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Phenylene-linked tetrapyrrole arrays containing free base and diverse metal chelate forms – Versatile synthetic architectures for catalysis and artificial photosynthesis. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rong J, Magdaong NCM, Taniguchi M, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Electronic Structure and Excited-State Dynamics of Rylene-Tetrapyrrole Panchromatic Absorbers. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7900-7919. [PMID: 34472866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Panchromatic absorbers have potential applications in molecular-based energy-conversion schemes. A prior porphyrin-perylene dyad (P-PMI, where "MI" denotes monoimide) coupled via an ethyne linker exhibits panchromatic absorption (350-700 nm) and a tetrapyrrole-like lowest singlet excited state with a relatively long singlet excited-state lifetime (τS) and increased fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) versus the parent porphyrin. To explore the extension of panchromaticity to longer wavelengths, three arrays have been synthesized: a chlorin-terrylene dyad (C-TMI), a bacteriochlorin-terrylene dyad (B-TMI), and a perylene-porphyrin-terrylene triad (PMI-P-TMI), where the terrylene, a π-extended homologue of perylene, is attached via an ethyne linker. Characterization of the spectra (absorption and fluorescence), excited-state properties (lifetime, yields, and rate constants of decay pathways), and molecular-orbital characteristics reveals unexpected subtleties. The wavelength of the red-region absorption band increases in the order C-TMI (705 nm) < PMI-P-TMI (749 nm) < B-TMI (774 nm), yet each array exhibits diminished Φf and shortened τS values. The PMI-P-TMI triad in toluene exhibits Φf = 0.038 and τS = 139 ps versus the all-perylene triad (PMI-P-PMI) for which Φf = 0.26 and τS = 2000 ps. The results highlight design constraints for auxiliary pigments with tetrapyrroles to achieve panchromatic absorption with retention of viable excited-state properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Rong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Nikki Cecil M Magdaong
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage, and Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
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Kang HS, Satraitis A, Meares A, Bhagavathy GV, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Ptaszek M, Bocian DF, Holten D. Conjugated-linker dependence of the photophysical properties and electronic structure of chlorin dyads. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical properties and electronic structure of seven new chlorin dyads and associated benchmark monomers are described. Each dyad contains two identical chlorins linked at the macrocycle [Formula: see text]-pyrrole 13-position. The extent of electronic communication between chlorin constituents depends on the nature of the conjugated linker. The communication is assessed by modification of prominent ground-state absorption and redox properties, rate constants and yields of excited-state decay processes, and molecular-orbital characteristics. Relative to the benchmark monomers, the chlorin dyads in toluene exhibit a substantial bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength absorption band (30 nm average), two-fold increased radiative rate constant [average (10 ns)[Formula: see text] vs. (22 ns)[Formula: see text]], reduced singlet excited-state lifetimes (average 5.0 ns vs. 8.2 ns), and increased fluorescence quantum yields (average 0.56 vs. 0.42). The excited-state lifetime and fluorescence yield for the chlorin dyad with a benzothiadiazole linker are reduced substantially in benzonitrile vs. toluene due largely to [Formula: see text]25-fold accelerated internal conversion. The results aid design strategies for molecular architectures that may find utility in solar-energy conversion and photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage and Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
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Aksu H, Maiti B, Ptaszek M, Dunietz BD. Photoinduced charge transfer in Zn(II) and Au(III)-ligated symmetric and asymmetric bacteriochlorin dyads: A computational study. J Chem Phys 2021; 153:134111. [PMID: 33032416 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The excited-state properties and photoinduced charge-transfer (CT) kinetics in a series of symmetrical and asymmetrical Zn- and Au-ligated meso-meso-connected bacteriochlorin (BChl) complexes are studied computationally. BChl derivatives, which are excellent near-IR absorbing chromophores, are found to play a central role in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers but are rarely used in artificial solar energy harvesting systems. The optical properties of chemically linked BChl complexes can be tuned by varying the linking group and involving different ligated metal ions. We investigate charge transfer in BChl dyads that are either directly linked or through a phenylene ring (1,4-phenylene) and which are ligating Zn or Au ions. The directly linked dyads with a nearly perpendicular arrangement of the BChl units bear markedly different properties than phenylene linked dyads. In addition, we find that the dielectric dependence of the intramolecular CT rate is very strong in neutral Zn-ligated dyads, whereas cationic Au-ligated dyads show negligible dielectric dependence of the CT rate. Rate constants of the photo induced CT process are calculated at the semiclassical Marcus level and are compared to fully quantum mechanical Fermi's golden rule based values. The rates are calculated using a screened range separated hybrid functional that offers a consistent framework for addressing environment polarization. We study solvated systems in two solvents of a low and a high scalar dielectric constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
| | - Buddhadev Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21250-1000, USA
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
