1
|
Liaros N, Gutierrez Razo SA, Fourkas JT. Probing Multiphoton Photophysics Using Two-Beam Action Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6643-6653. [PMID: 30022666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiphoton absorption (MPA) is an enabling technology for many applications. However, due to the low probability of MPA processes, their accurate characterization remains a challenge. Here we introduce a new technique, two-beam constant emission intensity (2-BCEIn) spectroscopy, that offers substantial advantages over other existing methods that use the generation of optical emission for the characterization of absorptive nonlinearities. We use 2-BCEIn to study nonlinear absorption in solutions of crystal violet lactone (CVL) over a range of excitation wavelengths in which the dominant nonlinear absorption process transitions from two-photon absorption (750 nm) to three-photon absorption (830 nm). At an excitation wavelength of 800 nm, both two-photon absorption and three-photon absorption contribute substantially to the nonlinear fluorescence excitation (NFE) signal, although the dynamic range of the NFE data is not sufficient to quantify the contributions of each process. 2-BCEIn spectroscopy enables the direct measurement of the local exponent at each emission intensity. 2-BCEIn measurements made at several different emission intensities demonstrate unambiguously that the nonlinear excitation of CVL at 800 nm cannot be described solely as the sum of a two-photon process and a three-photon process. A kinetic model that includes intrapulse excited-state absorption reproduces the features of the 2-BCEIn measurements and enables the determination of the ratio of the three-photon absorption cross section to the two-photon absorption cross section. Such information cannot easily be extracted from conventional NFE measurements. These results demonstrate the power and versatility of two-beam action spectroscopies for elucidating the complex photophysics of multiphoton absorption processes.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bayda M, Angulo G, Hug GL, Ludwiczak M, Karolczak J, Koput J, Dobkowski J, Marciniak B. Electron transfer in silicon-bridged adjacent chromophores: the source for blue-green emission. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:11404-11415. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00590c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer between adjacent chromophores (N-isopropylcarbazole and divinylbenzene) through a silylene bridge is the source for blue-green emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Bayda
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
| | - Gonzalo Angulo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Gordon L. Hug
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
- Radiation Laboratory
| | - Monika Ludwiczak
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
- Center of Advanced Technologies
| | - Jerzy Karolczak
- Faculty of Physics and Center For Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy
- Adam Mickiewicz University
- Poznan
- Poland
| | - Jacek Koput
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
| | - Jacek Dobkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Spectroscopic Properties of Chalcone Derivatives. J Fluoresc 2016; 27:537-549. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
4
|
Kölle P, Pugliesi I, Langhals H, Wilcken R, Esterbauer AJ, de Vivie-Riedle R, Riedle E. Hole-transfer induced energy transfer in perylene diimide dyads with a donor–spacer–acceptor motif. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:25061-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pump–probe spectroscopy, time resolved fluorescence, chemical variation and quantum chemical calculations reveal an efficient energy transfer mechanism enabled by a bright charge transfer state located on the spacer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kölle
- Department of Chemistry
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- 81377 München
- Germany
| | - Igor Pugliesi
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- 80538 München
- Germany
| | - Heinz Langhals
- Department of Chemistry
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- 81377 München
- Germany
| | - Roland Wilcken
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- 80538 München
- Germany
| | | | | | - Eberhard Riedle
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- 80538 München
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schmidhammer U, Jeunesse P, Stresing G, Mostafavi M. A broadband ultrafast transient absorption spectrometer covering the range from near-infrared (NIR) down to green. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:1137-1147. [PMID: 25197972 DOI: 10.1366/13-07214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a new development for pump-probe absorption spectroscopy that allows the simultaneous measurement from the green part of the visible spectrum (510 nm) over the whole near-infrared range to >1600 nm, corresponding to 0.77-2.40 eV. The system is based on a sub-picosecond supercontinuum generated in bulk material used as a broadband probe that is dispersed with a custom-made prism spectrometer and detected by an InGaAs array with extended sensitivity to the visible. Two versions, with and without probe referencing, are implemented for operation at laser repetition rates of a few hertz and kilohertz, respectively. After presentation of the optical configuration of the spectrometer, its performance is characterized and further illustrated on two time scales, with the ultrafast radiolysis of isopropanol induced by a picosecond electron pulse and with the instantaneous response of a BK7 plate to a femtosecond light pulse. The photophysics of the dye IR-140 is resolved from the femto- to picosecond regime. Stable and easy day-to-day routine use of the spectrometer also can be achieved in non-optical laboratory surroundings. For operation in a hazardous environment, the optical probe beams can be transported to the detector unit by optical fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uli Schmidhammer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique/ELYSE, UMR 8000 CNRS/Université Paris-Sud 11, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Orsay Cedex 91405, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dickson-Karn NM, Olson CM, Leu WCW, Hartley CS. Intramolecularcharge transfer in donor-bridge-acceptor compounds with paired linearly conjugated or cross-conjugated pathways. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney M. Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Ohio Northern University; Ada OH 45810 USA
