1
|
Altarawneh M, Almatarneh MH, Dlugogorski BZ. Thermal decomposition of perfluorinated carboxylic acids: Kinetic model and theoretical requirements for PFAS incineration. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131685. [PMID: 34388878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermal decomposition of high-fluorine content PFAS streams for the disposal of old generations of concentrates of firefighting foams, exhausted ion-exchanged resins and granular activated carbon, constitutes the preferred method for destruction of these materials. This contribution studies the thermal transformation of perfluoropentanoic acid (C4F9C(O)OH, PFPA), as a model PFAS species, in gas-phase reactions over broad ranges of temperature and residence time, which characterise incinerators and cement kilns. Our focus is only on gas-phase reactions, to formulate a gas-phase submodel that, in future, could be used in comprehensive simulation of thermal destruction of PFAS; such comprehensive models will need to comprise fluorine mineralisation on flyash and in clinker material. Our submodel consists of 56 reactions and 45 species, and includes new pathways that cover the initial decomposition channels of PFPA, including those that lead to the formation of the n-C4F9 radical, the abstraction of hydroxyl H by O/H radicals, the fragmentation of the n-C4F9 radical, reactions between HF and perfluoropentanoic acid, as well as between HF and heptafluorobutanoyl fluoride (C3F7COF), and the cyclisation reactions. The model illustrates the formation of a wide spectrum of small CnFm and CnHFm compounds in the temperature window of 800-1500 K, 2 and 25 s residence time in a plug flow reactor, providing theoretical estimates for the operating conditions of PFAS thermal destruction systems. The initiation reactions involve the loss of HF and formation of the transition α-lactone species that converts to C3F7COF, with C4F9C(O)OH completely decomposed at 1020 K for 2 s residence time. At 1500 K, we predict the emission of ꞉CF2 (biradical difluorocarbene), HF, CO2, CO, CF4, C2F6, and C2F4, but at < 1400 K, we note the formation of 1H-nonafluorobutane (C4HF9), phosgene (COF2), and heptafluorobutanoyl fluoride (C3F7COF), with 1-C4F8, 2-C4F8 and C3HF7 persisting to 1500 K. We demonstrate that, the gas-phase pyrolysis processes by themselves convert PFAS to HF and short-chain fluorocarbons, with similar product distribution for short (2 s) and long (25 s) residence times, as long as the treatment temperature exceeds 1500 K. These residence times reflect those encountered in incinerators and cement kilns, respectively. Thermokinetic and mechanistic insights revealed herein shall assist to innovate PFAS thermal disposal technologies, and, from a fundamental perspective, to accelerate research progress in modelling of gas/solid reactions that mineralise PFAS-derived fluorine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- United Arab Emirates University, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Al-Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | - Bogdan Z Dlugogorski
- Charles Darwin University, Energy and Resources Institute, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rogers CO, Lockwood KS, Nguyen QLD, Labbe NJ. Diol isomer revealed as a source of methyl ketene from propionic acid unimolecular decomposition. INT J CHEM KINET 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cory O. Rogers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Katherine S. Lockwood
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Quynh L. D. Nguyen
- JILA Department of Physics University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Nicole J. Labbe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dong T, Xiong W, Yu J, Pienkos PT. Co-production of fully renewable medium chain α-olefins and bio-oilviahydrothermal liquefaction of biomass containing polyhydroxyalkanoic acid. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34380-34387. [PMID: 35548653 PMCID: PMC9086982 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07359g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium chain-length linear α-olefins (mcl-LAO) are versatile precursors to commodity products such as synthetic lubricants and biodegradable detergents, and have been traditionally produced from ethylene oligomerization and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (mcl-PHA) can be produced by some microorganisms as an energy storage. In this study, Pseudomonas putida biomass that contained mcl-PHA was used in HTL at 300 °C for 30 min, and up to 65 mol% of mcl-PHA was converted into mcl-LAO. The yield and quality of the bio-oil co-produced in the HTL was remarkably improved with the biomass rich in mcl-PHA. Experiments with extracted mcl-PHA revealed the degradation mechanism of mcl-PHA in HTL. Overall, this work demonstrates a novel process to co-produce mcl-LAO and bio-oil from renewable biomass. Co-production of fully renewable medium chain α-olefins and bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- National Bioenergy Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- National Bioenergy Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | - Jianping Yu
- National Bioenergy Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | - Philip T. Pienkos
- National Bioenergy Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Catalytic cracking of acetic acid and its ketene intermediate over HZSM-5 catalyst: A density functional theory study. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
Zhang Q, Fu MC, Yu HZ, Fu Y. Mechanism of Boron-Catalyzed N-Alkylation of Amines with Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6235-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM,
CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key
Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Chen Fu
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM,
CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key
Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Zhu Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM,
CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key
Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Clark JM, Pilath HM, Mittal A, Michener WE, Robichaud DJ, Johnson DK. Direct Production of Propene from the Thermolysis of Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). An Experimental and DFT Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:332-45. [PMID: 26698331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a synthetic route toward the production of propene directly from poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), the most common of a wide range of high-molecular-mass microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Propene, a major commercial hydrocarbon, was obtained from the depolymerization of PHB and subsequent decarboxylation of the crotonic acid monomer in good yields (up to 75 mol %). The energetics of PHB depolymerization and the gas-phase decarboxylation of crotonic acid were also studied using density functional theory (DFT). The average activation energy for the cleavage of the R'C(O)O-R linkage is calculated to be 163.9 ± 7.0 kJ mol(-1). Intramolecular, autoacceleration effects regarding the depolymerization of PHB, as suggested in some literature accounts, arising from the formation of crotonyl and carboxyl functional groups in the products could not be confirmed by the results of DFT and microkinetic modeling. DFT results, however, suggest that intermolecular catalysis involving terminal carboxyl groups may accelerate PHB depolymerization. Activation energies for this process were estimated to be about 20 kJ mol(-1) lower than that for the noncatalyzed ester cleavage, 144.3 ± 6.4 kJ mol(-1). DFT calculations predict the decarboxylation of crotonic acid to follow second-order kinetics with an activation energy of 147.5 ± 6.3 kJ mol(-1), consistent with that measured experimentally, 146.9 kJ mol(-1). Microkinetic modeling of the PHB to propene overall reaction predicts decarboxylation of crotonic acid to be the rate-limiting step, consistent with experimental observations. The results also indicate that improvements made to enhance the isomerization of crotonic acid to vinylacetic acid will improve the direct conversion of PHB to propene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Clark
- National Bioenergy Center and ‡Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Heidi M Pilath
- National Bioenergy Center and ‡Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ashutosh Mittal
- National Bioenergy Center and ‡Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - William E Michener
- National Bioenergy Center and ‡Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David J Robichaud
- National Bioenergy Center and ‡Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David K Johnson
- National Bioenergy Center and ‡Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferguson GA, Cheng L, Bu L, Kim S, Robichaud DJ, Nimlos MR, Curtiss LA, Beckham GT. Carbocation Stability in H-ZSM5 at High Temperature. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11397-405. [PMID: 26501585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen A. Ferguson
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Lei Cheng
- Material
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue B109, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lintao Bu
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Seonah Kim
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David J. Robichaud
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Mark R. Nimlos
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Larry A. Curtiss
- Material
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue B109, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim S, Robichaud DJ, Beckham GT, Paton RS, Nimlos MR. Ethanol Dehydration in HZSM-5 Studied by Density Functional Theory: Evidence for a Concerted Process. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3604-14. [PMID: 25802969 DOI: 10.1021/jp513024z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seonah Kim
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - David J. Robichaud
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Nimlos
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| |
Collapse
|