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Li W, Warncke K. Native and nonnative reactions in ethanolamine ammonia-lyase are actuated by different dynamics. Biophys J 2023; 122:3976-3985. [PMID: 37641402 PMCID: PMC10560697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We address the contribution of select classes of solvent-coupled configurational fluctuations to the complex choreography involved in configurational and chemical steps in an enzyme by comparing native and nonnative reactions conducted at different protein internal sites. The low temperature, first-order kinetics of covalent bond rearrangement of the cryotrapped substrate radical in coenzyme B12-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EAL) from Salmonella enterica display a kink, or increase in slope, of the Arrhenius plot with decreasing temperature. The event is associated with quenching of a select class of reaction-actuating collective fluctuations in the protein hydration layer. For comparison, a nonnative, radical reaction of the protein interior cysteine sulfhydryl group with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is introduced by cryotrapping EAL in an aqueous H2O2 eutectic system. The low-temperature aqueous H2O2 protein hydration and mesodomain solvent phases surrounding cryotrapped EAL are characterized by using TEMPOL spin probe electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, including a freezing transition of the eutectic phase that orders the protein hydration layer. Kinetics of the cysteine-H2O2 reaction in the EAL protein interior are monitored by DEPMPO spin trapping of hydroxyl radical product. In contrast to the native reaction, the linear Arrhenius relation for the nonnative cysteine-H2O2 reaction is maintained through the solvent-protein ordering transition. The nonnative reaction is coupled to the generic local, incremental fluctuations that are intrinsic to globular proteins. The comparative approach supports the proposal that select coupled solvent-protein configurational fluctuations actuate the native reaction, and suggests that select dynamical coupling contributes to the degree of catalysis in enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kurt Warncke
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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2
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Kaushik M, Lingua H, Stevanato G, Elokova M, Lelli M, Lesage A, Ouari O. Trehalose Matrices for High Temperature Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Solid State NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12167-12175. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00970f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) at cryogenic temperatures has proved to be a valuable technique to enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Over the years, sample formulations have been optimized...
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3
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Melillo JH, Gabriel JP, Pabst F, Blochowicz T, Cerveny S. Dynamics of aqueous peptide solutions in folded and disordered states examined by dynamic light scattering and dielectric spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15020-15029. [PMID: 34190269 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01893k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the segmental dynamics of proteins, and intrinsically disordered proteins in particular, is a challenge in biophysics. In this study, by combining data from broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and both depolarized (DDLS) and polarized (PDLS) dynamic light scattering, we were able to determine the dynamics of a small peptide [ε-poly(lysine)] in water solutions in two different conformations (pure β-sheet at pH = 10 and a more disordered conformation at pH = 7). We found that the segmental (α-) relaxation, as probed by DDLS, is faster in the disordered state than in the folded conformation. The water dynamics, as detected by BDS, is also faster in the disordered state. In addition, the combination of BDS and DDLS results allows us to confirm the molecular origin of water-related processes observed by BDS. Finally, we discuss the origin of two slow processes (A and B processes) detected by DDLS and PDLS in both conformations and usually observed in other types of water solutions. For fully homogeneous ε-PLL solutions at pH = 10, the A-DLS process is assigned to the diffusion of individual β-sheets. The combination of both techniques opens a route for understanding the dynamics of peptides and other biological solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Melillo
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Centre (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5 (20018), San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Jan Philipp Gabriel
- School for Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287, USA and Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Pabst
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Blochowicz
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Silvina Cerveny
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Centre (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5 (20018), San Sebastián, Spain. and Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4 (20018), San Sebastián, Spain
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4
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Alonso JM, Sanchez-Varretti FO, Frechero MA. Finite dimension unravels the structural features at the glass transition. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:88. [PMID: 34212243 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Physics Nobel Prize winner P.W. Anderson famously wrote in 1995: "The deepest and most interesting unsolved problem in solid state theory is probably the theory of the nature of the glass and the glass transition". Despite much effort in the intervening years, the problem is still unsolved. We contribute a novel mathematical approach to this problem. The main new ingredient is finite dimension, a recently introduced "fractal" dimension defined only for finite sets. Our methods sharply distinguish the glass transition temperature and give hints as to the structural changes that occur in the transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Alonso
- (BIOS) IMASL-CONICET, Dpto. de Matemática, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes 950, 5700, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Fabricio Orlando Sanchez-Varretti
- Facultad Regional San Rafael, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP), CONICET, Gral. Urquiza 314, 5600, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marisa Alejandra Frechero
