Implementation of a Density Functional Theory-Based Method for the Calculation of the Hyperfine A -tensor in Periodic Systems with the Use of Numerical and Slater Type Atomic Orbitals: Application to Paramagnetic Defects

A combined solid-state 1H, 13C, 17O NMR and periodic DFT study of hyperfine coupling tensors in paramagnetic copper(II) compounds

We report solid-state 1H, 13C, and 17O NMR determination of hyperfine coupling tensors (A-tensors) in several paramagnetic Cu(II) (d9, S = 1/2) complexes: trans-Cu(DL-Ala)2·H217O, Cu([1-13C]acetate)2·H2O, Cu([2-13C]acetate)2·H2O, and Cu(acetate)2·H217O. Using these new experimental results and some A-tensor data available in the literature for trans-Cu(L-Ala)2 and K2CuCl4·2H2O, we were able to examine the accuracy of A-tensor computation from a periodic DFT method implemented in the BAND program. We evaluated A-tensors on 1H (I = 1/2), 13C (I = 1/2), 14N (I = 1), 17O (I = 5/2), 39K (I = 3/2), 35Cl (I = 3/2), and 63Cu (I = 3/2) nuclei over a range spanning more than 3 orders of magnitude. We found that the BAND code can reproduce reasonably well the experimental results for both A-tensors and nuclear quadrupole coupling tensors.

Solid-state 35/37 Cl NMR detection of chlorine atoms directly bound to paramagnetic cobalt(II) ions in powder samples

We report high-quality solid-state 35/37 Cl NMR spectra for chlorine atoms directly bonded to paramagnetic cobalt(II) ions (high spin S = 3/2) in powered samples of CoCl2 , CoCl2 ·2H2 O, CoCl2 ·6H2 O, and CoCl2 (terpy) (terpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine). Because solid-state 35/37 Cl NMR spectra for paramagnetic cobalt(II) compounds often cover an extremely wide spectral range, they were recorded in this work in the form of variable-offset cumulative spectra. Solid-state 35/37 Cl NMR measurements were performed at three magnetic fields (11.7, 14.1, and 16.5 T) and analysis of data yielded information about 35/37 Cl quadrupole coupling and hyperfine coupling tensors in these paramagnetic cobalt(II) compounds. Experimental 35/37 Cl NMR tensors were found to be in reasonable agreement with quantum chemical calculations based on a periodic DFT method implemented in BAND.

What computational chemistry and magnetic resonance reveal concerning the oxygen evolving centre in Photosystem II

Density Functional Theory (DFT) computational studies of the Mn₄/Ca Oxygen Evolving Complex (OEC) region of Photosystem II in the paramagnetic S₂ and S₃ states of the water oxdizing catalytic cycle are described. These build upon recent advances in computationally understanding the detailed S₁ state OEC geometries, revealed by the recent high resolution Photosystem II crystal structures of Shen et al., at 1.90Å and 1.95Å (Petrie et al., 2015, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 54, 7120). The models feature a 'Low Oxidation Paradigm' assumption for the mean Mn oxidation states in the functional enzyme, with the mean oxidation levels being 3.0, 3.25 and 3.5 in S₁, S₂ and S₃, respectively. These calculations are used to infer magnetic exchange interactions within the coupled OEC cluster, particularly in the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)-visible S₂ and S₃ states. Detailed computational estimates of the intrinsic magnitudes and molecular orientations of the ⁵⁵Mn hyperfine tensors in the S₂ state are presented. These parameters, together with the resultant spin projected hyperfine values are compared with recent appropriate experimental EPR data (Continuous Wave (CW), Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR) and ELDOR (Electron-Electron Double Resonance)-Detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (EDNMR)) from the OEC. It is found that an effective Coupled Dimer magnetic organization of the four Mn in the OEC cluster in the S₂ and S₃ states is able to quantitatively rationalize the observed ⁵⁵Mn hyperfine data. This is consistent with structures we propose to represent the likely state of the OEC in the catalytically active form of the enzyme.

