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Hao H, Leven I, Head-Gordon T. Can electric fields drive chemistry for an aqueous microdroplet? Nat Commun 2022; 13:280. [PMID: 35022410 PMCID: PMC8755715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction rates of common organic reactions have been reported to increase by one to six orders of magnitude in aqueous microdroplets compared to bulk solution, but the reasons for the rate acceleration are poorly understood. Using a coarse-grained electron model that describes structural organization and electron densities for water droplets without the expense of ab initio methods, we investigate the electric field distributions at the air-water interface to understand the origin of surface reactivity. We find that electric field alignments along free O-H bonds at the surface are ~16 MV/cm larger on average than that found for O-H bonds in the interior of the water droplet. Furthermore, electric field distributions can be an order of magnitude larger than the average due to non-linear coupling of intramolecular solvent polarization with intermolecular solvent modes which may contribute to even greater surface reactivity for weakening or breaking chemical bonds at the droplet surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Hao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Itai Leven
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Lan Z, Chen F, Qiang W, Xue Q, Ma X. Direct observation of water clusters for surface design. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Abstract
The appearance of ice I in the smallest possible clusters and the nature of its phase coexistence with liquid water could not thus far be unraveled. The experimental and theoretical infrared spectroscopic and free-energy results of this work show the emergence of the characteristic hydrogen-bonding pattern of ice I in clusters containing only around 90 water molecules. The onset of crystallization is accompanied by an increase of surface oscillator intensity with decreasing surface-to-volume ratio, a spectral indicator of nanoscale crystallinity of water. In the size range from 90 to 150 water molecules, we observe mixtures of largely crystalline and purely amorphous clusters. Our analysis suggests that the liquid-ice I transition in clusters loses its sharp 1st-order character at the end of the crystalline-size regime and occurs over a range of temperatures through heterophasic oscillations in time, a process without analog in bulk water.
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Zhao W, Huang H, Bi Q, Xu Y, Lü Y. One-dimensional water nanowires induced by electric fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19414-19422. [PMID: 31460524 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02788b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-aggregation of water vapour molecules under external electric fields is systemically investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that small water clusters aggregate into one-dimensional water nanowires along the electric field direction. The electric field strength plays a crucial role in tuning the nanowire structure. Under relatively weak electric fields such as E = 0.1 V Å-1, square and pentagonal prism-like structures are preferred; when intermediate strength electric fields are applied (E = 1.0 V Å-1), water nanowires featuring a disordered mixture of four-, five- and six-membered rings are formed; and an open ordered structure which is reminiscent of two-dimensional (2D) ice is observed when the field strength becomes very high (E > 3.0 V Å-1). Bond parameter analysis based on density-functional theory calculations shows that the electric field affects anisotropically the conformation of water molecules as well as the hydrogen-bond properties. Along the electric field, the H-O bond is stretched and the hydrogen bond shrinks with field strength in contrast to the changes perpendicular to the electric field. As a result, the hydrogen bonding is enhanced along the electric field. Under very high electric fields, the anisotropic hydrogen-bond network opens up via breaking of the bonds perpendicular to the electric field and ultimately relaxes into a loose quasi-2D ordered network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhao
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Haishen Huang
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Qingling Bi
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yujia Xu
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yongjun Lü
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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Dierking CW, Zurheide F, Zeuch T, Med J, Parez S, Slavíček P. Revealing isomerism in sodium-water clusters: Photoionization spectra of Na(H2O)n (n = 2–90). J Chem Phys 2017; 146:244303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4986520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph W. Dierking
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Zurheide
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Zeuch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jakub Med
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Parez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Cooper RJ, O'Brien JT, Chang TM, Williams ER. Structural and electrostatic effects at the surfaces of size- and charge-selected aqueous nanodrops. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5201-5213. [PMID: 28970907 PMCID: PMC5618692 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00481h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of ion charge, polarity and size on the surface morphology of size-selected aqueous nanodrops containing a single ion and up to 550 water molecules are investigated with infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and theory.
The effects of ion charge, polarity and size on the surface morphology of size-selected aqueous nanodrops containing a single ion and up to 550 water molecules are investigated with infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and theory. IRPD spectra of M(H2O)n where M = La3+, Ca2+, Na+, Li+, I–, SO42– and supporting molecular dynamics simulations indicate that strong interactions between multiply charged ions and water molecules can disrupt optimal hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) at the nanodrop surface. The IRPD spectra also reveal that “free” OH stretching frequencies of surface-bound water molecules are highly sensitive to the ion's identity and the OH bond's local H-bond environment. The measured frequency shifts are qualitatively reproduced by a computationally inexpensive point-charge model that shows the frequency shifts are consistent with a Stark shift from the ion's electric field. For multiply charged cations, pronounced Stark shifting is observed for clusters containing ∼100 or fewer water molecules. This is attributed to ion-induced solvent patterning that extends to the nanodrop surface, and serves as a spectroscopic signature for a cation's ability to influence the H-bond network of water located remotely from the ion. The Stark shifts measured for the larger nanodrops are extrapolated to infinite dilution to obtain the free OH stretching frequency of a surface-bound water molecule at the bulk air–water interface (3696.5–3701.0 cm–1), well within the relatively wide range of values obtained from SFG measurements. These cluster measurements also indicate that surface curvature effects can influence the free OH stretching frequency, and that even nanodrops without an ion have a surface potential that depends on cluster size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Cooper
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , USA . ; Tel: +1 510 643 7161
| | - Jeremy T O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , USA . ; Tel: +1 510 643 7161
| | - Terrence M Chang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , USA . ; Tel: +1 510 643 7161
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , USA . ; Tel: +1 510 643 7161
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Chakrabarty S, Williams ER. The effect of halide and iodate anions on the hydrogen-bonding network of water in aqueous nanodrops. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25483-25490. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05033f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydration of halide and iodate anions was investigated using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry and infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy.
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Sahu N, Khire SS, Gadre SR. Structures, energetics and vibrational spectra of (H2O)32clusters: a journey from model potentials to correlated theory. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1062150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gimelshein N, Gimelshein S, Pradzynski CC, Zeuch T, Buck U. The temperature and size distribution of large water clusters from a non-equilibrium model. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:244305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4922312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Gimelshein
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - C. C. Pradzynski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammanstr. 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - T. Zeuch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammanstr. 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - U. Buck
- Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation, Am Faßberg 17, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Dieterich JM, Hartke B. Observable-targeting global cluster structure optimization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:11958-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Global cluster structure optimization not towards lowest energy but towards best fit of cluster properties to experimental data provides theoretical support for cluster experiments under non-equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Hartke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry
- Christian-Albrechts-University
- 24098 Kiel
- Germany
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