- INQUISUR - Dpto. de Química - Universidad Nacional del Sur- CONICET, Av. Alem 1253 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Samajdar RN, Asampille G, Atreya HS, Bhattacharyya AJ. Hemoglobin Dynamics in Solution vis-à-vis Under Confinement: An Electrochemical Perspective. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5771-5779. [PMID: 32551673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Confining heme protein in silico often leads to beneficial functionalities such as an enhanced electrochemical response from the heme center. This can be harnessed to design effective biosensors for medical diagnostics. Proteins under confinement, surface confinement on the electrode to be precise, have more ordered and monodisperse structure compared to the protein in bulk solution. As the electrochemical response of a protein comes from those protein molecules that are confined within the electrical double layer across the electrode-electrolyte interface, it is expected that restriction of conformational fluctuations of the polymeric protein will help in enhancement of the electrochemical response. This is probably the prima facie reason for electrochemical response enhancement under confinement. We examine the dynamic features of hemoglobin under confinement vis-à-vis that in bulk solution. We use a variety of spectroscopic techniques across a wide time-space window to establish the following facts: (a) hardening of the protein polypeptide backbone, (b) slowing down of protein diffusion, (c) increase in relaxation times in NMR, and (d) slowing down of dielectric relaxation times under confinement. This indicates an overall quenching of protein dynamics when the protein is confined inside silica matrix. Thus, we hypothesize that along with retention of secondary structure, this quenching of dynamics contributes to the enhancement of electrochemical response observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudra N Samajdar
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Hanudatta S Atreya
- NMR Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aninda J Bhattacharyya
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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6
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Capaccioli S, Ngai KL, Ancherbak S, Bertoldo M, Ciampalini G, Thayyil MS, Wang LM. The JG β-relaxation in water and impact on the dynamics of aqueous mixtures and hydrated biomolecules. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:034504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Capaccioli
- CNR-IPCF, Dipartimento di Fisica, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - K. L. Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Dipartimento di Fisica, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004, China
| | - S. Ancherbak
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Bertoldo
- ISOF - CNR Area della Ricerca di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Ciampalini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004, China
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Combarro Palacios I, Olsson C, Kamma-Lorger CS, Swenson J, Cerveny S. Motions of water and solutes-Slaving versus plasticization phenomena. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:124902. [PMID: 30927900 DOI: 10.1063/1.5030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-accepted that hydration water is crucial for the structure, dynamics, and function of proteins. However, the exact role of water for the motions and functions of proteins is still debated. Experiments have shown that protein and water dynamics are strongly coupled but with water motions occurring on a considerably faster time scale (the so-called slaving behavior). On the other hand, water also reduces the conformational entropy of proteins and thereby acts as a plasticizer of them. In this work, we analyze the dynamics (using broadband dielectric spectroscopy) of some specific non-biological water solutions in a broad concentration range to elucidate the role of water in the dynamics of the solutes. Our results demonstrate that at low water concentrations (less than 5 wt. %), the plasticization phenomenon prevails for all the materials analyzed. However, at higher water concentrations, two different scenarios can be observed: the slaving phenomenon or plasticization, depending on the solute analyzed. These results generalize the slaving phenomenon to some, but not all, non-biological solutions and allow us to analyze the key factors for observing the slaving behavior in protein solutions as well as to reshaping the slaving concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaskun Combarro Palacios
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Centre (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Christoffer Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Swenson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Silvina Cerveny
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Material Physics Centre (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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8
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Jagtap AP, Geiger MA, Stöppler D, Orwick-Rydmark M, Oschkinat H, Sigurdsson ST. bcTol : a highly water-soluble biradical for efficient dynamic nuclear polarization of biomolecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:7020-3. [PMID: 27161650 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01813k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is an efficient method to overcome the inherent low sensitivity of magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR. We report a new polarizing agent (), designed for biological applications, that yielded an enhancement value of 244 in a microcrystalline SH3 domain sample at 110 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil P Jagtap
- University of Iceland, Department of Chemistry, Science Institute, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Michel-Andreas Geiger
- NMR supported structural biology, Leibniz-Institut for Molecular Biology (FMP), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniel Stöppler
- NMR supported structural biology, Leibniz-Institut for Molecular Biology (FMP), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marcella Orwick-Rydmark
- NMR supported structural biology, Leibniz-Institut for Molecular Biology (FMP), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- NMR supported structural biology, Leibniz-Institut for Molecular Biology (FMP), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Snorri Th Sigurdsson
- University of Iceland, Department of Chemistry, Science Institute, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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9
