1
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Siwawannapong K, Diers JR, Magdaong NCM, Nalaoh P, Kirmaier C, Lindsey JS, Holten D, Bocian DF. Extension of nature's NIR-I chromophore into the NIR-II region. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14228-14243. [PMID: 38690612 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00779d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of chromophores that absorb in the near-infrared (NIR) region beyond 1000 nm underpins numerous applications in medical and energy sciences, yet also presents substantial challenges to molecular design and chemical synthesis. Here, the core bacteriochlorin chromophore of nature's NIR absorbers, bacteriochlorophylls, has been adapted and tailored by annulation in an effort to achieve absorption in the NIR-II region. The resulting bacteriochlorin, Phen2,1-BC, contains two annulated naphthalene groups spanning meso,β-positions of the bacteriochlorin and the 1,2-positions of the naphthalene. Phen2,1-BC was prepared via a new synthetic route. Phen2,1-BC is an isomer of previously examined Phen-BC, which differs only in attachment via the 1,8-positions of the naphthalene. Despite identical π-systems, the two bacteriochlorins have distinct spectroscopic and photophysical features. Phen-BC has long-wavelength absorption maximum (912 nm), oscillator strength (1.0), and S1 excited-state lifetime (150 ps) much different than Phen2,1-BC (1292 nm, 0.23, and 0.4 ps, respectively). These two molecules and an analogue with intermediate characteristics bearing annulated phenyl rings have unexpected properties relative to those of non-annulated counterparts. Understanding the distinctions requires extending concepts beyond the four-orbital-model description of tetrapyrrole spectroscopic features. In particular, a reduction in symmetry resulting from annulation results in electronic mixing of x- and y-polarized transitions/states, as well as vibronic coupling that together reduce oscillator strength of the long-wavelength absorption manifold and shorten the S1 excited-state lifetime. Collectively, the results suggest a heuristic for the molecular design of tetrapyrrole chromophores for deep penetration into the relatively unutilized NIR-II region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521-0403, USA.
| | | | | | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4889, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4889, USA.
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521-0403, USA.
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2
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Chau Nguyen K, Nguyen Tran AT, Wang P, Zhang S, Wu Z, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Four Routes to 3-(3-Methoxy-1,3-dioxopropyl)pyrrole, a Core Motif of Rings C and E in Photosynthetic Tetrapyrroles. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031323. [PMID: 36770988 PMCID: PMC9920783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic tetrapyrroles share a common structural feature comprised of a β-ketoester motif embedded in an exocyclic ring (ring E). As part of a total synthesis program aimed at preparing native structures and analogues, 3-(3-methoxy-1,3-dioxopropyl)pyrrole was sought. The pyrrole is a precursor to analogues of ring C and the external framework of ring E. Four routes were developed. Routes 1-3 entail a Pd-mediated coupling process of a 3-iodopyrrole with potassium methyl malonate, whereas route 4 relies on electrophilic substitution of TIPS-pyrrole with methyl malonyl chloride. Together, the four routes afford considerable latitude. A long-term objective is to gain the capacity to create chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls and analogues thereof by facile de novo means for diverse studies across the photosynthetic sciences.
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3
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Nanoformulation of Tetrapyrroles Derivatives in Photodynamic Therapy: A Focus on Bacteriochlorin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3011918. [PMID: 36212948 PMCID: PMC9546677 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3011918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-known remedial treatment for cancer, infections, and various other diseases. PDT uses nontoxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) that are activated in visible light at the proper wavelength to generate ROS (reactive oxygen species) that aid in killing tumor cells and destroying pathogenic microbes. Deciding a suitable photosensitizer is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy. It is challenging to choose the photosensitizer that is appropriate for specific pathological circumstances, such as different cancer species. Porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin are tetrapyrroles used with proper functionalization in PDT, among which some compound has been clinically approved. Most photosensitizers are hydrophobic, have minimum solubility, and exhibit cytotoxicity due to the dispersion in biological fluid. This paper reviewed some nanotechnology-based strategies to overcome these drawbacks. In PDT, metal nanoparticles are widely used due to their enhanced surface plasmon resonance. The self-assembled nano-drug carriers like polymeric micelles, liposomes, and metal-based nanoparticles play a significant role in solubilizing the photosensitizer to make them biocompatible.