The Calculation of NMR Chemical Shifts in Periodic Systems Based on Gauge Including Atomic Orbitals and Density Functional Theory

We present here a method that can calculate NMR shielding tensors from first principles for systems with translational invariance. Our approach is based on Kohn-Sham density functional theory and gauge-including atomic orbitals. Our scheme determines the shielding tensor as the second derivative of the total electronic energy with respect to an external magnetic field and a nuclear magnetic moment. The induced current density due to a periodic perturbation from nuclear magnetic moments is obtained through numerical differentiation, whereas the influence of the responding perturbation in terms of the external magnetic field is evaluated analytically. The method is implemented into the periodic program BAND. It employs a Bloch basis set made up of Slater-type or numeric atomic orbitals and represents the Kohn-Sham potential fully without the use of effective core potentials. Results from calculations of NMR shielding constants based on the present approach are presented for isolated molecules as well as systems with one-, two- and three-dimensional periodicity. The reported values are compared to experiment and results from calculations on cluster models.

An improved scheme for the calculation of NMR chemical shifts in periodic systems based on gauge including atomic orbitals and density functional theory

We report here on an improved first principles method that can determine NMR shielding tensors for periodic systems. Our scheme evaluates the shielding tensor as the second derivative of the total electronic energy with respect to a nuclear magnetic moment and an external magnetic field. Both the induced current density J(α) due to the first perturbation from the nuclear magnetic moment as well as the interaction of J(α) with the second perturbation in the form of an external magnetic field are evaluated analytically. Our approach is based on Kohn–Sham density functional theory and gauge-including atomic orbitals. It employs a Bloch basis set made up of Slater-type or numeric atomic orbitals and represents the Kohn–Sham potential fully without the use of effective core potentials. The method is implemented into the periodic program BAND. The new scheme represents an improvement over a previously proposed method in that use can be made of the zero-order Kohn–Sham orbitals from a calculation based on a primitive cell instead of a supercell. Further, J(α) is evaluated analytically rather than by a finite difference approach. The improvements reduce the required computational time by up to two orders of magnitude for three-dimensional systems. Such a reduction is made possible by the fact that we are using atomic centered basis functions. The new implementation is further able to take into account scalar relativistic effects within the zero-order regular approximation. Results from calculations of NMR shielding constants based on the present approach are presented for systems with one-, two-, and three-dimensional periodicity. The reported values are compared to experiment and results from the previously proposed scheme.

First-principles calculation of parameters of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in solids

The hyperfine A-tensor and Zeeman g-tensor parameterize the interaction of an 'effective' electron spin with the magnetic field due to the nuclear spin and the homogeneous external magnetic field, respectively. The A- and g-tensors are the quantities of primary interest in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In this paper, we review our work [E.S. Kadantsev, T. Ziegler, J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, 112, 4521; E. S. Kadantsev, T. Ziegler, J. Phys. Chem. A 2009, 113, 1327] on the calculation of these EPR parameters under periodic boundary conditions (PBC) from first-principles. Our methodology is based on the Kohn-Sham DFT (KS DFT), explicit usage of Bloch basis set made up of numerical and Slater-type atomic orbitals (NAOs/STOs), and is implemented in the 'full potential' program BAND. Our implementation does not rely on the frozen core approximation. The NAOs/STOs basis is well suited for the accurate representation of the electron density near the nuclei, a prerequisite for the calculation of highly accurate hyperfine parameters. In the case of g-tensor, our implementation is based on the method of Van Lenthe et al. [E. van Lenthe, P. E. S. Wormer, A. van der Avoird, J. Chem. Phys. 1997, 107, 2488] in which the spin-orbital coupling is taken into account variationally. We demonstrate the viability of our scheme by calculating EPR parameters of paramagnetic defects in solids. We consider the A-tensor of 'normal' and 'anomalous' muonium defect in IIIA-VA semiconductors as well as the S2 anion radical in KCl host crystal lattice.