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Yamamoto N, Ito S, Nakanishi M, Chatani E, Inoue K, Kandori H, Tominaga K. Effect of Temperature and Hydration Level on Purple Membrane Dynamics Studied Using Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy from Sub-GHz to THz Regions. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1367-1377. [PMID: 29304273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of temperature and hydration on the dynamics of purple membrane (PM), we measured the broadband complex dielectric spectra from 0.5 GHz to 2.3 THz using a vector network analyzer and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy from 233 to 293 K. In the lower temperature region down to 83 K, the complex dielectric spectra in the THz region were also obtained. The complex dielectric spectra were analyzed through curve fitting using several model functions. We found that the hydrated states of one relaxational mode, which was assigned as the coupled motion of water molecules with the PM surface, began to overlap with the THz region at approximately 230 K. On the other hand, the relaxational mode was not observed for the dehydrated state. On the basis of this result, we conclude that the protein-dynamical-transition-like behavior in the THz region is due to the onset of the overlap of the relaxational mode with the THz region. Temperature hysteresis was observed in the dielectric spectrum at 263 K when the hydration level was high. It is suggested that the hydration water behaves similarly to supercooled liquid at that temperature. The third hydration layer may be partly formed to observe such a phenomenon. We also found that the relaxation time is slower than that of a globular protein, lysozyme, and the microscopic environment in the vicinity of the PM surface is suggested to be more heterogeneous than lysozyme. It is proposed that the spectral overlap of the relaxational mode and the low-frequency vibrational mode is necessary for the large conformational change of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shota Ito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokisho-cho, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakanishi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology , 3-30-1 Wajiro-higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 811-0295, Japan
| | - Eri Chatani
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokisho-cho, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokisho-cho, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tominaga
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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10
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Lilly Thankamony AS, Wittmann JJ, Kaushik M, Corzilius B. Dynamic nuclear polarization for sensitivity enhancement in modern solid-state NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 102-103:120-195. [PMID: 29157490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of dynamic nuclear polarization has undergone tremendous developments and diversification since its inception more than 6 decades ago. In this review we provide an in-depth overview of the relevant topics involved in DNP-enhanced MAS NMR spectroscopy. This includes the theoretical description of DNP mechanisms as well as of the polarization transfer pathways that can lead to a uniform or selective spreading of polarization between nuclear spins. Furthermore, we cover historical and state-of-the art aspects of dedicated instrumentation, polarizing agents, and optimization techniques for efficient MAS DNP. Finally, we present an extensive overview on applications in the fields of structural biology and materials science, which underlines that MAS DNP has moved far beyond the proof-of-concept stage and has become an important tool for research in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aany Sofia Lilly Thankamony
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes J Wittmann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Monu Kaushik
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Björn Corzilius
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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11
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Pansare SK, Patel SM. Practical Considerations for Determination of Glass Transition Temperature of a Maximally Freeze Concentrated Solution. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:805-19. [PMID: 27193003 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glass transition temperature is a unique thermal characteristic of amorphous systems and is associated with changes in physical properties such as heat capacity, viscosity, electrical resistance, and molecular mobility. Glass transition temperature for amorphous solids is referred as (T g), whereas for maximally freeze concentrated solution, the notation is (T g'). This article is focused on the factors affecting determination of T g' for application to lyophilization process design and frozen storage stability. Also, this review provides a perspective on use of various types of solutes in protein formulation and their effect on T g'. Although various analytical techniques are used for determination of T g' based on the changes in physical properties associated with glass transition, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is the most commonly used technique. In this article, an overview of DSC technique is provided along with brief discussion on the alternate analytical techniques for T g' determination. Additionally, challenges associated with T g' determination, using DSC for protein formulations, are discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide a practical industry perspective on determination of T g' for protein formulations as it relates to design and development of lyophilization process and/or for frozen storage; however, a comprehensive review of glass transition temperature (T g, T g'), in general, is outside the scope of this work.
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12
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Yamamoto N, Ohta K, Tamura A, Tominaga K. Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy on Lysozyme in the Sub-Gigahertz to Terahertz Frequency Regions: Effects of Hydration and Thermal Excitation. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:4743-55. [PMID: 27158918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have performed dielectric spectral measurements of lysozyme in a solid state to understand the effects of hydration and thermal excitation on the low-frequency dynamics of protein. Dielectric measurements were performed under changing hydration conditions at room temperature in the frequency region of 0.5 GHz to 1.8 THz. We also studied the temperature dependence (83 to 293 K) of the complex dielectric spectra in the THz frequency region (0.3 THz to 1.8 THz). Spectral analyses were performed using model functions for the complex dielectric constant. To reproduce the spectra, we found that two relaxational modes and two underdamped modes are necessary together with an ionic conductivity term in the model function. At room temperature, the two relaxational modes have relaxation times of ∼20 ps and ∼100 ps. The faster component has a major spectral intensity and is suggested to be due to coupled water-protein motion. The two underdamped modes are necessary to reproduce the temperature dependence of the spectra in the THz region satisfactorily. The protein dynamical transition is a well-known behavior in the neutron-scattering experiment for proteins, where the atomic mean-square displacement shows a sudden change in the temperature dependence at approximately 200 K, when the samples are hydrated. A similar behavior has also been observed in the temperature dependence of the absorption spectra of protein in the THz frequency region. From our broadband dielectric spectroscopic measurements, we conclude that the increase in the spectral intensities in the THz region at approximately 200 K is due to a spectral blue-shift of the fast relaxational mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science and ‡Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University , Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ohta