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4
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Phenylene-linked tetrapyrrole arrays containing free base and diverse metal chelate forms – Versatile synthetic architectures for catalysis and artificial photosynthesis. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Jing H, Wang P, Chen B, Jiang J, Vairaprakash P, Liu S, Rong J, Chen CY, Nalaoh P, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of bacteriochlorins bearing diverse β-substituents. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05852e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eleven bacteriochlorins have been prepared for surface attachment, bioconjugation, water-solubilization, vibrational studies, and elaboration into multichromophore arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Boyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Pothiappan Vairaprakash
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jie Rong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Chih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Phattananawee Nalaoh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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6
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Brückner C, Chaudhri N, Nevonen DE, Bhattacharya S, Graf A, Kaesmann E, Li R, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Mani T, Nimthong-Roldán A, Zeller M, Chauvet AAP, Nemykin V. Structural and Photophysical Characterization of All Five Constitutional Isomers of the Octaethyl-β,β'-dioxo-bacterio- and -isobacteriochlorin Series. Chemistry 2021; 27:16189-16203. [PMID: 34535932 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that treatment of β-octaethylporphyrin with H2 O2 /conc. H2 SO4 converts it to a β-oxochlorin as well as all five constitutional isomers of the corresponding β,β'-dioxo-derivatives: two bacteriochlorin-type isomers (β-oxo groups at opposite pyrrolic building blocks) and three isobacteriochlorin-type isomers (β-oxo-groups at adjacent pyrrolic building blocks). By virtue of the presence of the strongly electronically coupled β-oxo auxochromes, none of the chromophores are archetypical chlorins, bacteriochlorins, or isobacteriochlorins. Here the authors present, inter alia, the single crystal X-ray structures of all free-base diketone isomers and a comparative description of their UV-vis absorption spectra in neutral and acidic solutions, and fluorescence emission and singlet oxygen photosensitization properties, Magnetic Circular Dichroism (MCD) spectra, and singlet excited state lifetimes. DFT computations uncover underlying tautomeric equilibria and electronic interactions controlling their electronic properties, adding to the understanding of porphyrinoids carrying β-oxo functionalities. This comparative study lays the basis for their further study and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
| | - Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2 N2, Canada
| | - Sayantan Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Dainton Building, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Graf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Dainton Building, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Kaesmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
| | - Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
| | | | - Tomoyasu Mani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
| | - Arunpatcha Nimthong-Roldán
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555-3663, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555-3663, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, United States
| | - Adrien A P Chauvet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Dainton Building, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2 N2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 552 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, United States
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7
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Rong J, Magdaong NCM, Taniguchi M, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Electronic Structure and Excited-State Dynamics of Rylene-Tetrapyrrole Panchromatic Absorbers. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7900-7919. [PMID: 34472866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Panchromatic absorbers have potential applications in molecular-based energy-conversion schemes. A prior porphyrin-perylene dyad (P-PMI, where "MI" denotes monoimide) coupled via an ethyne linker exhibits panchromatic absorption (350-700 nm) and a tetrapyrrole-like lowest singlet excited state with a relatively long singlet excited-state lifetime (τS) and increased fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) versus the parent porphyrin. To explore the extension of panchromaticity to longer wavelengths, three arrays have been synthesized: a chlorin-terrylene dyad (C-TMI), a bacteriochlorin-terrylene dyad (B-TMI), and a perylene-porphyrin-terrylene triad (PMI-P-TMI), where the terrylene, a π-extended homologue of perylene, is attached via an ethyne linker. Characterization of the spectra (absorption and fluorescence), excited-state properties (lifetime, yields, and rate constants of decay pathways), and molecular-orbital characteristics reveals unexpected subtleties. The wavelength of the red-region absorption band increases in the order C-TMI (705 nm) < PMI-P-TMI (749 nm) < B-TMI (774 nm), yet each array exhibits diminished Φf and shortened τS values. The PMI-P-TMI triad in toluene exhibits Φf = 0.038 and τS = 139 ps versus the all-perylene triad (PMI-P-PMI) for which Φf = 0.26 and τS = 2000 ps. The results highlight design constraints for auxiliary pigments with tetrapyrroles to achieve panchromatic absorption with retention of viable excited-state properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Rong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Nikki Cecil M Magdaong
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage, and Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
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8
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Nguyen KU, Zhang R, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Fluorescence Assay for Tolyporphins Amidst Abundant Chlorophyll in Crude Cyanobacterial Extracts. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1507-1515. [PMID: 34152600 DOI: 10.1111/php.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tolyporphins are distinctive tetrapyrrole natural products found singularly in a filamentous cyanobacterial-microbial holobiont (termed HT-58-2) from Micronesia. The absorption and fluorescence features of tolyporphins resemble those of chlorophyll a, complicating direct analysis of culture samples. Treatment of the crude (unfractionated) organic extract (CH2 Cl2 /2-propanol, 1:1) of HT-58-2 cultures with NaBH4 in methanol causes reduction of the peripheral ketone auxochromes, whereupon tolyporphins (predominantly 7,17-dioxobacteriochlorins) exhibit a bathochromic shift (λabs ~ 676 → ~ 700 nm) and chlorophyll a (a 131 -oxochlorin) exhibits a hypsochromic shift (λabs 665 → 634 nm). Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy (at 368 and 491 nm with λem 710 nm) enabled detection of reduced tolyporphins amidst abundant reduced chlorophyll a (1:19 ratio), a detection sensitivity >5 times that without reduction. The resulting assay combines simple sample preparation from non-axenic cultures at microscale quantities (2 mL, 2 μm), absence of any fractionation procedures, and fluorescence detection. Tolyporphins were readily detected in cultures of HT-58-2 at reasonable growth periods in the absence of environmental stressors, which was not possible previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy-Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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9
