1
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Wu S, Lu Z, Bai L. Mechanical behaviors of CL-20 under an impact loading: A molecular dynamics study. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108733. [PMID: 38412812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Study on the dynamic process of CL-20 crystal under impact is critical for the safe utilization of energetic materials under extreme conditions. Herein, the mechanical and structural evolution of CL-20 under the impact of a diamond ball is investigated by using molecular dynamics simulation. The considerations are given to the effect of different impact velocity, impact direction and impact angle. It is found that a high impact velocity results in a large indentation depth and force, as well as more significant energy transition and the formation of a large number of molecular fragments. Moreover, CL-20 exhibits weak anisotropy along different impact directions due to the crystalline distribution anisotropy. Furthermore, the mechanical response of CL-20 is angle-dependent, which is caused by the discrepancy in local molecular re-arrangement. These results may enhance the understanding of the mechanical behavior of CL-20 and promote its wide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track (Central South University), Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China
| | - Zhaijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track (Central South University), Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China.
| | - Lichun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track (Central South University), Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China
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2
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Pang K, Wen M, Chang X, Xu Y, Chu Q, Chen D. The thermal decomposition mechanism of RDX/AP composites: ab initio neural network MD simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11545-11557. [PMID: 38532730 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05709g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
A neural network potential (NNP) is developed to investigate the decomposition mechanism of RDX, AP, and their composites. Utilizing an ab initio dataset, the NNP is evaluated in terms of atomic energy and forces, demonstrating strong agreement with ab initio calculations. Numerical stability tests across a range of timesteps reveal excellent stability compared to the state-of-the-art ReaxFF models. Then the thermal decomposition of pure RDX, AP, and RDX/AP composites is performed using NNP to explore the coupling effect between RDX and AP. The results highlight a dual interaction between RDX and AP, i.e., AP accelerates RDX decomposition, particularly at low temperatures, and RDX promotes AP decomposition. Analyzing RDX trajectories at the RDX/AP interface unveils a three-part decomposition mechanism involving N-N bond cleavage, H transfer with AP to form Cl-containing acid, and chain-breaking reactions generating small molecules such as N2, CO, and CO2. The presence of AP enhances H transfer reactions, contributing to its role in promoting RDX decomposition. This work studies the reaction kinetics of RDX/AP composites from the atomic point of view, and can be widely used in the establishment of reaction kinetics models of composite systems with energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Mingjie Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoya Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yabei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Qingzhao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Dongping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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3
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Wen M, Chang X, Xu Y, Chen D, Chu Q. Determining the mechanical and decomposition properties of high energetic materials (α-RDX, β-HMX, and ε-CL-20) using a neural network potential. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9984-9997. [PMID: 38477375 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Molecular simulations of high energetic materials (HEMs) are limited by efficiency and accuracy. Recently, neural network potential (NNP) models have achieved molecular simulations of millions of atoms while maintaining the accuracy of density functional theory (DFT) levels. Herein, an NNP model covering typical HEMs containing C, H, N, and O elements is developed. The mechanical and decomposition properties of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (HMX), and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) are determined by employing the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on the NNP model. The calculated results show that the mechanical properties of α-RDX, β-HMX, and ε-CL-20 agree with previous experiments and theoretical results, including cell parameters, equations of state, and elastic constants. In the thermal decomposition simulations, it is also found that the initial decomposition reactions of the three crystals are N-NO2 homolysis, corresponding radical intermediates formation, and NO2-induced reactions. This decomposition trajectory is mainly divided into two stages separating from the peak of NO2: pyrolysis and oxidation. Overall, the NNP model for C/H/N/O elements in this work is an alternative reactive force field for RDX, HMX, and CL-20 HEMs, and it opens up new potential for future kinetic study of nitramine explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoya Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yabei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Dongping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Qingzhao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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4
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Wu J, Hu J, Liu Q, Tang Y, Liu Y, Xiang W, Sun S, Suo Z. First principles molecular dynamics simulation and thermal decomposition kinetics study of CL-20. J Mol Model 2024; 30:33. [PMID: 38206411 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT 2,4,6,8,10, 12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10, 12-hexazepane (CL-20) is a new energetic material with high performance and low sensitivity. In-depth study of the thermal decomposition mechanism of CL-20 is a necessary condition to improve its performance, ensure its safety, and optimize its application. On the basis of a large number of empirical force fields used in molecular dynamics simulation in the past, the machine learning augmented first-principles molecular dynamics method was used for the first time to simulate the thermal decomposition reaction of CL-20 at 2200 K, 2500 K, 2800 K, and 3000 K isothermal temperature. The main stable resulting compounds are N2, CO2, CO, H2O, andH2, where CO2 and H2O continue to decompose at higher temperatures. The initial decomposition pathways are denitration by N-N fracture, ring-opening by C-N bond fracture, and redox reaction involving NO2 and CL-20. After ring opening, two