- Graduate School of Science and ‡Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University , Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuo Tamura
- Graduate School of Science and ‡Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University , Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tominaga
- Graduate School of Science and ‡Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University , Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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13
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Elamin K, Jansson H, Swenson J. Dynamics of aqueous binary glass-formers confined in MCM-41. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12978-87. [PMID: 25913915 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00751h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric permittivity measurements were performed on water solutions of propylene glycol (PG) and propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) confined in 21 Å pores of the silica matrix MCM-41 C10 in wide frequency (10(-2)-10(6) Hz) and temperature (130-250 K) ranges. The aim was to elucidate how the formation of large hydrogen bonded structural entities, found in bulk solutions of PGME, was affected by the confined geometry, and to make comparisons with the dynamic behavior of the PG-water system. For all solutions the measurements revealed four almost concentration independent relaxation processes. The intensity of the fastest process is low compared to the other relaxation processes and might be caused by both hydroxyl groups of the pore surfaces and by local motions of water and solute molecules. The second fastest process contains contributions from both the main water relaxation as well as the intrinsic β-relaxation of the solute molecules. The third fastest process is the viscosity related α-relaxation. Its concentration independency is very different compared to the findings for the corresponding bulk systems, particularly for the PGME-water system. The experimental data suggests that the surface interactions induce a micro-phase separation of the two liquids, resulting in a full molecular layer of water molecules coordinating to the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups on the surfaces of the silica pores. This, in turn, increases the geometrical confinement effect for the remaining solution even more and prevents the building up of the same type of larger structural entities in the PGME-water system as in the corresponding bulk solutions. The slowest process is mainly hidden in the high conductivity contribution at low frequencies, but its temperature dependence can be extracted for the PGME-water system. However, its origin is not fully clear, as will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Elamin
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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14
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Lewandowski JR, Halse ME, Blackledge M, Emsley L. Direct observation of hierarchical protein dynamics. Science 2015; 348:578-81. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa6111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Swenson J, Cerveny S. Dynamics of deeply supercooled interfacial water. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:033102. [PMID: 25437331 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/3/033102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the relaxation dynamics of glassy and deeply supercooled water in different types of systems. We compare the dynamics of such interfacial water in ordinary aqueous solutions, hard confinements and biological soft materials. In all these types of systems the dielectric relaxation time of the main water process exhibits a dynamic crossover from a high-temperature non-Arrhenius temperature dependence to a low-temperature Arrhenius behavior. Moreover, at large enough water content the low-temperature process is universal and exhibits the same temperature behavior in all types of systems. However, the physical nature of the dynamic crossover is somewhat different for the different types of systems. In ordinary aqueous solutions it is not even a proper dynamic crossover, since the water relaxation decouples from the cooperative α-relaxation of the solution slightly above the glass transition in the same way as all secondary (β) relaxations of glass-forming materials. In hard confinements, the physical origin of the dynamic crossover is not fully clear, but it seems to occur when the cooperative main relaxation of water at high temperatures reaches a temperature where the volume required for its cooperative motion exceeds the size of the geometrically-confined water cluster. Due to this confinement effect the α-like main relaxation of the confined water seems to transform to a more local β-relaxation with decreasing temperature. Since this low-temperature β-relaxation is universal for all systems at high water content it is possible that it can be considered as an intrinsic β-relaxation of supercooled water, including supercooled bulk water. This possibility, together with other findings for deeply supercooled interfacial water, suggests that the most accepted relaxation scenarios for supercooled bulk water have to be altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Swenson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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16
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Markin AV, Markhasin E, Sologubov SS, Ni QZ, Smirnova NN, Griffin RG. Low-temperature polymorphic phase transition in a crystalline tripeptide L-Ala-L-Pro-Gly·H2O revealed by adiabatic calorimetry. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:1787-92. [PMID: 25588051 DOI: 10.1021/jp508710g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate application of precise adiabatic vacuum calorimetry to observation of phase transition in the tripeptide L-alanyl-L-prolyl-glycine monohydrate (APG) from 6 to 320 K and report the standard thermodynamic properties of the tripeptide in the entire range. Thus, the heat capacity of APG was measured by adiabatic vacuum calorimetry in the above temperature range. The tripeptide exhibits a reversible first-order solid-to-solid phase transition characterized by strong thermal hysteresis. We report the standard thermodynamic characteristics of this transition and show that differential scanning calorimetry can reliably characterize the observed phase transition with <5 mg of the sample. Additionally, the standard entropy of formation from the elemental substances and the standard entropy of hypothetical reaction of synthesis from the amino acids at 298.15 K were calculated for the studied tripeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Markin