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Kang HS, Satraitis A, Meares A, Bhagavathy GV, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Ptaszek M, Bocian DF, Holten D. Conjugated-linker dependence of the photophysical properties and electronic structure of chlorin dyads. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical properties and electronic structure of seven new chlorin dyads and associated benchmark monomers are described. Each dyad contains two identical chlorins linked at the macrocycle [Formula: see text]-pyrrole 13-position. The extent of electronic communication between chlorin constituents depends on the nature of the conjugated linker. The communication is assessed by modification of prominent ground-state absorption and redox properties, rate constants and yields of excited-state decay processes, and molecular-orbital characteristics. Relative to the benchmark monomers, the chlorin dyads in toluene exhibit a substantial bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength absorption band (30 nm average), two-fold increased radiative rate constant [average (10 ns)[Formula: see text] vs. (22 ns)[Formula: see text]], reduced singlet excited-state lifetimes (average 5.0 ns vs. 8.2 ns), and increased fluorescence quantum yields (average 0.56 vs. 0.42). The excited-state lifetime and fluorescence yield for the chlorin dyad with a benzothiadiazole linker are reduced substantially in benzonitrile vs. toluene due largely to [Formula: see text]25-fold accelerated internal conversion. The results aid design strategies for molecular architectures that may find utility in solar-energy conversion and photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage and Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
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10
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Chaudhri N, Zeller M, Brückner C. Stepwise Reduction of Octaethyl-β,β'-dioxochlorin Isomers: Access to Structurally and Electronically Diverse Hydroporphyrins. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13951-13964. [PMID: 33085480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Di- and tetrahydroporphyrins (chlorins, bacteriochlorins and isobacteriochlorins, respectively) are key "pigments of life." They have been a major focus of attention in synthetic tetrapyrrole chemistry. A long-known one-pot epoxidation/epoxide ring-opening/pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement of octaethylporphyrin (OEP) generates a β-ketochlorin and all five β,β'-diketone isomers. We present herein the single and double reductions of all isomers of the β,β'-diketones, generating hydroxychlorin and β-hydroxy-β-ketodihydroporphyrin isomers, generally in regioselective manner, and sets of separable stereoisomeric dihydroxytetrahydroporphyrin regioisomers. The connectivity of the regio- and stereoisomers were determined spectroscopically and, in many cases, using single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The optical properties of the chlorin-, bacteriochlorin-, and isobacteriochlorin-type chromophores are described. They highlight general observations on the regiochemical effects of the β-oxo-auxochrome. This contribution thus delineates the formation of a range of regio- and stereoisomers of a family of chromophores with broadly varying optical properties from a single and readily available starting material (OEP) in two straightforward steps, albeit requiring extensive chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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11
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Pucelik B, Sułek A, Dąbrowski JM. Bacteriochlorins and their metal complexes as NIR-absorbing photosensitizers: properties, mechanisms, and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Matsumoto N, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Bioconjugatable synthetic chlorins rendered water-soluble with three PEG-12 groups via click chemistry. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlorins provide many ideal features for use as red-region fluorophores but require molecular tailoring for solubilization in aqueous solution. A chlorin building-block bearing 18,18-dimethyl, 15-bromo and 10-[2,4,6-tris(propargyloxy)phenyl] substituents has been transformed via click chemistry with CH3(OCH2CH[Formula: see text]-N3 followed by Suzuki coupling with 3-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid, thereby installing a water-solubilization motif and a bioconjugatable handle, respectively. In toluene, [Formula: see text]-dimethylformamide (DMF) or water, the resulting facially encumbered free base chlorin exhibits characteristic chlorin absorption ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]412, 643 nm) and fluorescence ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]645 nm) spectra with only modest variation in fluorescence quantum yield ([Formula: see text] values (0.24, 0.25 and 0.19, respectively). The zinc chlorin derived therefrom exhibits similar spectral constancy ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]414 and 613 nm, [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]616 nm) and [Formula: see text] 0.094, 0.10 and 0.086 in the three solvents. The results together indicate the viability of the molecular design and synthetic methodology to create red-region fluorophores for use in diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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13
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Schnable D, Chaudhri N, Li R, Zeller M, Brückner C. Evaluation of Octaethyl-7,17-dioxobacteriochlorin as a Ligand for Transition Metals. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2870-2880. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Schnable
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 101 Wetherill Hall, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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14
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Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Lalisse RF, Hewage N, Brückner C, Gascón JA. Origins of the Electronic Modulations of Bacterio- and Isobacteriodilactone Regioisomers. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7470-7485. [PMID: 31361130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the utilization of porphyrinoids for photomedicine, catalysis, and artificial photosynthesis require a fundamental understanding of the relationships between their molecular connectivity and resulting electronic structures. Herein, we analyze how the replacement of two pyrrolic Cβ═Cβ bonds of a porphyrin by two lactone (O═C-O) moieties modulates the ground-state thermodynamic stability and electronic structure of the resulting five possible pyrrole-modified porphyrin isomers. We made these determinations based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT computations of the optical spectra of all regioisomers. We also analyzed the computed magnetically induced currents of their aromatic π-systems. All regioisomers adopt the tautomeric state that maximizes aromaticity, whether or not transannular steric strains are incurred. In all isomers, the O═Cβ-Oβ bonds were found to support a macrocycle diatropic ring current. We attributed this to the delocalization of nonbonding electrons from the ring oxa- and oxo-atoms into the macrocycle. As a consequence of this delocalization, the dilactone regioisomers are as-or even more-aromatic than their hydroporphyrin congeners. The electronic structures follow different trends for the bacteriochlorin- and isobacteriochlorin-type isomers. The presence of either oxo- or oxa-oxygens conjugated with the macrocyclic π-system was found to be the minimal structural requirement for the regioisomers to exhibit distinct electronic properties. Our computational methods and mechanistic insights provide a basis for the systematic exploration of the physicochemical properties of porphyrinoids as a function of the number, relative orientation, and degree of macrocycle-π-conjugation of β-substituents, in general, and for dilactone-based porphyrinic chromophores, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Guberman-Pfeffer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Nisansala Hewage