main compounds, fused tricyclic pyrazine and azadicyclic, were formed, which were decomposed continuously to form monocyclic pyrazine and pyrazole ring structures. The most common fragments formed during decomposition are those containing two, three, four, and six carbons. The formation rule and quantity of main small molecule intermediates and resulting stable products under different simulated temperatures were analyzed. METHODS Based on ab initio Bayesian active learning algorithm, efficient and accurate prediction of CL-20 is made using the dynamic machine learning function of Vienna Ab-Initio Simulation Package (VASP), which constructs the energy potential surface by learning a large number of data based on AIMD calculations. The result is a machine learning force field (MLFF). Then the molecular dynamics of CL-20 was simulated using the trained MLFF model. PAW pseudopotentials and generalized gradient approximation (GGA), namely, Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional, are used in the calculation. The plane wave truncation energy (ENCUT) is set to 550 eV, and using the Gaussian broadening, the thermal broadening size of the single-electron orbital is 0.05 eV. A van der Waals revision of the system with Grimme Version 3. The energy convergence accuracy (EDIFF) of electron self-consistent iteration is set to 1E-5 eV and 1E-6 eV, respectively. The two-step structure optimization is carried out using 1'1'1 k point grid and conjugate gradient method. The ENCUT was changed to 500 eV and EDIFF to 1E-5 eV, and NVT integration (ISIF = 2) of Langevin thermostat was used for machine learning force field training and AIMD simulation of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jianbo Hu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Wei Xiang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Shanhu Sun
- Analysis and Testing Center, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Zhirong Suo
- Analysis and Testing Center, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
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Zhang J, Guo W, Yao Y. Deep Potential Molecular Dynamics Study of Chapman-Jouguet Detonation Events of Energetic Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7141-7148. [PMID: 37535980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Detonation of energetic materials (EMs) is of great importance for military applications, while the understanding of detailed events and mechanisms for the detonation process is scarce. In this study, the first deep neural network potential NNP_Shock for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of shock-induced detonation of EMs was generated based on a deep potential model, providing DFT accuracy but 106 times the computational efficiency. On this basis, we employ our deep potential to perform MD simulations of shock-induced detonation of high-performance EM material 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20, C6H6N12O12) and obtain the theoretical Chapman-Jouguet (C-J) detonation velocities and pressures directly by multiscale shock technique (MSST) for the first time, which are in good agreement with experiment. In addition, the Hugoniot curves and initial reaction mechanisms were successfully obtained. Therefore, the NNP_Shock potential is competent in research of the detonation performance and shock sensitivity of CL-20, and the method can also be transplanted to studies of other EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Zhang
- College of Sciences/Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material (MOE), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yugui Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material (MOE), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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6
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Paredes-Mellone OA, Nielsen MH, Vinson J, Moua K, Skoien KD, Sokaras D, Willey TM. Investigating the electronic structure of high explosives with X-ray Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19460. [PMCID: PMC9663711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe investigate the sensitivity and potential of a synergistic experiment-theory X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) methodology on revealing and following the static and dynamic electronic structure of high explosive molecular materials. We show that advanced ab-initio theoretical calculations accounting for the core-hole effect based on the Bethe-Salpeter Equation (BSE) approximation are critical for accurately predicting the shape and the energy position of the spectral features of C and N core-level spectra. Moreover, the incident X-ray dose typical XRS experiments require can induce, in certain unstable structures, a prominent radiation damage at room temperature. Upon developing a compatible cryostat module for enabling cryogenic temperatures ($$\approx$$
≈
10 K) we suppress the radiation damage and enable the acquisition of reliable experimental spectra in excellent agreement with the theory. Overall, we demonstrate the high sensitivity of the recently available state-of-the-art X-ray Raman spectroscopy capabilities in characterizing the electronic structure of high explosives. At the same time, the high accuracy of the theoretical approach may enable reliable identification of intermediate structures upon rapid chemical decomposition during detonation. Considering the increasing availability of X-ray free-electron lasers, such a combined experiment-theory approach paves the way for time-resolved dynamic studies of high explosives under detonation conditions.
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7
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Thermal decomposition mechanisms of energetic CL-20-based co-crystals: quantum molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Model 2022; 28:326. [PMID: 36138262 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The decomposition mechanisms of energetic CL-20:2,4-dinitro-2,4-diazapentane (DNP) and CL-20:2,4-dinitro-2,4-diazaheptane (DNG) co-crystals at high temperatures (1000, 2000, and 3000 K) were studied by density functional tight-binding molecular dynamics (DFTB-MD) simulations. At different temperatures, their decomposition mechanisms are very different. At 1000 K, conformational changes are observed only for the CL-20:DNG co-crystal, in which the CL-20 changes from β-CL-20 to γ-CL-20. When the temperature is increased to 2000 K, CL-20, DNP, and DNG begin to decompose, and there are five paths for the main initial mechanisms. Further increasing the temperature to 3000 K promotes a more complete decomposition. The initial reactions of CL-20 in the two co-crystals have two channels. There are two initial decomposition channels in the DNP molecule and only one channel in the DNG molecule. As the temperature increases, the decomposition products of the two co-crystals are different. Our work may provide the in-depth understanding of the decomposition mechanisms of high-energy CL-20-based co-crystals at high temperatures.
