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Drummond Turnbull R, Bell NL. f-Block hydride complexes - synthesis, structure and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38953848 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00776j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Complexes formed between the heaviest and lightest elements in the periodic table yield the f-block hydrides, a unique class of compounds with wide-ranging utility and interest, from catalysis to light-responsive materials and nuclear waste storage. Recent developments in syntheses and analytics, such as exploiting low-oxidation state metal ions and improvements in X-ray diffraction tools, have transformed our ability to understand, access and manipulate these important species. This perspective brings together insights from binary metal hydrides, with molecular solution phase studies on heteroleptic complexes and gas phase investigations. It aims to provide an overview of how the f-element influences hydride formation, structure and reactivity including the sometimes-surprising power of co-ligands to tune their behaviour towards a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola L Bell
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ.
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2
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Vasiliu M, Marshall M, Zhu Z, Bowen KH, Dixon DA. Molecular Properties of Thorium Hydrides: Electron Affinities and Thermochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2388-2396. [PMID: 35411767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-level electronic structure calculations of the ground and low-lying energy electronic states for ThHx and ThHx- for x = 2-5 are reported and compared to available anion photoelectron detachment experiments. The adiabatic electron affinities (EAs) are predicted to be 0.82, 0.88, 0.51, and 2.36 eV for x = 2 to 5, respectively, at the Feller-Peterson-Dixon (FPD) level. The vertical detachment energies (VDEs) are predicted to be 0.84, 0.88, 0.81, and 4.38 eV for x = 2-5, respectively. The corresponding experimental VDEs are 0.871 eV for x = 2, 0.88 eV for x = 3, and 4.09 eV for x = 5. As for ThH, there is a significant spin-orbit (SO) correction for the EA of ThH2, and this correction decreases substantially for x > 2. The observed ThH2- photoelectron spectrum has many transitions as predicted at the CASPT2-SO level. The FPD bond dissociation energies (BDEs) increase from 67 to 75 kcal/mol for x = 2 to x = 4 at the FPD level. The BDE for ThH5 is much lower as it is a complex of H2 with ThH3. The hydride affinities for x = 2 to 4 are all comparable and near 70 kcal/mol. A natural bond orbital analysis is consistent with a significant Th+-H- ionic contribution to the Th-H bonds. There is very little participation of the 5f orbitals in the bonding and the valence electrons on the Th are dominated by 7s and 6d for the neutrals and anions except for ThH2- where there is a significant contribution from the 7p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States
| | - Mary Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhaoguo Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kit H Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States
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3
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Vasiliu M, Peterson KA, Marshall M, Zhu Z, Tufekci BA, Bowen KH, Dixon DA. Interaction of Th with H 0/-/+: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Thermodynamic Properties. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:198-210. [PMID: 34989579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-level electronic structure calculations of the low-lying energy electronic states for ThH, ThH-, and ThH+ are reported and compared to experimental measurements. The inclusion of spin-orbit coupling is critical to predict the ground-state ordering as inclusion of spin-orbit switches the coupled-cluster CCSD(T) ordering of the two lowest energy states for ThH and ThH+. At the multireference spin-orbit SO-CASPT2 level, the ground states of ThH, ThH-, and ThH+ are predicted to be the 2Δ3/2, 3Φ2, and 3Δ1 states, respectively. The adiabatic electron affinity is calculated to be 0.820 eV, and the vertical detachment energy is calculated to be 0.832 eV in comparison to an experimental value of 0.87 ± 0.02 eV. The observed ThH- photoelectron spectrum has many transitions, which approximately correlate with excitations of Th+ and/or Th. The adiabatic ionization energy of ThH including spin-orbit corrections is calculated to be 6.181 eV. The natural bond orbital results are consistent with a significant contribution of the Th+H- ionic configuration to the bonding in ThH. The bond dissociation energies for ThH, ThH-, and ThH+ using the Feller-Peterson-Dixon approach were calculated to be similar for all three molecules and lie between 259 and 280 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, Unites States
| | - Kirk A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, Unites States
| | - Mary Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, Unites States
| | - Zhaoguo Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, Unites States
| | - Burak A Tufekci
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, Unites States
| | - Kit H Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, Unites States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, Unites States
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Li L, Stüker T, Andrews L, Beckers H, Riedel S. Infrared Spectra of the HAnX and H2
AnX2
Molecules (An=Th and U, X=Cl and Br) in Argon Matrices Supported by Electronic Structure Calculations. Chemistry 2019; 25:1795-1805. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 34-36 Berlin Germany
| | - Tony Stüker
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 34-36 Berlin Germany
| | - Lester Andrews
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 34-36 Berlin Germany
- Chemistry Department; University of Virginia; Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 34-36 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 34-36 Berlin Germany
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Joshi M, Ghanty TK. Predicted M(H 2) 12n+ (M = Ac, Th, Pa, U, La and n = 3, 4) complexes with twenty-four hydrogen atoms bound to the metal ion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7788-7791. [PMID: 31210209 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have shown that La(iii), Ac(iii), Th(iii), Th(iv), Pa(iv) and U(iv) can directly bind with a maximum of 24 hydrogen atoms in M(H2)12 in the first sphere of coordination, which would be a new record in any metal-hydrogen complex investigated at the molecular level, where all the hydrogen atoms are directly connected to the central metal ion through M-η2(H2) bonds. Moreover, Ac(H2)n3+ (n = 9-12) systems satisfy the 18-electron rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Joshi
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Chemistry Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
