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Nesbitt DJ, Zolot AM, Roscioli JR, Ryazanov M. Nonequilibrium Scattering/Evaporation Dynamics at the Gas-Liquid Interface: Wetted Wheels, Self-Assembled Monolayers, and Liquid Microjets. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:700-711. [PMID: 36848588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusWe often teach or are taught in our freshman courses that there are three phases of matter─gas, liquid and solid─where the ordering reflects increasing complexity and strength of interaction between the molecular constituents. But arguably there is also a fascinating additional "phase" of matter associated with the microscopically thin interface (<10 molecules thick) between the gas and liquid, which is still poorly understood and yet plays a crucial role in fields ranging from chemistry of the marine boundary layer and atmospheric chemistry of aerosols to the passage of O2 and CO2 through alveolar sacs in our lungs. The work in this Account provides insights into three challenging new directions for the field, each embracing a rovibronically quantum-state-resolved perspective. Specifically, we exploit the powerful tools of chemical physics and laser spectroscopy to pose two fundamental questions. (i) At the microscopic level, do molecules in all internal quantum-states (e.g., vibrational, rotational, electronic) colliding with the interface "stick" with unit probability? (ii) Can reactive, scattering, and/or evaporating molecules at the gas-liquid interface avoid collisions with other species and thereby be observed in a truly "nascent" collision-free distribution of internal degrees of freedom? To help address these questions, we present studies in three different areas: (i) reactive scattering dynamics of F atoms with wetted-wheel gas-liquid interfaces, (ii) inelastic scattering of HCl from self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) via resonance-enhanced photoionization (REMPI)/velocity map imaging (VMI) methods, and (iii) quantum-state-resolved evaporation dynamics of NO at the gas-water interface. As a recurring theme, we find that molecular projectiles reactively, inelastically, or evaporatively scatter from the gas-liquid interface into internal quantum-state distributions substantially out of equilibrium with respect to the bulk liquid temperatures (TS). By detailed balance considerations, the data unambiguously indicate that even simple molecules exhibit rovibronic state dependences to how they "stick" to and eventually solvate into the gas-liquid interface. Such results serve to underscore the importance of quantum mechanics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics in energy transfer and chemical reactions at the gas-liquid interface. This nonequilibrium behavior may well make this rapidly emergent field of chemical dynamics at gas-liquid interfaces more complicated but even more interesting targets for further experimental/theoretical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Nesbitt
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alex M Zolot
- Quantinuum, 303 S. Technology Ct., Broomfield, Colorado 80021, United States
| | - Joseph R Roscioli
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Rd., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Mikhail Ryazanov
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Ryazanov M, Nesbitt DJ. Quantum-state-resolved studies of aqueous evaporation dynamics: NO ejection from a liquid water microjet. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:044201. [PMID: 30709290 DOI: 10.1063/1.5083050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the first fully quantum-state-resolved measurements of a solute molecule evaporating from the gas-liquid interface in vacuum. Specifically, laser-induced fluorescence detection of NO(2Π1/2, 3/2, v = 0, J) evaporating from an ∼5 mM NO-water solution provides a detailed characterization of the rotational and spin-orbit distributions emerging from a ⌀4-5 μm liquid microjet into vacuum. The internal-quantum-state populations are found to be well described by Boltzmann distributions, but corresponding to temperatures substantially colder (up to 50 K for rotational and 30 K for spin-orbit) than the water surface. The results therefore raise the intriguing possibility of non-equilibrium dynamics in the evaporation of dissolved gases at the vacuum-liquid-water interface. In order to best interpret these data, we use a model for evaporative cooling of the liquid microjet and develop a model for collisional cooling of the nascent NO evaporant in the expanding water vapor. In particular, the collisional-cooling model illustrates that, despite the 1/r drop-off in density near the microjet greatly reducing the probability of collisions in the expanding water vapor, even small inelastic cross sections (≲ 20 Å2) could account for the experimentally observed temperature differences. The current results do not rule out the possibility of non-equilibrium evaporation dynamics, but certainly suggest that correct interpretation of liquid-microjet studies, even under conditions previously considered as "collision-free," may require more careful consideration of residual collisional dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Ryazanov
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - David J Nesbitt
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Zutz A, Nesbitt DJ. Angle-resolved molecular beam scattering of NO at the gas-liquid interface. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:054704. [PMID: 28789539 DOI: 10.1063/1.4995446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents first results on angle-resolved, inelastic collision dynamics of thermal and hyperthermal molecular beams of NO at gas-liquid interfaces. Specifically, a collimated incident beam of supersonically cooled NO (2Π1/2, J = 0.5) is directed toward a series of low vapor pressure liquid surfaces ([bmim][Tf2N], squalane, and PFPE) at θinc = 45(1)°, with the scattered molecules detected with quantum state resolution over a series of final angles (θs = -60°, -30°, 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60°) via spatially filtered laser induced fluorescence. At low collision energies [Einc = 2.7(9) kcal/mol], the angle-resolved quantum state distributions reveal (i) cos(θs) probabilities for the scattered NO and (ii) electronic/rotational temperatures independent of final angle (θs), in support of a simple physical picture of angle independent sticking coefficients and all incident NO thermally accommodating on the surface. However, the observed electronic/rotational