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - José A Gascón
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
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15
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Li Q, Li C, Kim J, Ishida M, Li X, Gu T, Liang X, Zhu W, Ågren H, Kim D, Furuta H, Xie Y. Regioselectively Halogenated Expanded Porphyrinoids as Building Blocks for Constructing Porphyrin–Porphyrinoid Heterodyads with Tunable Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5294-5302. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qizhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Xin Li
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tingting Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xu Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hans Ågren
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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16
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Fujita H, Jing H, Krayer M, Allu S, Veeraraghavaiah G, Wu Z, Jiang J, Diers JR, Magdaong NCM, Mandal AK, Roy A, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Annulated bacteriochlorins for near-infrared photophysical studies. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01113g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorins with phenaleno or benzo annulation absorb at 913 or 1033 nm and exhibit excited-state lifetimes of 150 or 7 ps, suggesting applications in photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Fujita
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | | | - Amit K. Mandal
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Department of Energy
- Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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17
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Yuen JM, Diers JR, Alexy EJ, Roy A, Mandal AK, Kang HS, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Origin of Panchromaticity in Multichromophore-Tetrapyrrole Arrays. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7181-7201. [PMID: 30152691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Panchromatic absorbers that have robust photophysical properties enable new designs for molecular-based light-harvesting systems. Herein, we report experimental and theoretical studies of the spectral, redox, and excited-state properties of a series of perylene-monoimide-ethyne-porphyrin arrays wherein the number of perylene-monoimide units is stepped from one to four. In the arrays, a profound shift of absorption intensity from the strong violet-blue (B y and B x) bands of typical porphyrins into the green, red, and near-infrared (Q x and Q y) regions stems from mixing of chromophore and tetrapyrrole molecular orbitals (MOs), which gives multiplets of MOs having electron density spread over the entire array. This reduces the extensive mixing between porphyrin excited-state configurations and the transition-dipole addition and subtraction that normally leads to intense B and weak Q bands. Reduced configurational mixing derives from moderate effects of the ethyne and perylene on the MO energies and a more substantial effect of electron-density delocalization to reduce the configuration-interaction energy. Quantitative oscillator-strength analysis shows that porphyrin intensity is also shifted into the perylene-like green-region absorption and that the ethyne linkers lend absorption intensity. The reduced porphyrin configurational mixing also endows the S1 state with bacteriochlorin-like properties, including a 1-5 ns lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Yuen
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , California 92521-0403 , United States
| | - Eric J Alexy
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , California 92521-0403 , United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63130-4889 , United States
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18
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Yang B, Hewage N, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Wax T, Gascón JA, Zhao J, Agrios AG, Brückner C. The limited extent of the electronic modulation of chlorins and bacteriochlorins through chromene-annulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18233-18240. [PMID: 29942972 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02712a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical data (UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, including fluorescence yields and lifetimes) and electrochemical measurements are used to quantify the modulation of the electronic properties of meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-chlorin diol and -bacteriochlorin tetraols upon intramolecular chromene-annulation, including the investigation of regio- and stereoisomers. The small modulations of the frontier orbitals of the porphyrinoids are rationalized using DFT computations and can be traced to small electronic effects due to the co-planarized meso-aryl groups in combination with conformational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3037, USA.
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19
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Zhang Y, Zhang R, Hughes RA, Dai J, Gurr JR, Williams PG, Miller ES, Lindsey JS. Quantitation of Tolyporphins, Diverse Tetrapyrrole Secondary Metabolites with Chlorophyll-Like Absorption, from a Filamentous Cyanobacterium-Microbial Community. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:205-216. [PMID: 29110356 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tolyporphins are unusual tetrapyrrole macrocycles produced by a non-axenic filamentous cyanobacterium (HT-58-2). Tolyporphins A-J, L, and M share a common dioxobacteriochlorin core, differ in peripheral substituents, and exhibit absorption spectra that overlap that of the dominant cyanobacterial pigment, chlorophyll a. Identification and accurate quantitation of the various tolyporphins in these chlorophyll-rich samples presents challenges. OBJECTIVE To develop methods for the quantitative determination of tolyporphins produced under various growth conditions relative to that of chlorophyll a. METHODOLOGY Chromatographic fractionation of large-scale (440 L) cultures afforded isolated individual tolyporphins. Lipophilic extraction of small-scale (25 mL) cultures, HPLC separation with an internal standard, and absorption detection enabled quantitation of tolyporphin A and chlorophyll a, and by inference the amounts of tolyporphins A-M. Absorption spectroscopy with multicomponent analysis of lipophilic extracts (2 mL cultures) afforded the ratio of all tolyporphins to chlorophyll a. The reported absorption spectral data for the various tolyporphins required re-evaluation for quantitative purposes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The amount of tolyporphin A after 50 days of illumination ranged from 0.13 nmol/mg dry cells (media containing nitrate) to 1.12 nmol/mg (without nitrate), with maximum 0.23 times that of chlorophyll a. Under soluble-nitrogen deprivation after 35-50 days, tolyporphin A represents 1/3-1/2 of the total tolyporphins, and the total amount of tolyporphins is up to 1.8-fold that of chlorophyll a. CONCLUSIONS The quantitative methods developed herein should facilitate investigation of the biosynthesis of tolyporphins (and other tetrapyrroles) as well as examination of other strains for production of tolyporphins. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Rebecca-Ayme Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jingqiu Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822-2275, USA
| | - Joshua R Gurr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822-2275, USA
| | - Philip G Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822-2275, USA
| | - Eric S Miller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA
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20