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Chen X, Li Q, Gong Y, Andrews L, Liebov BK, Fang Z, Dixon DA. Formation and Characterization of Homoleptic Thorium Isocyanide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5060-5068. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingnuan Li
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Benjamin K. Liebov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Zongtang Fang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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Vent-Schmidt T, Andrews L, Thanthiriwatte KS, Dixon DA, Riedel S. Reaction of Laser-Ablated Uranium and Thorium Atoms with H2Se: A Rare Example of Selenium Multiple Bonding. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9761-9. [PMID: 26418218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The compounds H2ThSe and H2USe were synthesized by the reaction of laser-ablated actinide metal atoms with H2Se under cryogenic conditions following the procedures used to synthesize H2AnX (An = Th, U; X = O, S). The molecules were characterized by infrared spectra in an argon matrix with the aid of deuterium substitution and electronic structure calculations at the density functional theory level. The main products, H2ThSe and H2USe, are shown to have a highly polarized actinide-selenium triple bond, as found for H2AnS on the basis of electronic structure calculations. There is an even larger back-bonding of the Se with the An than found for the corresponding sulfur compounds. These molecules are of special interest as rare examples of multiple bonding of selenium to a metal, particularly an actinide metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vent-Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - K Sahan Thanthiriwatte
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstraße 34-36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Cho HG, Andrews L. Methane Activation by Laser-Ablated Th Atoms: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Theoretical Investigations of CH3—Th—H and CH2═ThH2. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:2289-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506282n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Gook Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Incheon, 119 Academy-ro, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-772, South Korea
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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Wang X, Andrews L, Thanthiriwatte KS, Dixon DA. Infrared Spectra of H2ThS and H2US in Noble Gas Matrixes: Enhanced H-An-S Covalent Bonding. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:10275-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400560k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - K. Sahan Thanthiriwatte
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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Pyykkö P. Predicting new, simple inorganic species by quantum chemical calculations: some successes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14734-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp24003c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Andrews L, Gong Y, Liang B, Jackson VE, Flamerich R, Li S, Dixon DA. Matrix Infrared Spectra and Theoretical Studies of Thorium Oxide Species: ThOx and Th2Oy. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:14407-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp208926m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Binyong Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Virgil E. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Ryan Flamerich
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Shenggang Li
- Low Carbon Conversion Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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Vlaisavljevich B, Miró P, Cramer CJ, Gagliardi L, Infante I, Liddle ST. On the Nature of Actinide- and Lanthanide-Metal Bonds in Heterobimetallic Compounds. Chemistry 2011; 17:8424-33. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Krinsky JL, Minasian SG, Arnold J. Covalent Lanthanide Chemistry Near the Limit of Weak Bonding: Observation of (CpSiMe3)3Ce−ECp* and a Comprehensive Density Functional Theory Analysis of Cp3Ln−ECp (E = Al, Ga). Inorg Chem 2010; 50:345-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ic102028d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Fajardo ME, Lindsay CM, Momose T. Crystal field theory analysis of rovibrational spectra of carbon monoxide monomers isolated in solid parahydrogen. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:244508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3158947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Infante I, Gagliardi L, Wang X, Andrews L. Binding Motifs for Lanthanide Hydrides: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study of the MHx(H2)y Species (M = La−Gd; x = 1−4; y = 0−6). J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:2446-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8099658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Infante
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
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Wang X, Andrews L. Infrared Spectra and Theoretical Calculations for Fe, Ru, and Os Metal Hydrides and Dihydrogen Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2008; 113:551-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp806845h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
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Multiple proton donors on BeH2···2HCl trimolecular dihydrogen-bonded complex: some theoretical insights. Struct Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-008-9344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cho HG, Lyon JT, Andrews L. Reactions of actinide metal atoms with ethane: computation and observation of new Th and U ethylidene dihydride, metallacyclopropane dihydride, and vinyl metal trihydride complexes. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6902-7. [PMID: 18610992 DOI: 10.1021/jp801692s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A combined computational and experimental investigation provides evidence that excited thorium and uranium atoms activate ethane to form the vinyl metal trihydride, metallacyclopropane dihydride, and ethylidene metal dihydride for thorium and the latter complex and the inserted ethyl metal hydride for uranium. These products are trapped in solid argon and identified through deuterium isotopic substitution and vibrational frequencies calculated by density functional theory. Comparisons are made with group 4 and methane reaction products. Numerous calculations using several methods show that these simple ethylidene complexes are more distorted by the agostic interaction than the corresponding methylidene species. This enhanced agostic interaction probably arises from methyl hydrogen to alpha-H repulsions, which leads to a substantial decrease in the alpha-H to Th agostic interaction distance, and contributes to our understanding of agostic distortion in organometallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Gook Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Incheon, 177 Dohwa-dong, Nam-ku, Incheon, 402-749, South Korea
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