temperatures for NO scattering reveal cooling below the surface temperature (Telec < Trot < TS) for all three liquids, indicating a significant dependence of the sticking coefficient on NO internal quantum state. Angle-resolved scattering at high collision energies [Einc = 20(2) kcal/mol] has also been explored, for which the NO scattering populations reveal angle-dependent dynamical branching between thermal desorption and impulsive scattering (IS) pathways that depend strongly on θs. Characterization of the data in terms of the final angle, rotational state, spin-orbit electronic state, collision energy, and liquid permit new correlations to be revealed and investigated in detail. For example, the IS rotational distributions reveal an enhanced propensity for higher J/spin-orbit excited states scattered into near specular angles and thus hotter rotational/electronic distributions measured in the forward scattering direction. Even more surprisingly, the average NO scattering angle (⟨θs⟩) exhibits a remarkably strong correlation with final angular momentum, N, which implies a linear scaling between net forward scattering propensity and torque delivered to the NO projectile by the gas-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Zutz
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - David J Nesbitt
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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Tesa-Serrate MA, Smoll EJ, Minton TK, McKendrick KG. Atomic and Molecular Collisions at Liquid Surfaces. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2016; 67:515-40. [PMID: 27090845 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040215-112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The gas-liquid interface remains one of the least explored, but nevertheless most practically important, environments in which molecular collisions take place. These molecular-level processes underlie many bulk phenomena of fundamental and applied interest, spanning evaporation, respiration, multiphase catalysis, and atmospheric chemistry. We review here the research that has, during the past decade or so, been unraveling the molecular-level mechanisms of inelastic and reactive collisions at the gas-liquid interface. Armed with the knowledge that such collisions with the outer layers of the interfacial region can be unambiguously distinguished, we show that the scattering of gas-phase projectiles is a promising new tool for the interrogation of liquid surfaces with extreme surface sensitivity. Especially for reactive scattering, this method also offers absolute chemical selectivity for the groups that react to produce a specific observed product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Tesa-Serrate
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom;
| | - Eric J Smoll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717;
| | - Timothy K Minton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717;
| | - Kenneth G McKendrick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom;
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Roscioli JR, Bell DJ, Nelson DJ, Nesbitt DJ. State-resolved velocity map imaging of surface-scattered molecular flux. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:4070-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Roscioli JR, Nesbitt DJ. Quantum State Resolved Scattering from Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: The Role of Cation versus Anion Structure at the Interface. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:9764-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2033802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Roscioli
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - David J. Nesbitt
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
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Lu JW, Morris JR. Gas–Surface Scattering Dynamics of CO2, NO2, and O3in Collisions with Model Organic Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:6194-201. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111395z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Lu JW, Alexander WA, Morris JR. Gas–surface energy exchange and thermal accommodation of CO2 and Ar in collisions with methyl, hydroxyl, and perfluorinated self-assembled monolayers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12533-43. [DOI: 10.1039/b921893a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Perkins, Jr. BG, Nesbitt DJ. High resolution Dopplerimetry of correlated angular and quantum state-resolved CO2 scattering dynamics at the gas–liquid interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:14294-308. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Perkins BG, Nesbitt DJ. Stereodynamics at the Gas−Liquid Interface: Orientation and Alignment of CO2 Scattered from Perfluorinated Liquid Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:1398-410. [DOI: 10.1021/jp907022u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradford G. Perkins
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440
| | - David J. Nesbitt
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440
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Havey DK, Du J, Liu Q, Mullin AS. Full State-Resolved Energy Gain Profiles of CO2 (J = 2−80) from Collisions of Highly Vibrationally Excited Molecules. 1. Relaxation of Pyrazine (E = 37900 cm−1). J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:1569-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908934j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Havey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Qingnan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Amy S. Mullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Perkins BG, Nesbitt DJ. Toward Three-Dimensional Quantum State-Resolved Collision Dynamics at the Gas−Liquid Interface: Theoretical Investigation of Incident Angle. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:4613-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp811322y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradford G. Perkins
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440
| | - David J. Nesbitt
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440
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Ziemkiewicz M, Nesbitt DJ. Nonadiabatic reactive scattering in atom+triatom systems: Nascent rovibronic distributions in F+H[sub 2]O→HF+OH. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:054309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3194284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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