| | - Wade C. W. Leu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Miami University; Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - C. Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Miami University; Oxford OH 45056 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Józefowicz M, Bajorek A, Pietrzak M, Heldt JR. Quantum-chemical calculations of the electronic structure of 2-amino-1,3-dicyano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 113:137-144. [PMID: 23719413 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The UV-Visible absorption spectra of six, newly synthesized donor-substituted 2-amino-1,3-dicyano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene have been measured in methylcyclohexane (MCH) and assigned with the help of quantum-chemical calculations. Our calculations have been performed to assess information regarding the electronic state energy values, corresponding oscillator strengths, x-, y-, z-components of the transition dipole moments and molecular orbitals involved in the main electronic transitions of the studied compounds. Additionally, the experimental absorption transition dipole moments were calculated, on the basis of spectroscopic data, and compared with results of our quantum-chemical calculations. On the basis of the experimental results and quantum-chemical calculations, it was shown that the long-wavelength absorption band involves an overlap of three electronic transitions of different character. For all studied donor-acceptor (D-A) compounds in vapour-phase, the long-wavelength transition (S0→S1) does not possess charge transfer character, whereas the S0→S2 transition possesses electron transfer character e.g., π-electrons of the acceptor moiety are moved to the donor part. Moreover, it is found that the electronic structure of the studied biphenyl derivatives can be approximately described within composite-model of decoupled moieties: donor and acceptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Józefowicz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Druzhinin SI, Demeter A, Zachariasse KA. Intramolecular charge transfer with crystal violet lactone in acetonitrile as a function of temperature: reaction is not solvent-controlled. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7721-36. [PMID: 23865629 DOI: 10.1021/jp405530j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) with crystal violet lactone (CVL) in the excited singlet state takes place in solvents more polar than n-hexane, such as ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile (MeCN). In these solvents, the fluorescence spectrum of CVL consists of two emission bands, from a locally excited (LE) and an ICT state. The dominant deactivation channel of the lowest excited singlet state is internal conversion, as the quantum yields of fluorescence (0.007) and intersystem crossing (0.015) in MeCN at 25 °C are very small. CVL is a weakly coupled electron donor/acceptor (D/A) molecule, similar to an exciplex (1)(A(-)D(+)). A solvatochromic treatment of the LE and ICT emission maxima results in the dipole moments μe(LE) = 17 D and μe(ICT) = 33 D, much larger than those previously reported. This discrepancy is attributed to different Onsager radii and spectral fluorimeter calibration. The LE and ICT fluorescence decays of CVL in MeCN are double exponential. As determined by global analysis, the LE and ICT decays at 25 °C have the times τ2 = 9.2 ps and τ1 = 1180 ps, with an amplitude ratio of 35.3 for LE. From these parameters, the rate constants ka = 106 × 10(9) s(-1) and kd = 3.0 × 10(9) s(-1) of the forward and backward reaction in the LE ⇄ ICT equilibrium are calculated, resulting in a free enthalpy difference ΔG of -8.9 kJ/mol. The amplitude ratio of the ICT fluorescence decay equals -1.0, which signifies that the ICT state is not prepared by light absorption in the S0 ground state, but originates exclusively from the directly excited LE precursor. From the temperature dependence of the fluorescence decays of CVL in MeCN (-45 to 75 °C), activation energies E(a) = 3.9 kJ/mol (LE → ICT) and E(d) = 23.6 kJ/mol (ICT → LE) are obtained, giving an enthalpy difference ΔH (= E(a) - E(d)) of -19.7 kJ/mol, and an entropy difference ΔS = -35.5 J mol(-1) K(-1). These data show that the ICT reaction of CVL in MeCN is not barrierless. The ICT reaction time of 9.2 ps is much longer than the mean solvent relaxation time of MeCN (0.26 ps), indicating, in contrast with earlier reports in the literature, that the reaction is not solvent controlled. This conclusion is supported by the observation of double exponential LE and ICT fluorescence with the same decay times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Józefowicz M, Fita P, Kasprzycki P, Heldt JR. Excited-State Dynamics of Ethyl 5-(4-aminophenyl)-3-amino-2,4-dicyanobenzoate. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4136-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401746z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Józefowicz
- Institute of Experimental Physics,
University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952 Gdańsk,
Poland
| | - P. Fita
- Institute of Experimental
Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69,
00-681 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P. Kasprzycki
- Institute of Experimental
Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69,
00-681 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. R. Heldt