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Hood D, Sahin T, Parkes‐Loach PS, Jiao J, Harris MA, Dilbeck P, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Loach PA, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Expanding Covalent Attachment Sites of Nonnative Chromophores to Encompass the C‐Terminal Hydrophilic Domain in Biohybrid Light‐Harvesting Architectures. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Don Hood
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | - Tuba Sahin
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | | | - Jieying Jiao
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521-0403 USA
| | - Michelle A. Harris
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | - Preston Dilbeck
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | | | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | - Paul A. Loach
- Department of Molecular Biosciences Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208-3500 USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521-0403 USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
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21
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Mandal AK, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Hu G, Liu R, Alexy EJ, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Tailoring Panchromatic Absorption and Excited-State Dynamics of Tetrapyrrole–Chromophore (Bodipy, Rylene) Arrays—Interplay of Orbital Mixing and Configuration Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17547-17564. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James R. Diers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | | | - Gongfang Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Rui Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Eric J. Alexy
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department
of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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22
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Bai Y, Olivier JH, Yoo H, Polizzi NF, Park J, Rawson J, Therien MJ. Molecular Road Map to Tuning Ground State Absorption and Excited State Dynamics of Long-Wavelength Absorbers. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16946-16958. [PMID: 29043788 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Realizing chromophores that simultaneously possess substantial near-infrared (NIR) absorptivity and long-lived, high-yield triplet excited states is vital for many optoelectronic applications, such as optical power limiting and triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC). However, the energy gap law ensures such chromophores are rare, and molecular engineering of absorbers having such properties has proven challenging. Here, we present a versatile methodology to tackle this design issue by exploiting the ethyne-bridged (polypyridyl)metal(II) (M; M = Ru, Os)-(porphinato)metal(II) (PM'; M' = Zn, Pt, Pd) molecular architecture (M-(PM')n-M), wherein high-oscillator-strength NIR absorptivity up to 850 nm, near-unity intersystem crossing (ISC) quantum yields (ΦISC), and triplet excited-state (T1) lifetimes on the microseconds time scale are simultaneously realized. By varying the extent to which the atomic coefficients of heavy metal d orbitals contribute to the one-electron excitation configurations describing the initially prepared singlet and triplet excited-state wave functions, we (i) show that the relative magnitudes of fluorescence (k0F), S1 → S0 nonradiative decay (knr), S1 → T1 ISC (kISC), and T1 → S0 relaxation (kT1→S0) rate constants can be finely tuned in M-(PM')n-M compounds and (ii) demonstrate designs in which the kISC magnitude dominates singlet manifold relaxation dynamics but does not give rise to T1 → S0 conversion dynamics that short-circuit a microseconds time scale triplet lifetime. Notably, the NIR spectral domain absorptivities of M-(PM')n-M chromophores far exceed those of classic coordination complexes and organic materials possessing similarly high yields of triplet-state formation: in contrast to these benchmark materials, this work demonstrates that these M-(PM')n-M systems realize near unit ΦISC at extraordinarily modest S1-T1 energy gaps (∼0.25 eV). This study underscores the photophysical diversity of the M-(PM')n-M platform and presents a new library of long-wavelength absorbers that efficiently populate long-lived T1 states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Bai
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Hyejin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Nicholas F Polizzi
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Jaehong Park
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jeff Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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23
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Brückner C. Tolyporphin—An Unusual Green Chlorin‐like Dioxobacteriochlorin. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1320-1325. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Hood D, Niedzwiedzki DM, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Dai J, Miller ES, Bocian DF, Williams PG, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Photophysical Characterization of the Naturally Occurring Dioxobacteriochlorin Tolyporphin A and Synthetic Oxobacteriochlorin Analogues. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1204-1215. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Don Hood
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO
| | | | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh NC
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh NC
| | - Jingqiu Dai
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI
| | - Eric S. Miller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO
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25
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Reddy MN, Zhang S, Kim HJ, Mass O, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Spectral Properties of meso-Arylbacteriochlorins, Including Insights into Essential Motifs of their Hydrodipyrrin Precursors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040634. [PMID: 28420113 PMCID: PMC6154299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic bacteriochlorins-analogues of bacteriochlorophylls, Nature's near-infrared absorbers-are attractive for diverse photochemical studies. meso-Arylbacteriochlorins have been prepared by the self-condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-carbinol or dihydrodipyrrin-acetal following an Eastern-Western (E-W) or Northern-Southern (N-S) joining process. The bacteriochlorins bear a gem-dimethyl group in each pyrroline ring to ensure stability toward oxidation. The two routes differ in the location of the gem-dimethyl group at the respective 3- or 2-position in the dihydrodipyrrin, and the method of synthesis of the dihydrodipyrrin. Treatment of a known 3,3-dimethyldihydrodipyrrin-1-carboxaldehyde with an aryl Grignard reagent afforded the dihydrodipyrrin-1-(aryl)carbinol, and upon subsequent acetylation, the corresponding dihydrodipyrrin-1-methyl acetate (dihydrodipyrrin-acetate). Self-condensation of the dihydrodipyrrin-acetate gave a meso-diarylbacteriochlorin (E-W route). A 2,2-dimethyl-5-aryldihydrodipyrrin-1-(aryl)carbinol underwent self-condensation to give a trans-A₂B₂-type meso-tetraarylbacteriochlorin (N-S route). In each case, the aromatization process entails a 2e-/2H⁺ (aerobic) dehydrogenative oxidation following the dihydrodipyrrin self-condensation. Comparison of a tetrahydrodipyrrin-acetal (0%) versus a dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (41%) in bacteriochlorin formation and results with various 1-substituted dihydrodipyrrins revealed the importance of resonance stabilization of the reactive hydrodipyrrin intermediate. Altogether 10 new dihydrodipyrrins and five new bacteriochlorins have been prepared. The bacteriochlorins exhibit characteristic bacteriochlorophyll-like absorption spectra, including a Qy band in the region 726-743 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Science Education, Gongju National University of Education, Gongju 314-701, Korea.