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod , Gagarin Pr. 23/5, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
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17
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Chakraborty K, Bandyopadhyay S. Effect of temperature on the low-frequency vibrational spectrum and relative structuring of hydration water around a single-stranded DNA. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:015101. [PMID: 25573583 DOI: 10.1063/1.4904896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of the single-stranded DNA oligomer (5'-CGCGAAT TCGCG-3') in aqueous solution have been carried out at different temperatures between 160 K and 300 K. The effects of temperature on the low-frequency vibrational spectrum and local structural arrangements of water molecules hydrating the DNA strand have been explored in detail. The low-frequency density of states distributions reveal that increasingly trapped transverse water motions play a dominant role in controlling the band corresponding to O⋯O⋯O bending or transverse oscillations of hydration water at supercooled temperatures. In addition, presence of a broad band around 260 (±20) cm(-1) under supercooled conditions indicates transformation from high density liquid-like structuring of hydration water at higher temperatures to that of a low density liquid at lower temperatures. It is found that long-range correlations between the supercooled hydration water molecules arise due to such local structural transition around the DNA oligomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Chakraborty
- Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sanjoy Bandyopadhyay
- Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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18
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Mallamace F, Corsaro C, Mallamace D, Vasi S, Vasi C, Dugo G. The role of water in protein's behavior: The two dynamical crossovers studied by NMR and FTIR techniques. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 13:33-7. [PMID: 25750698 PMCID: PMC4348435 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The role the solvent plays in determining the biological activity of proteins is of primary importance. Water is the solvent of life and proteins need at least a water monolayer covering their surface in order to become biologically active. We study how the properties of water and the effect of its coupling with the hydrophilic moieties of proteins govern the regime of protein activity. In particular we follow, by means of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, the thermal evolution of the amide vibrational modes of hydrated lysozyme in the temperature interval 180 K < T < 350 K. In such a way we are able to observe the thermal limit of biological activity characterizing hydrated lysozyme. Finally we focus on the region of lysozyme thermal denaturation by following the evolution of the proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra for 298 K < T < 366 K with the High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning probe. Our data suggest that the hydrogen bond coupling between hydration water and protein hydrophilic groups is crucial in triggering the main mechanisms that define the enzymatic activity of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mallamace
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy ; CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Corsaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Mallamace
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente, della Sicurezza, del Territorio, degli Alimenti edella Salute, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Vasi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Cirino Vasi
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente, della Sicurezza, del Territorio, degli Alimenti edella Salute, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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19
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Woods KN. The glassy state of crambin and the THz time scale protein-solvent fluctuations possibly related to protein function. BMC BIOPHYSICS 2014; 7:8. [PMID: 25184036 PMCID: PMC4143578 DOI: 10.1186/s13628-014-0008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND THz experiments have been used to characterize the picosecond time scale fluctuations taking place in the model, globular protein crambin. RESULTS Using both hydration and temperature as an experimental parameter, we have identified collective fluctuations (<= 200 cm(-1)) in the protein. Observation of the protein dynamics in the THz spectrum from both below and above the glass transition temperature (Tg) has provided unique insight into the microscopic interactions and modes that permit the solvent to effectively couple to the protein thermal fluctuations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the solvent dynamics on the picosecond time scale not only contribute to protein flexibility but may also delineate the types of fluctuations that are able to form within the protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina N Woods
- Physics Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh 15213, PA, USA
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20
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Hill JJ, Shalaev EY, Zografi G. The importance of individual protein molecule dynamics in developing and assessing solid state protein preparations. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2605-2614. [PMID: 24867196 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Processing protein solutions into the solid state is a common approach for generating stable amorphous protein mixtures that are suitable for long-term storage. Great care is typically given to protecting the protein native structure during the various drying steps that render it into the amorphous solid state. However, many studies illustrate that chemical and physical degradations still occur in spite of this amorphous material having good glassy properties and it being stored at temperatures below its glass transition temperature (Tg). Because of these persistent issues and recent biophysical studies that have refined the debate ascribing meaning to the molecular dynamical transition temperature and Tg of protein molecules, we provide an updated discussion on the impact of assessing and managing localized, individual protein molecule nondiffusive motions in the context of proteins being prepared into bulk amorphous mixtures. Our aim is to bridge the pharmaceutical studies addressing bulk amorphous preparations and their glassy behavior, with the biophysical studies historically focused on the nondiffusive internal protein dynamics and a protein's activity, along with their combined efforts in assessing the impact of solvent hydrogen-bonding networks on local stability. We also provide recommendations for future research efforts in solid-state formulation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.