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8
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Cao L, Zeng J, Wang B, Zhu T, Zhang JZH. Ab initio neural network MD simulation of thermal decomposition of a high energy material CL-20/TNT. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11801-11811. [PMID: 35506927 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00710j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane, also known as HNIW) is one of the most powerful energetic materials. However, its high sensitivity to environmental stimuli greatly reduces its safety and severely limits its application. In this work, ab initio based neural network potential (NNP) energy surfaces for both β-CL-20 and CL-20/TNT co-crystals were constructed. To accurately simulate the thermal decomposition processes of these two crystal systems, reactive molecular dynamics simulations based on the NNPs were performed. Many important intermediate species and their associated reaction paths during the decomposition had been identified in the simulations and the direct results on detonation temperatures of both systems were provided. The simulations also showed clearly that 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) molecules in the co-crystal act as a buffer to slow down the chain reactions triggered by nitrogen dioxide and this effect is more significant at lower temperatures. Specifically, the addition of TNT molecules in the CL-20/TNT co-crystal introduces intermolecular hydrogen bonds between CL-20 and TNT molecules in the system, thereby increasing the thermal stability of the co-crystal. The current reactive molecular dynamics simulation is performed based on the NNP which helps in accelerating the speed of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation by more than 3 orders of magnitude while preserving the accuracy of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This enabled us to perform longer-time simulations at more realistic temperatures that traditional AIMD methods cannot achieve. With the advantage of the NNP in its powerful fitting ability and transferability, the NNP-based MD simulation can be widely applied to energetic material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Cao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Jinzhe Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854-8076, NJ, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Tong Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. .,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - John Z H Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. .,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York 10003, USA.,Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
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Chu Q, Luo KH, Chen D. Exploring Complex Reaction Networks Using Neural Network-Based Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4052-4057. [PMID: 35522222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) is an established method for revealing the reactive dynamics of complex systems. However, the high computational cost of AIMD restricts the explorable length and time scales. Here, we develop a fundamentally different approach using molecular dynamics simulations powered by a neural network potential to investigate complex reaction networks. This potential is trained via a workflow combining AIMD and interactive molecular dynamics in virtual reality to accelerate the sampling of rare reactive processes. A panoramic visualization of the complex reaction networks for decomposition of a novel high explosive (ICM-102) is achieved without any predefined reaction coordinates. The study leads to the discovery of new pathways that would be difficult to uncover if established methods were employed. These results highlight the power of neural network-based molecular dynamics simulations in exploring complex reaction mechanisms under extreme conditions at the ab initio level, pushing the limit of theoretical and computational chemistry toward the realism and fidelity of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Explosion Protection and Emergency Disposal Technology Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kai H Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Dongping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Explosion Protection and Emergency Disposal Technology Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
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Beste A. Molecular Inclusion of Small Aging Products into the Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) Lattice: Part II, Polymorph Dependence. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Beste
- Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico 1515 Eubank SE Albuquerque 87185 NM
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11
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Gao Y, Li M, Yang W, Hu R, Zhang Y. Thermal Decomposition Performance of CL‐20‐Based Ultraviolet Curing Propellants. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐chen Gao
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 P. R. China
| | - Manman Li
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 P. R. China
| | - Wei‐tao Yang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 P. R. China
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Rui Hu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐cheng Zhang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 P. R. China
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12
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Shreeve JM, Lal S, Gao H. Design and Computational Insight on Two Novel CL-20 Analogues, BNMTNIW and BNIMTNIW: High Performance Energetic Materials. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02838g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a theoretical Insight into two newly designed novel CL-20-based high performance energetic compounds, namely bis(nitromethyl)-tetranitrohexaaza-isowurtzitane (BNMTNIW) and bis(nitratomethyl)-tetranitrohexaaza-isowurtzitane BNIMTNIW), is reported. The title compounds are expected to...
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13
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Song S, Tian X, Wang Y, Qi X, Zhang Q. Theoretical insight into density and stability differences of RDX, HMX and CL-20. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01577j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, density and stability differences of RDX, HMX and CL-20 are exploited and addressed through static calculations from views of monomolecular parameters, intermolecular interactions (by the proposed BEC method) and crystal packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Song
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Xiaolan Tian
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621000, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621000, China
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14
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Song Q, Zhang L, Mo Z. Alleviating the stability–performance contradiction of cage-like high-energy-density materials by a backbone-collapse and branch-heterolysis competition mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19252-19262. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02061k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Key role of cage-like conformations in alleviating the stability–performance contradiction of HEDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguan Song
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, 100088, China
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing, 100088, China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, 100088, China
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Zeyao Mo
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, 100088, China
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing, 100088, China
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15
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DFT Calculations for the HONO Elimination Process of CL-20 Conformers. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/3875282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HONO elimination process is regarded to be an important initial decomposition process of energetic nitramines. Four CL-20 conformers based on the ε-CL-20 were obtained by the optimization at the m062x/cc-pvtz level in this study, and the Transition State (TS) and Intrinsic Reaction Coordinate (IRC) calculations were carried out at the same level. In addition, the rate coefficients and activation energy of the HONO elimination process were evaluated using conventional transition state theory (TST) and canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with Eckart and small-curvature tunneling (SCT) methods to correct the transmission coefficients for the quantum tunneling effect. The calculation results have shown that the HONO elimination process concerning the nitro groups located on six numbered rings is the hardest to happen, and it seems that the longer distance between nitro groups and the adjacent hydrogen atom would result in the higher barrier energy; the HONO elimination process is most likely to happen for the axial positioning of nitro groups located on five numbered rings and most unlikely to happen for the ones located on six numbered rings; CL-20 II and CL-20 IV conformers are the most unstable one and most stable one concerning the reaction difficulty of the HONO elimination process.