- Institute of Experimental Physics,
University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952 Gdańsk,
Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sailer CF, Thallmair S, Fingerhut BP, Nolte C, Ammer J, Mayr H, Pugliesi I, de Vivie-Riedle R, Riedle E. A Comprehensive Microscopic Picture of the Benzhydryl Radical and Cation Photogeneration and Interconversion through Electron Transfer. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1423-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201201057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
Ultrafast photochemical processes can occur in parallel with the relaxation of the optically populated excited state toward equilibrium. The latter involves both intra- and intermolecular modes, namely vibrational and solvent coordinates, and takes place on timescales ranging from a few tens of femtoseconds to up to hundreds of picoseconds, depending on the system. As a consequence, the reaction dynamics can substantially differ from those usually measured with slower photoinduced processes occurring from equilibrated excited states. For example, the decay of the excited-state population may become strongly nonexponential and depend on the excitation wavelength, contrary to the Kasha and Vavilov rules. In this article, we first give a brief account of our current understanding of vibrational and solvent relaxation processes. We then present an overview of important classes of ultrafast photochemical reactions, namely electron and proton transfer as well as isomerization, and illustrate with several examples how nonequilibrium effects can affect their dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneve 8, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Riedle E, Bradler M, Wenninger M, Sailer CF, Pugliesi I. Electronic transient spectroscopy from the deep UV to the NIR: unambiguous disentanglement of complex processes. Faraday Discuss 2013; 163:139-58; discussion 243-75. [PMID: 24020200 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Riedle
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstr. 67, 80538 Miünchen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li X, Liang M, Chakraborty A, Kondo M, Maroncelli M. Solvent-Controlled Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:6592-607. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Anjan Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Minako Kondo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mark Maroncelli
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schmidhammer U, Pernot P, Waele VD, Jeunesse P, Demarque A, Murata S, Mostafavi M. Distance Dependence of the Reaction Rate for the Reduction of Metal Cations by Solvated Electrons: A Picosecond Pulse Radiolysis Study. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12042-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp107278w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uli Schmidhammer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-ELYSE, UMR8000 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Pascal Pernot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-ELYSE, UMR8000 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Vincent De Waele
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-ELYSE, UMR8000 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Pierre Jeunesse
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-ELYSE, UMR8000 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Alexandre Demarque
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-ELYSE, UMR8000 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murata
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-ELYSE, UMR8000 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Mehran Mostafavi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-ELYSE, UMR8000 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li X, Maroncelli M. Solvent-Controlled Electron Transfer in Crystal Violet Lactone. J Phys Chem A 2010; 115:3746-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp106240x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mark Maroncelli
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kumbhakar M, Singh PK, Satpati AK, Nath S, Pal H. Ultrafast Electron Transfer Dynamics in Micellar Media Using Surfactant as the Intrinsic Electron Acceptor. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:10057-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102258y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumbhakar
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, and Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar Singh
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, and Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Satpati
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, and Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Sukhendu Nath
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, and Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Haridas Pal
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, and Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Santhosh K, Samanta A. Modulation of the Excited State Intramolecular Electron Transfer Reaction and Dual Fluorescence of Crystal Violet Lactone in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:9195-200. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1039805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotni Santhosh
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Anunay Samanta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karpiuk J, Karolak E, Nowacki J. Tuneable white fluorescence from intramolecular exciplexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:8804-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b927232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Megerle U, Selmaier F, Lambert C, Riedle E, Lochbrunner S. Symmetry-dependent solvation of donor-substituted triarylboranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:6245-51. [DOI: 10.1039/b806131a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|