| | | | - George Zografi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222
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21
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Chakraborty K, Bandyopadhyay S. Correlated Dynamical Crossovers of the Hydration Layer of a Single-Stranded DNA Oligomer. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:413-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp408234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Chakraborty
- Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sanjoy Bandyopadhyay
- Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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22
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Ngai K, Capaccioli S, Paciaroni A. Nature of the water specific relaxation in hydrated proteins and aqueous mixtures. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Lopez del Amo JM, Schneider D, Loquet A, Lange A, Reif B. Cryogenic solid state NMR studies of fibrils of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid-β peptide: perspectives for DNP. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 56:359-363. [PMID: 23793606 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization solid-state NMR holds the potential to enable a dramatic increase in sensitivity by exploiting the large magnetic moment of the electron. However, applications to biological solids are hampered in uniformly isotopically enriched biomacromolecules due to line broadening which yields a limited spectral resolution at cryogenic temperatures. We show here that high magnetic fields allow to overcome the broadening of resonance lines often experienced at liquid nitrogen temperatures. For a fibril sample of the Alzheimer's disease β-amyloid peptide, we find similar line widths at low temperature and at room temperature. The presented results open new perspectives for structural investigations in the solid-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Miguel Lopez del Amo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München (HMGU), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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24
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Ngai KL, Capaccioli S, Paciaroni A. Change of caged dynamics at Tg in hydrated proteins: Trend of mean squared displacements after correcting for the methyl-group rotation contribution. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:235102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4810752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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26
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Accordino SR, Malaspina DC, Rodriguez Fris JA, Alarcón LM, Appignanesi GA. Temperature dependence of the structure of protein hydration water and the liquid-liquid transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 85:031503. [PMID: 22587099 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.031503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We study the temperature dependence of the structure and orientation of the first hydration layers of the protein lysozyme and compare it with the situation for a model homogeneous hydrophobic surface, a graphene sheet. We show that in both cases these layers are significantly better structured than bulk water. The geometrical constraint of the interface makes the water molecules adjacent to the surface lose one water-water hydrogen bond and expel the fourth neighbors away from the surface, lowering local density. We show that a decrease in temperature improves the ordering of the hydration water molecules, preserving such a geometrical effect. For the case of graphene, this favors an ice Ih-like local structuring, similar to the water-air interface but in the opposite way along the c axis of the basal plane (while the vicinal water molecules of the air interface orient a hydrogen atom toward the surface, the oxygens of the water molecules close to the graphene plane orient a lone pair in such a direction). In turn, the case of the first hydration layers of the lysozyme molecule is shown to be more complicated, but still displaying signs of both kinds of behavior, together with a tendency of the proximal water molecules to hydrogen bond to the protein both as donors and as acceptors. Additionally, we make evident the existence of signatures of a liquid-liquid transition (Widom line crossing) in different structural parameters at the temperature corresponding to the dynamic transition incorrectly referred to as "the protein glass transition."
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Accordino
- Sección Fisicoquímica INQUISUR-UNS-CONICET and Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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27
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Relation between the structure of matrices and their mechanical relaxation mechanisms during the glass transition of biomaterials: A review. Food Hydrocoll 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Capaccioli S, Ngai KL, Ancherbak S, Paciaroni A. Evidence of Coexistence of Change of Caged Dynamics at Tg and the Dynamic Transition at Td in Solvated Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:1745-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2057892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Capaccioli
- CNR-IPCF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici,
c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa,
Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3,
I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - K. L. Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici,
c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa,
Italy
| | - S. Ancherbak
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3,
I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Paciaroni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Perugia & IOM-CNR, Via A. Pascoli 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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29
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Mamontov E, Chu XQ. Water–protein dynamic coupling and new opportunities for probing it at low to physiological temperatures in aqueous solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11573-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41443k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Mazza MG, Stokely K, Pagnotta SE, Bruni F, Stanley HE, Franzese G. More than one dynamic crossover in protein hydration water. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19873-8. [PMID: 22135473 PMCID: PMC3250162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104299108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of liquid water in its supercooled region have helped us better understand the structure and behavior of water. Bulk water freezes at its homogeneous nucleation temperature (approximately 235 K), but protein hydration water avoids this crystallization because each water molecule binds to a protein. Here, we study the dynamics of the hydrogen bond (HB) network of a percolating layer of water molecules and compare the measurements of a hydrated globular protein with the results of a coarse-grained model that successfully reproduces the properties of hydration water. Using dielectric spectroscopy, we measure the temperature dependence of the relaxation time of proton charge fluctuations. These fluctuations are associated with the dynamics of the HB network of water molecules adsorbed on the protein surface. Using Monte Carlo simulations and mean-field calculations, we study the dynamics and thermodynamics of the model. Both experimental and model analyses are consistent with the interesting possibility of two dynamic crossovers, (i) at approximately 252 K and (ii) at approximately 181 K. Because the experiments agree with the model, we can relate the two crossovers to the presence at ambient pressure of two specific heat maxima. The first is caused by fluctuations in the HB formation, and the second, at a lower temperature, is due to the cooperative reordering of the HB network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco G. Mazza
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Kevin Stokely
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Sara E. Pagnotta
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas–Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), Materials Physics Center, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Fabio Bruni