| | - Olga Mass
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
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26
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Cheng J, Li W, Tan G, Wang Z, Li S, Jin Y. Synthesis and in vitro photodynamic therapy of chlorin derivative 131-ortho-trifluoromethyl-phenylhydrazone modified pyropheophorbide-a. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:263-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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27
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Liu M, Chen CY, Hood D, Taniguchi M, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis, photophysics and electronic structure of oxobacteriochlorins. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj04135c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oxobacteriochlorins exhibit strong absorption in the deep-red window flanked by chlorins to the red and bacteriochlorins to the near-infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Chih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Don Hood
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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28
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Zhang S, Nagarjuna Reddy M, Mass O, Kim HJ, Hu G, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of tailored hydrodipyrrins and their examination in directed routes to bacteriochlorins and tetradehydrocorrins. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01892d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
18 gem-dimethyl stabilized hydrodipyrrins with diverse α-substituents have been prepared and examined in directed syntheses of unsymmetrically substituted hydroporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | - Olga Mass
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Department of Science Education
| | - Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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29
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Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Greco JA, Samankumara LP, Zeller M, Birge RR, Gascón JA, Brückner C. Bacteriochlorins with a Twist: Discovery of a Unique Mechanism to Red-Shift the Optical Spectra of Bacteriochlorins. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 139:548-560. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan A. Greco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Lalith P. Samankumara
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Robert R. Birge
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3125, United States
| | - José A. Gascón
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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30
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Amanpour J, Hu G, Alexy EJ, Mandal AK, Kang HS, Yuen JM, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Tuning the Electronic Structure and Properties of Perylene-Porphyrin-Perylene Panchromatic Absorbers. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7434-50. [PMID: 27636001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light-harvesting architectures that afford strong absorption across the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared region, namely, panchromatic absorptivity, are potentially valuable for capturing the broad spectral distribution of sunlight. One previously reported triad consisting of two perylene monoimides strongly coupled to a free base porphyrin via ethyne linkers (FbT) shows panchromatic absorption together with a porphyrin-like S1 excited state albeit at lower energy than that of a typical monomeric porphyrin. Here, two new porphyrin-bis(perylene) triads have been prepared wherein the porphyrin bears two pentafluorophenyl substituents. The porphyrin is in the free base (FbT-F) or zinc chelate (ZnT-F) forms. The zinc chelate (ZnT) of the original triad bearing nonfluorinated aryl rings also was prepared. The triads were characterized using static and time-resolved optical spectroscopy. The results were analyzed with the aid of molecular-orbital characteristics obtained using density functional theory calculations. Of the four triads, FbT is the most panchromatic in affording the most even distribution of absorption spectral intensity as well as exhibiting the largest wavelength span (380-750 nm). The triads exhibit fluorescence yields (0.35 for FbT-F in toluene) that are substantially greater than for the porphyrin benchmarks (0.049 for FbP-F). The singlet excited-state lifetimes (τS) for the triads in toluene decrease in the order FbT-F (2.7 ns) > FbT (2.0 ns) > ZnT (1.2 ns) ∼ ZnT-F (1.1 ns). The τS values in benzonitrile are FbT (1.3 ns) > FbT-F (1.2 ns) > ZnT-F (0.6 ns) > ZnT (0.2 ns). Thus, the free base triads exhibit relatively long (1.2-2.7 ns) excited-state lifetimes in both polar and nonpolar media. The combined photophysical characteristics indicate that FbT and FbT-F are the best choices for panchromatic light-harvesting systems. Collectively, the findings afford insights into the effects of electronic structure on the panchromatic behavior of ethynyl-linked porphyrin-perylene architectures that can help guide next-generation designs and utilization of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Amanpour
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Eric J Alexy
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan M Yuen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
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31
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthetic Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins. Chem Rev 2016; 117:344-535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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32
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Zhang N, Jiang J, Liu M, Taniguchi M, Mandal AK, Evans-Storms RB, Pitner JB, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Bioconjugatable, PEGylated Hydroporphyrins for Photochemistry and Photomedicine. Narrow-Band, Near-Infrared-Emitting Bacteriochlorins. NEW J CHEM 2016; 40:7750-7767. [PMID: 28133433 DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic bacteriochlorins absorb in the near-infrared (NIR) region and are versatile analogues of natural bacteriochlorophylls. The utilization of these chromophores in energy sciences and photomedicine requires the ability to tailor their physicochemical properties, including the incorporation of units to impart water solubility. Herein, we report the synthesis, from two common bacteriochlorin building blocks, of five wavelength-tunable, bioconjugatable and water-soluble bacteriochlorins along with two non-bioconjugatable benchmarks. Each bacteriochlorin bears short polyethylene glycol (PEG) units as the water-solubilizing motif. The PEG groups are located at the 3,5-positions of aryl groups at the pyrrolic β-positions to suppress aggregation in aqueous media. A handle containing a single carboxylic acid is incorporated to allow bioconjugation. The seven water-soluble bacteriochlorins in water display Qy absorption into the NIR range (679-819 nm), sharp emission (21-36 nm full-width-at-half-maximum) and modest fluorescence quantum yield (0.017-0.13). Each bacteriochlorin is neutral (non-ionic) yet soluble in organic (e.g., CH2Cl2, DMF) and aqueous solutions. Water solubility was assessed using absorption spectroscopy by changing the concentration ∼1000-fold (190-690 µM to 0.19-0.69 µM) with a reciprocal change in pathlength (0.1-10 cm). All bacteriochlorins showed excellent solubility in water, except for a bacteriochlorin-imide that gave slight aggregation at higher concentrations. One bacteriochlorin was conjugated to a mouse polyclonal IgG antibody for use in flow cytometry with compensation beads for proof-of-principle. The antibody conjugate of B2-NHS displayed a sharp signal upon ultraviolet laser excitation (355 nm) with NIR emission measured with a 730/45 nm bandpass filter. Overall, the study gives access to a set of water-soluble bacteriochlorins with desirable photophysical properties for use in multiple fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuonuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889
| | | | | | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
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33
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The Rise of Near-Infrared Emitters: Organic Dyes, Porphyrinoids, and Transition Metal Complexes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:47. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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34
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Dilbeck PL, Tang Q, Mothersole DJ, Martin EC, Hunter CN, Bocian DF, Holten D, Niedzwiedzki DM. Quenching Capabilities of Long-Chain Carotenoids in Light-Harvesting-2 Complexes from Rhodobacter sphaeroides with an Engineered Carotenoid Synthesis Pathway. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:5429-43. [PMID: 27285777 PMCID: PMC4921951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Six light-harvesting-2 complexes
(LH2) from genetically modified
strains of the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter
(Rb.) sphaeroides were studied using static and ultrafast
optical methods and resonance Raman spectroscopy. These strains were
engineered to incorporate carotenoids for which the number of conjugated
groups (N = NC=C + NC=O) varies from 9 to 15.