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16
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Zhang T, Li X, Zhang C, Chen L, Hu B, Chen J. Thermal Decomposition Mechanism and Energy Release Law of Novel Cyclo-N 5--Based Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Salt. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9489-9494. [PMID: 34586812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detonation energy of novel cyclo-N5--based nitrogen-rich energetic salts is expected to exceed 3 times the equivalent of TNT. PHAC([(N5)6(H3O)3(NH4)4Cl]) was selected as the prototype to investigate the thermal decomposition reaction of PHAC in the solid phase for the first time by the first-principles molecular dynamics method. At about 38 ps, the final state of the reaction was reached. It was found that there were mainly five final products, among which the proportion of N2 molecules was the maximum and accounted for 60% (mole fraction) of all final products. The reaction pathways of PHAC were analyzed, and more than 30 elementary reactions were found. The initial reaction of the PHAC thermal decomposition was the ring-opening of cyclo-N5- ion and proton transfer. The energy release of PHAC thermal decomposition is divided into two stages. The first stage is a slow release of energy before the formation of the HN3 molecule. The second stage is the rapid release of energy after the formation of HN3 molecules. The HN3 molecule is an essential junction, and the unimolecular dissociation of HN3 is the rate-determining step. Such an understanding of reaction mechanism and energy release law greatly promotes the application and synthesis of novel cyclo-N5--based nitrogen-rich energetic salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingcheng Hu
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China.,HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, and College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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17
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Wen L, Yu T, Lai W, Shi J, Liu M, Liu Y, Wang B. Intra‐Ring
Bridging: A Strategy for Molecular Design of Highly Energetic Nitramines. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an Shaanxi 710065 China
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an Shaanxi 710065 China
| | - Weipeng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an Shaanxi 710065 China
| | - Jinwen Shi
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Maochang Liu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Yingzhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an Shaanxi 710065 China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an Shaanxi 710065 China
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18
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A vacuum ultraviolet photoionization study on the isomerization, decomposition, and molecular mass growth processes in solid nitromethane (CH3NO2). Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Sun KB, Zhang SH, Ren FD, Hao YP, Ba SH. Theoretical prediction of the trigger linkage, cage strain, and explosive sensitivity of CL-20 in the external electric fields. J Mol Model 2021; 27:85. [PMID: 33598779 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to add safely external electric fields into the systems of the explosives with strong cage strain, the effects of the external electric fields on the strengths of trigger linkages, cage strain energies (CSEs), surface electrostatic potentials (ESPs), as well as impact and shock initiation sensitivities of CL-20 were investigated using the B3LYP and M06-2X methods with 6-311++G(2d,p) basis set. The results show that the changes of the strengths of the N-NO2 bonds are more notable than those of the bonds forming cage, and the changes involving the N-NO2 bonds attached to the five-membered ring are more significant than those attached to the six-membered ring. In most cases, the CSEs in the electric fields are stronger than those in no field. From the BDEs, the N-NO2 cleavage is the decomposition reaction pathway in detonation initiation. However, from the surface ESPs, the N-NO2 cleavage, C-N and C-C bond breaking may initiate the reactions. The global ESPs are more reasonable and reliable to estimate the impact sensitivities of the cage-shaped explosives. The changes of the bond lengths, Mulliken bond orders, nitro group charges and BDEs correlate well with the external electric field strengths. Interestingly, an abnormal result is found that the h50 values in the electric fields are larger than those in no field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Bo Sun
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China. .,School of Equipment Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, 110159, China.
| | - Shu-Hai Zhang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China.
