipulating chaperones that are already abundant in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Wang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Max Lallemang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Hermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Wallin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Loch
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Alain Blanc
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Bizan N Balzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hugel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jinghui Luo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Koch D. Homo-Oligomerisation in Signal Transduction: Dynamics, Homeostasis, Ultrasensitivity, Bistability. J Theor Biol 2020; 499:110305. [PMID: 32437710 PMCID: PMC7327509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Homo-oligomerisation of proteins is a ubiquitous phenomenon whose exact role remains unclear in many cases. To identify novel functions, this paper provides an exploration of general dynamical mathematical models of homo-oligomerisation. Simulation and analysis of these models show that homo-oligomerisation on its own allows for a remarkable variety of complex dynamic and steady state regulatory behaviour such as transient overshoots or homeostatic control of monomer concentration. If post-translational modifications are considered, however, conventional mass action kinetics lead to thermodynamic inconsistencies due to asymmetric combinatorial expansion of reaction routes. Introducing a conservation principle to balance rate equations re-establishes thermodynamic consistency. Using such balanced models it is shown that oligomerisation can lead to bistability by enabling pseudo-multisite modification and kinetic pseudo-cooperativity via multi-enzyme regulation, thereby constituting a novel motif for bistable modification reactions. Due to these potential signal processing capabilities, homo-oligomerisation could play far more versatile roles in signal transduction than previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Koch
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumari N, Yadav S. Modulation of protein oligomerization: An overview. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 149:99-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
5
|
Frieden C. Protein oligomerization as a metabolic control mechanism: Application to apoE. Protein Sci 2019; 28:837-842. [PMID: 30701627 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been estimated that 30%-50% of proteins self-assemble to form complexes consisting of multiple copies of themselves. If there is a functional difference between different molecular weight forms and if these forms interconvert on a reasonable time scale then oligomerization could be an important metabolic control mechanism. The example given here is of apoE for which the oligomerization process is measured in minutes to hours and the monomer binds lipids while the tetramer does not. Examination of the literature reveals few reports on the rate constants that control the interconversion of different molecular weight forms. Perhaps it is time to collect such data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Serban AJ, Breen IL, Bui HQ, Levitus M, Wachter RM. Assembly-disassembly is coupled to the ATPase cycle of tobacco Rubisco activase. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19451-19465. [PMID: 30352875 PMCID: PMC6302163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbon-fixing activity of enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is regulated by Rubisco activase (Rca), a ring-forming ATPase that catalyzes inhibitor release. For higher plant Rca, the catalytic roles played by different oligomeric species have remained obscure. Here, we utilized fluorescence-correlation spectroscopy to estimate dissociation constants for the dimer-tetramer, tetramer-hexamer, hexamer-12-mer, and higher-order assembly equilibria of tobacco Rca. A comparison of oligomer composition with ATPase activity provided evidence that assemblies larger than hexamers are hydrolytically inactive. Therefore, supramolecular aggregates may serve as storage forms at low-energy charge. We observed that the tetramer accumulates only when both substrate and product nucleotides are bound. During rapid ATP turnover, about one in six active sites was occupied by ADP, and ∼36% of Rca was tetrameric. The steady-state catalytic rate reached a maximum between 0.5 and 2.5 μm Rca. In this range, significant amounts of dimers, tetramers, and hexamers coexisted, although none could fully account for the observed activity profile. Therefore, we propose that dynamic assembly-disassembly partakes in the ATPase cycle. According to this model, the association of dimers with tetramers generates a hexamer that forms a closed ring at high ATP and magnesium levels. Upon hydrolysis and product release, the toroid breaks open and dissociates into a dimer and tetramer, which may be coupled to Rubisco remodeling. Although a variant bearing the R294V substitution assembled in much the same way, highly stabilized states could be generated by binding of a transition-state analog. A tight-binding pre-hydrolysis state appears to become more accessible in thermally labile Rcas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Serban
- From the School of Molecular Sciences
- Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, and
| | - Isabella L Breen
- From the School of Molecular Sciences
- Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, and
| | - Hoang Q Bui
- From the School of Molecular Sciences
- Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, and
| | - Marcia Levitus
- From the School of Molecular Sciences,
- the Biodesign Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Rebekka M Wachter
- From the School of Molecular Sciences,
- Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, and
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goh WL, Lee MY, Lim TX, Chua JS, Brenner S, Ghadessy FJ, Teo YN. A novel molecular rotor facilitates detection of p53-DNA interactions using the Fluorescent Intercalator Displacement Assay. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12946. [PMID: 30154420 PMCID: PMC6113202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the use of fluorescent molecular rotors as probes for detection of p53 binding to DNA. These are a class of fluorophores that undergo twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT). They are non-fluorescent in a freely rotating conformation and experience a fluorescence increase when restricted in the planar conformation. We hypothesized that intercalation of a molecular rotor between DNA base pairs would result in a fluorescence turn-on signal. Upon displacement by a DNA binding protein, measurable loss of signal would facilitate use of the molecular rotor in the fluorescent intercalator displacement (FID) assay. A panel of probes was interrogated using the well-established p53 model system across various DNA response elements. A novel, readily synthesizable molecular rotor incorporating an acridine orange DNA intercalating group (AO-R) outperformed other conventional dyes in the FID assay. It enabled relative measurement of p53 sequence-specific DNA interactions and study of the dominant-negative effects of cancer-associated p53 mutants. In a further application, AO-R also proved useful for staining apoptotic cells in live zebrafish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Goh