The Rb. sphaeroides strains incorporate their native
carotenoids spheroidene (N = 10) and spheroidenone
(N = 11), as well as longer-chain analogues including
spirilloxanthin (N = 13) and diketospirilloxantion
(N = 15) normally found in Rhodospirillum
rubrum. Measurements of the properties of the carotenoid
first singlet excited state (S1) in antennas from the Rb. sphaeroides set show that carotenoid-bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) interactions are similar to
those in LH2 complexes from various other bacterial species and thus
are not significantly impacted by differences in polypeptide composition.
Instead, variations in carotenoid-to-BChl a energy
transfer are primarily regulated by the N-determined
energy of the carotenoid S1 excited state, which for long-chain
(N ≥ 13) carotenoids is not involved in energy
transfer. Furthermore, the role of the long-chain carotenoids switches
from a light-harvesting supporter (via energy transfer to BChl a) to a quencher of the BChl a S1 excited state B850*. This quenching is manifested as a substantial
(∼2-fold) reduction of the B850* lifetime and the B850* fluorescence
quantum yield for LH2 housing the longest carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David J Mothersole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C Martin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - C Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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35
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Hyland MA, Hewage N, Panther K, Nimthong-Roldán A, Zeller M, Samaraweera M, Gascon JA, Brückner C. Chromene-Annulated Bacteriochlorins. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3603-18. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Hyland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nisansala Hewage
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Kimberly Panther
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Arunpatcha Nimthong-Roldán
- Department
of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Milinda Samaraweera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - José A. Gascon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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36
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Kang HS, Esemoto NN, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Greco JA, Akhigbe J, Yu Z, Pancholi C, Bhagavathy GV, Nguyen JK, Kirmaier C, Birge RR, Ptaszek M, Holten D, Bocian DF. Effects of Strong Electronic Coupling in Chlorin and Bacteriochlorin Dyads. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:379-95. [PMID: 26765839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Achieving tunable, intense near-infrared absorption in molecular architectures with properties suitable for solar light harvesting and biomedical studies is of fundamental interest. Herein, we report the photophysical, redox, and molecular-orbital characteristics of nine hydroporphyrin dyads and associated benchmark monomers that have been designed and synthesized to attain enhanced light harvesting. Each dyad contains two identical hydroporphyrins (chlorin or bacteriochlorin) connected by a linker (ethynyl or butadiynyl) at the macrocycle β-pyrrole (3- or 13-) or meso (15-) positions. The strong electronic communication between constituent chromophores is indicated by the doubling of prominent absorption features, split redox waves, and paired linear combinations of frontier molecular orbitals. Relative to the benchmarks, the chlorin dyads in toluene show substantial bathochromic shifts of the long-wavelength absorption band (17-31 nm), modestly reduced singlet excited-state lifetimes (τS = 3.6-6.2 ns vs 8.8-12.3 ns), and increased fluorescence quantum yields (Φf = 0.37-0.57 vs 0.34-0.39). The bacteriochlorin dyads in toluene show significant bathochromic shifts (25-57 nm) and modestly reduced τS (1.6-3.4 ns vs 3.5-5.3 ns) and Φf (0.09-0.19 vs 0.17-0.21) values. The τS and Φf values for the bacteriochlorin dyads are reduced substantially (up to ∼20-fold) in benzonitrile. The quenching is due primarily to the increased S1 → S0 internal conversion that is likely induced by increased contribution of charge-resonance configurations to the S1 excited state in the polar medium. The fundamental insights gained into the physicochemical properties of the strongly coupled hydroporphyrin dyads may aid their utilization in solar-energy conversion and photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jordan A Greco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Chirag Pancholi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Jamie K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Robert R Birge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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37
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Hu G, Liu R, Alexy EJ, Mandal AK, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Panchromatic chromophore–tetrapyrrole light-harvesting arrays constructed from Bodipy, perylene, terrylene, porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin building blocks. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01782g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Five new chromophore–tetrapyrrole arrays bearing an ethynyl linker have been synthesized to explore the effects of chromophore nature and tetrapyrrole attachment site on panchromatic spectral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Eric J. Alexy
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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38
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Zhang S, Kim HJ, Tang Q, Yang E, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and photophysical characteristics of 2,3,12,13-tetraalkylbacteriochlorins. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetraalkylbacteriochlorins, available upon acid-mediated self-condensation of α-ester stabilized dihydrodipyrrin-carboxaldehydes, provide valuable models of the naturally occurring bacteriochlorophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Department of Science Education
| | - Qun Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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39
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de Assis FF, Ferreira MAB, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. NIR bacteriochlorin chromophores accessed by Heck and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions on a tetrabromobacteriochlorin derivative. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1402-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02228b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new tetrabromobacteriochlorin BCBr4 is reported. Pd cross-coupling reactions yielded tetra-coupled products with a significant red shift in the UV-Vis bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco F. de Assis
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Marco A. B. Ferreira
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Timothy J. Brocksom
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
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40
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Mandal AK, Sahin T, Liu M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Photophysical comparisons of PEGylated porphyrins, chlorins and bacteriochlorins in water. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02091g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a bioconjugatable water-soluble (PEGylated) trans-AB-porphyrin enables photophysical comparisons (τS, kf, kic, kisc, Φf, Φic, Φisc) with analogous chlorins and bacteriochlorins in DMF and water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuba Sahin
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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41