| | - Fu-de Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Yong-Ping Hao
- School of Equipment Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, 110159, China
| | - Shu-Hong Ba
- School of Equipment Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, 110159, China
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20
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Clark AD, Lee WL, Solano AR, Williams TB, Meyer GS, Tait GJ, Battraw BC, Nickerson SD. Complexation of Mo in FLiNaK Molten Salt: Insight from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:211-218. [PMID: 33373244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Online extraction of fission products, such as the medical isotope Mo-99, is a key advantage of the proposed molten salt nuclear reactor design. The chemical and structural behavior of Mo solvated in fluoride salt has been relatively unknown. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were employed to examine the behavior of molybdenum in the molten salt FLiNaK (LiF-NaF-KF) for oxidation states between 0 and 6+. Mo complexation was found to vary with the Mo oxidation state, with lower oxidation states tending to result in complexes with more molybdenum ions. Complexes containing multiple Mo ions were observed for all Mo oxidation states studied except 5+ and 6+. A relationship between the solubility of a complex and electronic isolation of a complex in a molten salt is explored using the Bader atoms in molecule electron density partitioning scheme, with more volatile complexes exhibiting greater electronic isolation. The impacts of UF4 and H2O on the predominant molybdenum species are also considered. While no impacts on Mo behavior by UF4 were observed, Mo-O interactions may inhibit the formation of complexes containing multiple Mo ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin David Clark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Wan Luan Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Andrew Russell Solano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Tyler Bruce Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Gabriel Scott Meyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Granite J Tait
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Ben C Battraw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Stella D Nickerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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21
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Han Q, Zhu W. Effect of particle size on the thermal decomposition of nano ε-CL-20 by ReaxFF-lg molecular dynamics simulations. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Wang F, Chen L, Geng D, Lu J, Wu J. Chemical reactions of a CL-20 crystal under heat and shock determined by ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23323-23332. [PMID: 33035287 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02796k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Studying the chemical reactions of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) under heat and shock is helpful to understand its sensitivity and shock initiation mechanism. In this work, several molecular dynamics simulations were performed under three different conditions: high temperature, high temperature and pressure, and shock. The formation and breakage of chemical bonds, changes of bond lengths, and initial reactions were analysed. It was found that the main small-molecule product of CL-20 during initial decomposition under the three different conditions was always NO2, but the generation pathways were different. At high temperatures, NO2 was generated by the direct cleavage of N-NO2 bonds. In contrast, high pressure and shock promoted the transfer of O atoms to N atoms connected to NO2, leading to the breakage of N-NO2 bonds. Almost all NO2 originated from the transfer of O atoms under the shock conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China
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23
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Study on phonon spectra and heat capacities of CL-20/MTNP cocrystal and co-formers by density functional theory method. J Mol Model 2020; 26:148. [PMID: 32440794 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The phonon spectra and heat capacities of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane/1-methyl-3, 4, 5-trinitropyrazole (CL-20/MTNP) cocrystal and co-formers were calculated in the framework of DFT. By analyzing the phonon density of states (DOS), the energy flow directions and trigger bonds of cocrystal and co-formers have been obtained and the microscopic physical nature was revealed for thermal decomposition mechanism, detonation performance, and sensitivity. For CL-20/MTNP cocrystal, the phonon number of "doorway" modes and the characteristic vibrational frequencies Δωd are between those of its co-formers, which can provide the microscopic understanding for the ordering of impact sensitivity at experiment, ε-CL-20 > CL-20/MTNP > MTNP. In CL-20/MTNP cocrystal, more phonons and stronger phonon DOS peaks of CL-20 molecules than those of MTNP molecules mean cocrystal's detonation performance is mainly dominated by CL-20 molecules. The heat capacities obtained by the Debye model rise with elevated temperatures at 0-600 K and the order is ε-CL-20 > CL-20/MTNP > MTNP. Graphical abstract The phonon spectra and heat capacities of CL-20/MTNP cocrystal and co-formers were calculated by density functional theory (DFT). In CL-20/MTNP cocrystal, the detonation performance and impact sensitivity are mainly dominated by CL-20 molecules. The broken bonds caused by energy transfer may undergo a multi-phonon pumping process.
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24
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Bayse CA, Jaffar M. Bonding analysis of the effect of strain on trigger bonds in organic-cage energetic materials. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Zhang T, Cheng L, Zhang J, Wang K. CPMD investigation of α-RDX and ε-CL-20: the transition of deflagration to detonation depending on the self-produced radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7421-7429. [PMID: 32215417 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00050g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) are the classic high energy nitramine compounds. Herein, we performed simulations of the overall decomposition pathways of condensed α-RDX and ε-CL-20 by applying the Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) method. Both of them appear to have similar distinct initial decomposition pathways, which are the bond cleavages of N-NO2 bonds. Interestingly, we find that the continuous explosion is nonspontaneous without the participation of self-produced hydrogen radicals of RDX or oxygen radicals of CL-20. Increased radicals are produced gradually with increasing temperature, which activates further entropy-increased steps, resulting in the uncontrollable transition of deflagration to detonation with the formation of NOx, COx and HCN. Herein, we provide a detailed and systematic description of the decomposition for unit-cell α-RDX and ε-CL-20 under increased temperature, which can be summarized as C3H6O6N6 (RDX) → NO + HNO + H2 + CO2 + HCHO + HNCN + N2O and C6H6O12N12 (CL-20) → NO + HONO + 5HCN + CO2 + N2O + 3NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
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26
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Chi Y, Liao L, Yu Q, Zhao C, Fan G. Kinetics and mechanism of decomposition induced by solvent evolution in ICM-101 solvates: solvent-evolution-induced low-temperature decomposition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3563-3569. [PMID: 31995049 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04895b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