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Amaldi”, Università di Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy; and
| | - H. Eugene Stanley
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Giancarlo Franzese
- Departament de Física Fonamental, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Linden AH, Franks WT, Akbey Ü, Lange S, van Rossum BJ, Oschkinat H. Cryogenic temperature effects and resolution upon slow cooling of protein preparations in solid state NMR. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2011; 51:283-92. [PMID: 21826519 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-011-9535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
X-ray crystallography using synchrotron radiation and the technique of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) require samples to be kept at temperatures below 100 K. Protein dynamics are poorly understood below the freezing point of water and down to liquid nitrogen temperatures. Therefore, we investigate the α-spectrin SH3 domain by magic angle spinning (MAS) solid state NMR (ssNMR) at various temperatures while cooling slowly. Cooling down to 95 K, the NMR-signals of SH3 first broaden and at lower temperatures they separate into several peaks. The coalescence temperature differs depending on the individual residue. The broadening is shown to be inhomogeneous by hole-burning experiments. The coalescence behavior of 26 resolved signals (of 62) was compared to water proximity and crystal structure Debye-Waller factors (B-factors). Close proximity to the solvent and large B-factors (i.e. mobility) lead, generally, to a higher coalescence temperature. We interpret a high coalescence temperature as indicative of a large number of magnetically inequivalent populations at cryogenic temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne H Linden
- Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Capponi S, Arbe A, Cerveny S, Busselez R, Frick B, Embs JP, Colmenero J. Quasielastic neutron scattering study of hydrogen motions in an aqueous poly(vinyl methyl ether) solution. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:204906. [PMID: 21639476 DOI: 10.1063/1.3592560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) investigation of the component dynamics in an aqueous Poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) solution (30% water content in weight). In the glassy state, an important shift in the Boson peak of PVME is found upon hydration. At higher temperatures, the diffusive-like motions of the components take place with very different characteristic times, revealing a strong dynamic asymmetry that increases with decreasing T. For both components, we observe stretching of the scattering functions with respect to those in the bulk and non-Gaussian behavior in the whole momentum transfer range investigated. To explain these observations we invoke a distribution of mobilities for both components, probably originated from structural heterogeneities. The diffusive-like motion of PVME in solution takes place faster and apparently in a more continuous way than in bulk. We find that the T-dependence of the characteristic relaxation time of water changes at T ≲ 225 K, near the temperature where a crossover from a low temperature Arrhenius to a high temperature cooperative behavior has been observed by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) [S. Cerveny, J. Colmenero and A. Alegría, Macromolecules, 38, 7056 (2005)]. This observation might be a signature of the onset of confined dynamics of water due to the freezing of the PVME dynamics, that has been selectively followed by these QENS experiments. On the other hand, revisiting the BDS results on this system we could identify an additional "fast" process that can be attributed to water motions coupled with PVME local relaxations that could strongly affect the QENS results. Both kinds of interpretations, confinement effects due to the increasing dynamic asymmetry and influence of localized motions, could provide alternative scenarios to the invoked "strong-to-fragile" transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Capponi
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.
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33
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Panagopoulou A, Kyritsis A, Sabater I Serra R, Gómez Ribelles JL, Shinyashiki N, Pissis P. Glass transition and dynamics in BSA-water mixtures over wide ranges of composition studied by thermal and dielectric techniques. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1984-96. [PMID: 21798376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein-water dynamics in mixtures of water and a globular protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), was studied over wide ranges of composition, in the form of solutions or hydrated solid pellets, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermally stimulated depolarization current technique (TSDC) and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Additionally, water equilibrium sorption isotherm (ESI) measurements were performed at room temperature. The crystallization and melting events were studied by DSC and the amount of uncrystallized water was calculated by the enthalpy of melting during heating. The glass transition of the system was detected by DSC for water contents higher than the critical water content corresponding to the formation of the first sorption layer of water molecules directly bound to primary hydration sites, namely 0.073 (grams of water per grams of dry protein), estimated by ESI. A strong plasticization of the T(g) was observed by DSC for hydration levels lower than those necessary for crystallization of water during cooling, i.e. lower than about 0.3 (grams of water per grams of hydrated protein) followed by a stabilization of T(g) at about -80°C for higher water contents. The α relaxation associated with the glass transition was also observed in dielectric measurements. In TSDC a microphase separation could be detected resulting in double T(g) for some hydration levels. A dielectric relaxation of small polar groups of the protein plasticized by water, overlapped by relaxations of uncrystallized water molecules, and a separate relaxation of water in the crystallized water phase (bulk ice crystals) were also recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Panagopoulou
- National Technical University of Athens, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece.
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34
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Samouillan V, Tintar D, Lacabanne C. Hydrated elastin: Dynamics of water and protein followed by dielectric spectroscopies. Chem Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Cerveny S, Arrese-Igor S, Dolado JS, Gaitero JJ, Alegría A, Colmenero J. Effect of hydration on the dielectric properties of C-S-H gel. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:034509. [PMID: 21261370 DOI: 10.1063/1.3521481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of water dynamics confined in hydrated calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel has been investigated using broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS; 10(-2)-10(6) Hz) in the low-temperature range (110-250 K). Different water contents in C-S-H gel were explored (from 6 to 15 wt%) where water remains amorphous for all the studied temperatures. Three relaxation processes were found by BDS (labeled 1 to 3 from the fastest to the slowest), two of them reported here for the first time. We show that a strong change in the dielectric relaxation of C-S-H gel occurs with increasing hydration, especially at a hydration level in which a monolayer of water around the basic units of cement materials is predicted by different structural models. Below this hydration level both processes 2 and 3 have an Arrhenius temperature dependence. However, at higher hydration level, a non-Arrhenius behavior temperature dependence for process 3 over the whole accessible temperature range and, a crossover from low-temperature Arrhenius to high-temperature non-Arrhenius behavior for process 2 are observed. Characteristics of these processes will be discussed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Cerveny
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV∕EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.