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Yang E, Zhang N, Krayer M, Taniguchi M, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Integration of Cyanine, Merocyanine and Styryl Dye Motifs with Synthetic Bacteriochlorins. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 92:111-25. [PMID: 26505265 DOI: 10.1111/php.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of substituents on spectral properties is essential for the rational design of tailored bacteriochlorins for light-harvesting and other applications. Toward this goal, three new bacteriochlorins containing previously unexplored conjugating substituents have been prepared and characterized. The conjugating substituents include two positively charged species, 2-(N-ethyl 2-quinolinium)vinyl- (B-1) and 2-(N-ethyl 4-pyridinium)vinyl- (B-2), and a neutral group, acroleinyl- (B-3); the charged species resemble cyanine (or styryl) dye motifs whereas the neutral unit resembles a merocyanine dye motif. The three bacteriochlorins are examined by static and time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy and density functional theoretical calculations. B-1 and B-2 have Qy absorption bathochromically shifted well into the NIR region (822 and 852 nm), farther than B-3 (793 nm) and other 3,13-disubstituted bacteriochlorins studied previously. B-1 and B-2 have broad Qy absorption and fluorescence features with large peak separation (Stokes shift), low fluorescence yields, and shortened S1 (Qy ) excited-state lifetimes (~700 ps and ~100 ps). More typical spectra and S1 lifetime (~2.3 ns) are found for B-3. The combined photophysical and molecular-orbital characteristics suggest the altered spectra and enhanced nonradiative S1 decay of B-1 and B-2 derive from excited-state configurations in which electron density is shifted between the macrocycle and the substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nuonuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | | | | | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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42
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Sahin T, Harris MA, Vairaprakash P, Niedzwiedzki DM, Subramanian V, Shreve AP, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Self-Assembled Light-Harvesting System from Chromophores in Lipid Vesicles. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:10231-43. [PMID: 26230425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid vesicles are used as the organizational structure of self-assembled light-harvesting systems. Following analysis of 17 chromophores, six were selected for inclusion in vesicle-based antennas. The complementary absorption features of the chromophores span the near-ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared region. Although the overall concentration of the pigments is low (~1 μM for quantitative spectroscopic studies) in a cuvette, the lipid-vesicle system affords high concentration (≥10 mM) in the bilayer for efficient energy flow from donor to acceptor. Energy transfer was characterized in 13 representative binary mixtures using static techniques (fluorescence-excitation versus absorptance spectra, quenching of donor fluorescence, modeling emission spectra of a mixture versus components) and time-resolved spectroscopy (fluorescence, ultrafast absorption). Binary donor-acceptor systems that employ a boron-dipyrrin donor (S0 ↔ S1 absorption/emission in the blue-green) and a chlorin or bacteriochlorin acceptor (S0 ↔ S1 absorption/emission in the red or near-infrared) have an average excitation-energy-transfer efficiency (ΦEET) of ~50%. Binary systems with a chlorin donor and a chlorin or bacteriochlorin acceptor have ΦEET ∼ 85%. The differences in ΦEET generally track the donor-fluorescence/acceptor-absorption spectral overlap within a dipole-dipole coupling (Förster) mechanism. Substantial deviation from single-exponential decay of the excited donor (due to the dispersion of donor-acceptor distances) is expected and observed. The time profiles and resulting ΦEET are modeled on the basis of (Förster) energy transfer between chromophores relatively densely packed in a two-dimensional compartment. Initial studies of two ternary and one quaternary combination of chromophores show the enhanced spectral coverage and energy-transfer efficacy expected on the basis of the binary systems. Collectively, this approach may provide one of the simplest designs for self-assembled light-harvesting systems that afford broad solar collection and efficient energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Sahin
- †Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Michelle A Harris
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Pothiappan Vairaprakash
- †Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- §Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Vijaya Subramanian
- ∥Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Andrew P Shreve
- ∥Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- †Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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43
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Zhang N, Reddy KR, Jiang J, Taniguchi M, Sommer RD, Lindsey JS. Elaboration of an unexplored substitution site in synthetic bacteriochlorins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to introduce substituents at designated sites about the perimeter of synthetic bacteriochlorins – analogs of bacteriochlorophylls of bacterial photosynthesis – remains a subject of ongoing study. Here, the self-condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-dioxolane affords a 5-[2-(trimethylsiloxy)ethoxy]bacteriochlorin. Like a 5-methoxybacteriochlorin, the latter undergoes regioselective bromination at the 15-position, directed by the distal 5-alkoxy group. On the other hand, attempted bromination of a bacteriochlorin bearing a 5-(2-hydroxyethoxy) group resulted in intramolecular ether formation with the adjacent β-pyrroline position to give an annulated dioxepine ring (confirmed by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis). The hydroxyethoxy group at the 5-position can be derivatized by acylation. In addition, the installation of auxochromes (methoxycarbonyl, phenylethynyl) at the β-pyrrole rings causes a substantial bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength absorption band (812 nm) and companion fluorescence emission band (821 nm). Taken together, the modification of the 5-substituent complements existing methods for installing a single substituent on the bacteriochlorin macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuonuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Kanumuri Ramesh Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Roger D. Sommer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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Lindsey JS. De novo synthesis of gem-dialkyl chlorophyll analogues for probing and emulating our green world. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6534-620. [PMID: 26068531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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Jiang J, Yang E, Reddy KR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthetic bacteriochlorins bearing polar motifs (carboxylate, phosphonate, ammonium and a short PEG). Water-solubilization, bioconjugation, and photophysical properties. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bacteriochlorin scaffold has been derivatized for life sciences applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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Jiang J, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Near-infrared tunable bacteriochlorins equipped for bioorthogonal labeling. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00209e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nine new near-infrared absorbing (729–820 nm) synthetic bacteriochlorins are equipped with one of four reactive groups for bioorthogonal conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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