[2,2'-Bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole)]-5,5'-dinitramide (ICM-101), a high-energy-density material, was reported in recent years. ICM-101 is the first energetic material with the 2,2'-bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole) structure as the main ring structure. The molecular structure of ICM-101 shows excellent planar characteristics, providing a new option for the design of high-energy-density materials. However, during crystal preparation, ICM-101 easily interacts with solvents and forms the corresponding solvates. Interestingly, during thermal decomposition, when the solvent escapes from ICM-101 solvates, it induces the decomposition of ICM-101. In this study, the decomposition of ICM-101 induced by solvent evolution was evaluated in detail, and the decomposition kinetic equation was established. The mechanism of solvent-evolution-induced decomposition in ICM-101 solvates was further studied, and it was found that solvent evolution might produce defects in the crystals of ICM-101 solvates, and induce the decomposition of ICM-101 on the defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chi
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), PO Box 919-327, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Xiang D, Zhu W. Mechanisms and kinetics of initial pyrolysis and combustion reactions of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene from density functional tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2019-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The density functional tight-binding molecular dynamics approach was used to study the mechanisms and kinetics of initial pyrolysis and combustion reactions of isolated and multi-molecular FOX-7. Based on the thermal cleavage of bridge bonds, the pyrolysis process of FOX-7 can be divided into three stages. However, the combustion process can be divided into five decomposition stages, which is much more complex than the pyrolysis reactions. The vibrations in the mean temperature contain nodes signifying the formation of new products and thereby the transitions between the various stages in the pyrolysis and combustion processes. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor for the pyrolysis and combustion reactions of FOX-7 were obtained from the kinetic analysis. It is found that the activation energy of its pyrolysis and combustion reactions are very low, making both take place fast. Our simulations provide the first atomic-level look at the full dynamics of the complicated pyrolysis and combustion process of FOX-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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28
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Katin KP, Javan MB, Kochaev AI, Soltani A, Maslov MM. Kinetic Stability and Reactivity of Silicon and Fluorine‐Containing CL‐20 Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin P. Katin
- Nanoengineering in Electronics, Spintronics and Photonics InstituteNational Research Nuclear University “MEPhI” Kashirskoe Shosse 31 Moscow 115409 Russia
- Laboratory of Computational Design of Nanostructures, Nanodevices, and NanotechnologiesResearch Institute for the Development of Scientific and Educational Potential of Youth Aviatorov str. 14/55 Moscow 119620 Russia
| | - Masoud B. Javan
- Physics Department, Faculty of SciencesGolestan University Shahid Beheshti St. Gorgan 15759-49138 Golestan Iran
| | - Alexey I. Kochaev
- Department of PhysicsUlyanovsk State Technical University Severny Venets str. 32 Ulyanovsk 432027 Russia
| | - Alireza Soltani
- Golestan Rheumatology Research CenterGolestan University of Medical Science Azar 10, 5-th Azar St. 4917774979 Gorgan Iran
| | - Mikhail M. Maslov
- Nanoengineering in Electronics, Spintronics and Photonics InstituteNational Research Nuclear University “MEPhI” Kashirskoe Shosse 31 Moscow 115409 Russia
- Laboratory of Computational Design of Nanostructures, Nanodevices, and NanotechnologiesResearch Institute for the Development of Scientific and Educational Potential of Youth Aviatorov str. 14/55 Moscow 119620 Russia
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29
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Vargeese AA. Decomposition Kinetics of Substituted Energetic Isowurtzitane Cage Molecules Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) and TEX: A Comparative Study. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj A Vargeese
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM)University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046; India
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30
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Xiang D, Ji G, Zhu W. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations study on initial decompositions of β‐HMX at high temperature coupled with high pressures. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201800463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Guangfu Ji
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid PhysicsChina Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang Sichuan China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu China
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31
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Kumar MA, Ashutosh P, Vargeese AA. Decomposition Mechanism of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) by Coupled Computational and Experimental Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4014-4020. [PMID: 30995040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel degradation pathway of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) was identified using computational and experimental methods. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to obtain its unimolecular degradation pathway, and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetric experimental data were used to validate the computationally deduced degradation pathways. Based on the indications from computational and experimental results, the cleavage of the strained fragment from CL-20 was identified instead of NO2 or HONO elimination as in conventional high energy materials. This fragmentation results in the formation of two energetic species, dinitrodihydropyrazine and dinitroformimidamide, which makes CL-20 one of the most powerful energetic materials. This novel degradation pathway of CL-20 will be useful in understanding the decomposition of cage molecules, design of new practical energetic molecules, and development/improvement of thermokinetic codes used for energetic property calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macharla Arun Kumar
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM) , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
| | - Parimi Ashutosh
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM) , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
| | - Anuj A Vargeese
- Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM) , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
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32
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Xiang D, Ji G, Zhu W. Structural and Vibrational Properties of Crystalline
β
‐Octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine at High Temperatures: Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Studies. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials ScienceSchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Guangfu Ji
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation PhysicsInstitute of Fluid PhysicsChina Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang Sichuan 621900 China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials ScienceSchool of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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33
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Kiselev VG, Goldsmith CF. Accurate Prediction of Bond Dissociation Energies and Barrier Heights for High-Energy Caged Nitro and Nitroamino Compounds Using a Coupled Cluster Theory. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4883-4890. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly G. Kiselev
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Str., Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - C. Franklin Goldsmith
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Str., Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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34