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36
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Panagopoulou A, Kyritsis A, Aravantinou AM, Nanopoulos D, i Serra RS, Gómez Ribelles JL, Shinyashiki N, Pissis P. Glass Transition and Dynamics in Lysozyme–Water Mixtures Over Wide Ranges of Composition. FOOD BIOPHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-010-9201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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LeBard DN, Matyushov DV. Ferroelectric Hydration Shells around Proteins: Electrostatics of the Protein−Water Interface. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:9246-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David N. LeBard
- Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, PO Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
| | - Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, PO Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
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38
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Shrinivas P, Kasapis S. Unexpected Phase Behavior of Amylose in a High Solids Environment. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:421-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm9011562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Shrinivas
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Block S8, Level 5, Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, and School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, City Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia
| | - Stefan Kasapis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Block S8, Level 5, Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, and School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, City Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia
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Khodadadi S, Malkovskiy A, Kisliuk A, Sokolov A. A broad glass transition in hydrated proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:15-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Jansson H, Swenson J. The protein glass transition as measured by dielectric spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Pagnotta SE, Cerveny S, Alegría A, Colmenero J. The dynamical behavior of hydrated glutathione: a model for protein–water interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:10512-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c003493b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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2H and 13C NMR studies on the temperature-dependent water and protein dynamics in hydrated elastin, myoglobin and collagen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:41-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Shinyashiki N, Yamamoto W, Yokoyama A, Yoshinari T, Yagihara S, Kita R, Ngai KL, Capaccioli S. Glass Transitions in Aqueous Solutions of Protein (Bovine Serum Albumin). J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:14448-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905511w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shinyashiki
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Wataru Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ayame Yokoyama
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Takeo Yoshinari
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Shin Yagihara
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rio Kita
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - K. L. Ngai
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Capaccioli
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
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44
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Evidence of α fluctuations in myoglobin's denaturation in the high temperature region: Average relaxation time from an Adam–Gibbs perspective. Biophys Chem 2009; 144:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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45
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Gainaru C, Fillmer A, Böhmer R. Dielectric Response of Deeply Supercooled Hydration Water in the Connective Tissue Proteins Collagen and Elastin. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:12628-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9065899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Gainaru
- Fakultät für Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ariane Fillmer
- Fakultät für Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Böhmer
- Fakultät für Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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46
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Vogel M. Temperature-Dependent Mechanisms for the Dynamics of Protein-Hydration Waters: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:9386-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp901531a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Vogel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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47
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Schirò G, Cupane A, Vitrano E, Bruni F. Dielectric Relaxations in Confined Hydrated Myoglobin. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:9606-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp901420r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Schirò
- CNISM and Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche ed Astronomiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy, and CNISM and Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Amaldi”, Università di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Cupane
- CNISM and Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche ed Astronomiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy, and CNISM and Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Amaldi”, Università di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Vitrano
- CNISM and Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche ed Astronomiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy, and CNISM and Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Amaldi”, Università di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Bruni
- CNISM and Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche ed Astronomiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy, and CNISM and Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Amaldi”, Università di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
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48
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Lebard DN, Matyushov DV. Dynamical transition, hydrophobic interface, and the temperature dependence of electrostatic fluctuations in proteins. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:061901. [PMID: 19256862 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.061901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations have revealed a dramatic increase, with increasing temperature, of the amplitude of electrostatic fluctuations caused by water at the active site of metalloprotein plastocyanin. The increased breadth of electrostatic fluctuations, expressed in terms of the reorganization energy of changing the redox state of the protein, is related to the formation of the hydrophobic protein-water interface, allowing large-amplitude collective fluctuations of the water density in the protein's first solvation shell. On top of the monotonic increase of the reorganization energy with increasing temperature, we have observed a spike at approximately 220 K also accompanied by a significant slowing of the exponential collective Stokes shift dynamics. In contrast to the local density fluctuations of the hydration-shell waters, these spikes might be related to the global property of the water solvent crossing the Widom line or undergoing a weak first-order transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Lebard
- Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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49
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Shinyashiki N, Shinohara M, Iwata Y, Goto T, Oyama M, Suzuki S, Yamamoto W, Yagihara S, Inoue T, Oyaizu S, Yamamoto S, Ngai KL, Capaccioli S. The Glass Transition and Dielectric Secondary Relaxation of Fructose−Water Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:15470-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807038r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Shinyashiki
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Shinohara
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Y. Iwata
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - T. Goto
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Oyama
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Suzuki
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - W. Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Yagihara
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - T. Inoue
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Oyaizu
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - K. L. Ngai
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Capaccioli
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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