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Pucelik B, Sułek A, Dąbrowski JM. Bacteriochlorins and their metal complexes as NIR-absorbing photosensitizers: properties, mechanisms, and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Meares A, Yu Z, Viswanathan Bhagavathy G, Satraitis A, Ptaszek M. Photoisomerization of Enediynyl Linker Leads to Slipped Cofacial Hydroporphyrin Dyads with Strong Through-Bond and Through-Space Electronic Interactions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7851-7862. [PMID: 31117562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of 3,4-di(methoxycarbonyl)-enediyne linker in hydroporphyrin (chlorin or bacteriochlorin) dyads leads to thermally stable cis isomers, where macrocycles adopt a slipped cofacial mutual geometry with an edge-to-edge distance of ∼3.6 Å (determined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations). Absorption spectra exhibit a significant splitting of the long-wavelength Qy band, which indicates a strong electronic coupling with a strength of V = ∼477 cm-1 that increases to 725 cm-1 upon metalation of hydroporphyrins. Each dyad features a broad, structureless emission band, with large Stokes shift, which is indicative of excimer formation. DFT calculations for dyads show both strong through-bond electronic coupling and through-space electronic interactions, due to the overlap of π-orbitals. Overall, geometry, electronic structure, strength of electronic interactions, and optical properties of reported dyads closely resemble those observed for photosynthetic special pairs. Dyads reported here represent a novel type of photoactive arrays with various modes of electronic interactions between chromophores. Combining through-bond and through-space coupling appears to be a viable strategy to engineer novel optical and photochemical properties in organic conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
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McCleese C, Yu Z, Esemoto NN, Kolodziej C, Maiti B, Bhandari S, Dunietz BD, Burda C, Ptaszek M. Excitonic Interactions in Bacteriochlorin Homo-Dyads Enable Charge Transfer: A New Approach to the Artificial Photosynthetic Special Pair. J Phys Chem B 2018. [PMID: 29526105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Excitonically coupled bacteriochlorin (BC) dimers constitute a primary electron donor (special pair) in bacterial photosynthesis and absorbing units in light-harvesting antenna. However, the exact nature of the excited state of these dyads is still not fully understood. Here, we report a detailed spectroscopic and computational investigation of a series of symmetrical bacteriochlorin dimers, where the bacteriochlorins are connected either directly or by a phenylene bridge of variable length. The excited state of these dyads is quenched in high-dielectric solvents, which we attribute to photoinduced charge transfer. The mixing of charge transfer with the excitonic state causes accelerated (within 41 ps) decay of the excited state for the directly linked dyad, which is reduced by orders of magnitude with each additional phenyl ring separating the bacteriochlorins. These results highlight the origins of the excited-state dynamics in symmetric BC dyads and provide a new model for studying the primary processes in photosynthesis and for the development of artificial, biomimetic systems for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCleese
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Charles Kolodziej
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Buddhadev Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44242 , United States
| | - Srijana Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44242 , United States
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44242 , United States
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
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Kang HS, Esemoto NN, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Greco JA, Akhigbe J, Yu Z, Pancholi C, Bhagavathy GV, Nguyen JK, Kirmaier C, Birge RR, Ptaszek M, Holten D, Bocian DF. Effects of Strong Electronic Coupling in Chlorin and Bacteriochlorin Dyads. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:379-95. [PMID: 26765839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Achieving tunable, intense near-infrared absorption in molecular architectures with properties suitable for solar light harvesting and biomedical studies is of fundamental interest. Herein, we report the photophysical, redox, and molecular-orbital characteristics of nine hydroporphyrin dyads and associated benchmark monomers that have been designed and synthesized to attain enhanced light harvesting. Each dyad contains two identical hydroporphyrins (chlorin or bacteriochlorin) connected by a linker (ethynyl or butadiynyl) at the macrocycle β-pyrrole (3- or 13-) or meso (15-) positions. The strong electronic communication between constituent chromophores is indicated by the doubling of prominent absorption features, split redox waves, and paired linear combinations of frontier molecular orbitals. Relative to the benchmarks, the chlorin dyads in toluene show substantial bathochromic shifts of the long-wavelength absorption band (17-31 nm), modestly reduced singlet excited-state lifetimes (τS = 3.6-6.2 ns vs 8.8-12.3 ns), and increased fluorescence quantum yields (Φf = 0.37-0.57 vs 0.34-0.39). The bacteriochlorin dyads in toluene show significant bathochromic shifts (25-57 nm) and modestly reduced τS (1.6-3.4 ns vs 3.5-5.3 ns) and Φf (0.09-0.19 vs 0.17-0.21) values. The τS and Φf values for the bacteriochlorin dyads are reduced substantially (up to ∼20-fold) in benzonitrile. The quenching is due primarily to the increased S1 → S0 internal conversion that is likely induced by increased contribution of charge-resonance configurations to the S1 excited state in the polar medium. The fundamental insights gained into the physicochemical properties of the strongly coupled hydroporphyrin dyads may aid their utilization in solar-energy conversion and photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jordan A Greco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Chirag Pancholi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Jamie K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Robert R Birge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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Jiang J, Yang E, Reddy KR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthetic bacteriochlorins bearing polar motifs (carboxylate, phosphonate, ammonium and a short PEG). Water-solubilization, bioconjugation, and photophysical properties. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bacteriochlorin scaffold has been derivatized for life sciences applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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