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Ren C, Li X, Guo L. Chemical Insight on Decreased Sensitivity of CL-20/TNT Cocrystal Revealed by ReaxFF MD Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:2079-2092. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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35
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Wang K, Wu PP, Zhang TT, Liu DK, Dai CH, Zhang JG, Yu XB. CPMD Investigations of the Improved Energetic Performance for Lithium Amidoborane doped RDX. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201804063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui; P. R. China
| | - Pan Pan Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui; P. R. China
| | - Tian Tian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui; P. R. China
| | - Dian Kai Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui; P. R. China
| | - Chao Hua Dai
- Department of Chemistry; Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui; P. R. China
| | - Jian Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology; Beijing Institute of TechnologyChemistry, Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Xue Bin Yu
- Materials Science; Fudan University, Shanghai; P. R. China
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36
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Xiong Y, Ma Y, He X, Xue X, Zhang C. Reversible intramolecular hydrogen transfer: a completely new mechanism for low impact sensitivity of energetic materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2397-2409. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06350h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular H transfer of energetic NO2-compounds has been recognized as a possible primary step in triggering molecular decomposition for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- P. O. Box 919-311
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Yu Ma
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- P. O. Box 919-311
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Xudong He
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- P. O. Box 919-311
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Xianggui Xue
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- P. O. Box 919-311
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- P. O. Box 919-311
- Mianyang
- China
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37
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Bidault X, Chaudhuri S. A flexible-molecule force field to model and study hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) – polymorphism under extreme conditions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39649-39661. [PMID: 36105179 PMCID: PMC9429022 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07645j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum-chemistry based force field (FF) developed for HMX by Smith and Bharadwaj (SB) [G. D. Smith and R. K. Bharadwaj, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1999, 103(18), 3570–3575] is transferred to another nitramine of different stoichiometry: hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20 or HNIW). The modification of a single parameter alongside a very small number of add-ons related to carbon–carbon bonds, angles and dihedrals lead to two SB FF variants denoted SB-CL20 and SB-CL20 + CCNN. These flexible-molecule FFs should inherit the predictive capabilities of SB FF. For this purpose, we perform Molecular Dynamics simulations at ambient temperature and selected pressures. The modeled structures of the various CL-20 polymorphs are consistent with experimental data. Focusing on the ε-polymorph, we determine an equation of state which consolidates the general trend underpinned by most published results, and we confirm the increasing stiffness of the crystal under pressures up to 90 GPa. Moreover, we link some subtle pressure-induced changes of the elastic and structural properties to the flexibility and mobility of well-identified nitro groups. Finally, the simulations of the γ ↔ ζ phase transition suggest different multiple-step direct and reverse thermodynamic paths. The quantum-chemistry based force field developed by Smith and Bharadwaj is transferred to hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL20), revealing pressure-induced alterations of ε-CL20.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Bidault
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | - S. Chaudhuri
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
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38
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Zhang XQ, Chen XR, Kaliamurthi S, Selvaraj G, Ji GF, Wei DQ. Initial Decomposition of the Co-crystal of CL-20/TNT: Sensitivity Decrease under Shock Loading. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b06953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Satyavani Kaliamurthi
- Center of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Computational Life Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Gurudeeban Selvaraj
- Center of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Computational Life Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guang-Fu Ji
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Center of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Computational Life Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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39
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Xiang D, Zhu W. Adiabatic and constant volume decomposition process of condensed phase δ-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane at high temperatures: Quantum molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 85:68-74. [PMID: 30099224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We performed quantum molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the initiation chemistry of condensed phase δ-HMX at high temperatures by maintaining constant energy and volume to model adiabatic initiation process. The decomposition of HMX began by the C-N bond breaking in one molecule and by the C-H bond cleavage in other HMX molecule at 2400 K. At 2700 K, HMX is triggered by only one path that the C-N bond broke and the ring opened. At 3000 K, the decomposition of HMX is triggered by the C-H bond and N-O bond fission in the branch chains. There are seven decomposition channels observed during the whole decomposition stage. The N-O bond cleavage is a dominant reaction pathway. The boat configuration of the HMX molecule caused a new reaction channel to be happened by forming a new N-N bond. Another new reaction channel took place to form a new N-C bond due to intermolecular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
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40
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Tan LH, Xu JH, Shi L, Xu XR, Wang GX, Jiang W. Hydrogen Promoted Decomposition of Ammonium Dinitramide: an ab initio Molecular Dynamics Study. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/31/cjcp1708161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-hua Tan
- National Special Superfine Power Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jian-hua Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xu-ran Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Gui-xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Special Superfine Power Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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41
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Wang F, Chen L, Geng D, Wu J, Lu J, Wang C. Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of CL-20 at Different Temperatures by ReaxFF Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3971-3979. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Deshen Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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42