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Min Yen Lee
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Ting Xiang Lim
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Joy S Chua
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Sydney Brenner
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Farid J Ghadessy
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
| | - Yin Nah Teo
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Young G, Hundt N, Cole D, Fineberg A, Andrecka J, Tyler A, Olerinyova A, Ansari A, Marklund EG, Collier MP, Chandler SA, Tkachenko O, Allen J, Crispin M, Billington N, Takagi Y, Sellers JR, Eichmann C, Selenko P, Frey L, Riek R, Galpin MR, Struwe WB, Benesch JLP, Kukura P. Quantitative mass imaging of single biological macromolecules. Science 2018; 360:423-427. [PMID: 29700264 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar5839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cellular processes underpinning life are orchestrated by proteins and their interactions. The associated structural and dynamic heterogeneity, despite being key to function, poses a fundamental challenge to existing analytical and structural methodologies. We used interferometric scattering microscopy to quantify the mass of single biomolecules in solution with 2% sequence mass accuracy, up to 19-kilodalton resolution, and 1-kilodalton precision. We resolved oligomeric distributions at high dynamic range, detected small-molecule binding, and mass-imaged proteins with associated lipids and sugars. These capabilities enabled us to characterize the molecular dynamics of processes as diverse as glycoprotein cross-linking, amyloidogenic protein aggregation, and actin polymerization. Interferometric scattering mass spectrometry allows spatiotemporally resolved measurement of a broad range of biomolecular interactions, one molecule at a time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Young
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Nikolas Hundt
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Daniel Cole
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Adam Fineberg
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Joanna Andrecka
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Andrew Tyler
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Anna Olerinyova
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Ayla Ansari
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Erik G Marklund
- Department of Chemistry Biomedicinskt Centrum, Uppsala University, Box 576, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miranda P Collier
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Shane A Chandler
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Olga Tkachenko
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Joel Allen
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Neil Billington
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasuharu Takagi
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James R Sellers
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cédric Eichmann
- In-Cell NMR Laboratory, Department of NMR-supported Structural Biology, Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP Berlin), Robert-Rössle Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Selenko
- In-Cell NMR Laboratory, Department of NMR-supported Structural Biology, Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP Berlin), Robert-Rössle Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Frey
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martin R Galpin
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Justin L P Benesch
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Purohit A, England JK, Douma LG, Tondnevis F, Bloom LB, Levitus M. Electrostatic Interactions at the Dimer Interface Stabilize the E. coli β Sliding Clamp. Biophys J 2017; 113:794-804. [PMID: 28834716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sliding clamps are ring-shaped oligomeric proteins that encircle DNA and associate with DNA polymerases for processive DNA replication. The dimeric Escherichia coli β-clamp is closed in solution but must adopt an open conformation to be assembled onto DNA by a clamp loader. To determine what factors contribute to the stability of the dimer interfaces in the closed conformation and how clamp dynamics contribute to formation of the open conformation, we identified conditions that destabilized the dimer and measured the effects of these conditions on clamp dynamics. We characterized the role of electrostatic interactions in stabilizing the β-clamp interface. Increasing salt concentration results in decreased dimer stability and faster subunit dissociation kinetics. The equilibrium dissociation constant of the dimeric clamp varies with salt concentration as predicted by simple charge-screening models, indicating that charged amino acids contribute to the remarkable stability of the interface at physiological salt concentrations. Mutation of a charged residue at the interface (Arg-103) weakens the interface significantly, whereas effects are negligible when a hydrophilic (Ser-109) or a hydrophobic (Ile-305) amino acid is mutated instead. It has been suggested that clamp opening by the clamp loader takes advantage of spontaneous opening-closing fluctuations at the clamp's interface, but our time-resolved fluorescence and fluorescence correlation experiments rule out conformational fluctuations that lead to a significant fraction of open states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Purohit
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jennifer K England
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Lauren G Douma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Farzaneh Tondnevis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Linda B Bloom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
| | - Marcia Levitus
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Quantifying the dynamics of the oligomeric transcription factor STAT3 by pair correlation of molecular brightness. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11047. [PMID: 27009358 PMCID: PMC4820838 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomerization of transcription factors controls their translocation into the nucleus and DNA-binding activity. Here we present a fluorescence microscopy analysis termed pCOMB (pair correlation of molecular brightness) that tracks the mobility of different oligomeric species within live cell nuclear architecture. pCOMB amplifies the signal from the brightest species present and filters the dynamics of the extracted oligomeric population based on arrival time between two locations. We use this method to demonstrate a dependence of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mobility on oligomeric state. We find that on entering the nucleus STAT3 dimers must first bind DNA to form STAT3 tetramers, which are also DNA-bound but exhibit a different mobility signature. Examining the dimer-to-tetramer transition by a cross-pair correlation analysis (cpCOMB) reveals that chromatin accessibility modulates STAT3 tetramer formation. Thus, the pCOMB approach is suitable for mapping the impact oligomerization on transcription factor dynamics.
Collapse
|