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Wang F, Chen L, Geng D, Lu J, Wu J. Effect of density on the thermal decomposition mechanism of ε-CL-20: a ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22600-22609. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We used reactive molecular dynamics for the first time to study the thermal decomposition of a new high-energy explosive (CL-20) under different compressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Deshen Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Jianying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Junying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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43
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Wang XJ, Xiao JJ. Molecular dynamics simulation studies of the ε-CL-20/HMX co-crystal-based PBXs with HTPB. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-0930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Xiang D, Zhu W. Thermal decomposition of isolated and crystal 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazaisowurtzitane according to ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27255j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to study the initiation chemical reaction and subsequent decomposition mechanism of a 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazaisowutrzitane (TEX) crystal at 2160 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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45
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Sumiya Y, Taketsugu T, Maeda S. Full rate constant matrix contraction method for obtaining branching ratio of unimolecular decomposition. J Comput Chem 2016; 38:101-109. [PMID: 27796079 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The branching ratio of unimolecular decomposition can be evaluated by solving the rate equations. Recent advances in automated reaction path search methods have enabled efficient construction of the rate equations based on quantum chemical calculations. However, it is still difficult to solve the rate equations composed of hundreds or more elementary steps. This problem is especially serious when elementary steps that occur in highly different timescales coexist. In this article, we introduce an efficient approach to obtain the branching ratio from a given set of rate equations. It has been derived from a recently proposed rate constant matrix contraction (RCMC) method, and termed full-RCMC (f-RCMC). The f-RCMC gives the branching ratio without solving the rate equations. Its performance was tested numerically for unimolecular decomposition of C3 H5 and C4 H5 . Branching ratios obtained by the f-RCMC precisely reproduced the values obtained by numerically solving the rate equations. It took about 95 h to solve the rate equations of C4 H5 consisting of 234 elementary steps. In contrast, the f-RCMC gave the branching ratio in less than 1 s. The f-RCMC would thus be an efficient alternative of the conventional kinetic simulation approach. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sumiya
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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46
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Wu Q, Zhu W, Xiao H. Cooperative effects of different temperatures and pressures on the initial and subsequent decomposition reactions of the nitrogen-rich energetic crystal 3,3′-dinitroamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7093-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00096g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The initiation mechanisms of 3,3′-dinitroamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan at different temperatures and pressures are bimolecular intermolecular hydrogen transfer and unimolecular N–NO2 bond breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Heming Xiao
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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47
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Han Y, Meng Q, Rasulev B, May PS, Berry MT, Kilin DS. Photofragmentation of the Gas-Phase Lanthanum Isopropylcyclopentadienyl Complex: Computational Modeling vs Experiment. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10838-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulun Han
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Shenyang
Institute of Automation, Guangzhou, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Bakhtiyor Rasulev
- Center
for Computationally Assisted Science and Technology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - P. Stanley May
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Mary T. Berry
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Dmitri S. Kilin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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48
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Wu Q, Zhu W, Xiao H. An ab initio molecular dynamics study of thermal decomposition of 3,6-di(azido)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21620-8. [PMID: 25196977 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02579b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the thermal decomposition of isolated and crystal 3,6-di(azido)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (DiAT). During unimolecular decomposition, the three different initiation mechanisms were observed to be N-N2 cleavage, ring opening, and isomerization, respectively. The preferential initial decomposition step is the homolysis of the N-N2 bond in the azido group. The release mechanisms of nitrogen gas are found to be very different in the early and later decomposition stages of crystal DiAT. In the early decomposition, DiAT decomposes very fast and drastically without forming any stable long-chains or heterocyclic clusters, and most of the nitrogen gases are released through rapid rupture of nitrogen-nitrogen and carbon-nitrogen bonds. But in the later decomposition stage, the release of nitrogen gas is inhibited due to low mobility, long distance from each other, and strong carbon-nitrogen bonds. To overcome the obstacles, the nitrogen gases are released through slow formation and disintegration of polycyclic networks. Our simulations suggest a new decomposition mechanism for the organic polyazido initial explosive at the atomistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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49
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Wu Q, Zhu W, Xiao H. Comparative DFT- and DFT-D-based molecular dynamics studies of pressure effects in crystalline 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene at room temperature. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09123j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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50
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Xu K, Wei DQ, Chen XR, Ji GF. Thermal decomposition of solid phase nitromethane under various heating rates and target temperatures based on ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2438. [PMID: 25234607 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulation was applied to study the thermal decomposition of solid phase nitromethane under gradual heating and fast annealing conditions. In gradual heating simulations, we found that, rather than C-N bond cleavage, intermolecular proton transfer is more likely to be the first reaction in the decomposition process. At high temperature, the first reaction in fast annealing simulation is intermolecular proton transfer leading to CH3NOOH and CH2NO2, whereas the initial chemical event at low temperature tends to be a unimolecular C-N bond cleavage, producing CH3 and NO2 fragments. It is the first time to date that the direct rupture of a C-N bond has been reported as the first reaction in solid phase nitromethane. In addition, the fast annealing simulations on a supercell at different temperatures are conducted to validate the effect of simulation cell size on initial reaction mechanisms. The results are in qualitative agreement with the simulations on a unit cell. By analyzing the time evolution of some molecules, we also found that the time of first water molecule formation is clearly sensitive to heating rates and target temperatures when the first reaction is an intermolecular proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, College of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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