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Valiev RR, Merzlikin BS, Nasibullin RT, Cherepanov VN, Sundholm D, Kurtén T. Intramolecular rate-constant calculations based on the correlation function using temperature dependent quantum Green's functions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4151-4158. [PMID: 38230411 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A theoretical method for calculating rate constants for internal conversion (IC), intersystem crossing (ISC) and radiative (R) electronic transitions is presented. The employed method uses temperature-dependent quantum Green's functions, which give the opportunity to consider almost any nth-order polynomial perturbation operator and the influence of external electromagnetic fields on the rate constants. The rate constants of the IC, ISC and R processes are calculated for two important indocyanine molecules namely indocyanine green (ICG) and heptamethine cyanine (IR808) at the Franck-Condon level using the temperature-dependent quantum Green's function approach. Calculations at the time-dependent density functional theory level with the MN15 functional show that ICG and IR808 have only one triplet state below the S1 state. The main deactivation channel of the S1 state is the IC process with a large (kIC(S1 → S0)) rate constant of ∼109-1011 s-1. The estimated quantum yield of fluorescence (φfl) is ∼0.001-0.24 for the two studied molecules, which agrees rather well with experimental values. Thus, the present approach enables calculations of the three kinds of rate constants and the quantum yield of fluorescence using the same computational methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Valiev
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014, Finland.
| | - B S Merzlikin
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | | | - D Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014, Finland.
| | - T Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014, Finland.
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Kim CA, Hu S, Van Voorhis T. Mechanism of Enhanced Triplet-Triplet Upconversion in Organic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7175-7185. [PMID: 37585686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We use time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to investigate the mechanism of efficient triplet-triplet upconversion (TTU) in certain organic materials. In particular, we focus on materials where some singlets are generated in a two-step spin-nonconserving process (T1 + T1 → T2 → S1). For this mechanism to contribute significantly, the intersystem crossing (ISC) from the high-lying triplet to the singlet (T2 → S1) must outcompete the internal conversion (IC) to the low-lying triplet (T2 → T1). By considering multiple families of materials, we show that the T2 → S1 ISC can be enhanced in a number of ways: the substitution of electron-donating (ED) and electron-withdrawing (EW) groups at appropriate positions; the substitution of bulky groups that distort the molecular geometry; and the substitution of heavy atoms that enhance the spin-orbit coupling (SOC). In the first two cases, the enhancements are consistent with El-Sayed's rule in that rapid T2 → S1 ISC requires significant differences in the characters of the S1 and the T2 wavefunctions. Together, these effects enable a wide tunability of T2 → S1 ISC rates over at least 5 orders of magnitude. Meanwhile, the T2 → T1 IC is inhibited in these systems due to the large T2 - T1 energy gap >0.5 eV, which entails a high energy barrier to the T2 → T1 IC and the prediction of a slow rate regardless of the substituents or the presence of heavy atoms. In this way, tuning the T2 → S1 ISC appears to provide an effective strategy to achieve systematic improvement of TTU materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhae Andrew Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shicheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Miyazaki K, Ananth N. Singularity-free internal conversion golden-rule rate with application to correlated triplet pair recombination in bipentacenes. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:044111. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0076717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nandini Ananth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Valiev RR, Nasibullin RT, Cherepanov VN, Baryshnikov GV, Sundholm D, Ågren H, Minaev BF, Kurtén T. First-principles calculations of anharmonic and deuteration effects on the photophysical properties of polyacenes and porphyrinoids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22314-22323. [PMID: 33020794 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03231j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method for calculating internal conversion rate constants (k[combining low line]IC), including anharmonic effects and using the Lagrangian multiplier technique, is proposed. The deuteration effect on k[combining low line]IC is investigated for naphthalene, anthracene, free-base porphyrin (H2P) and tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP). The results show that anharmonic effects are important when calculating k[combining low line]IC for transitions between electronic states that are energetically separated (ΔE) by more than 20 000-25 000 cm-1. Anharmonic effects are also important when ΔE < 20 000-25 000 cm-1 and when the accepting modes are X-H stretching vibrations with a frequency larger than 2000 cm-1. The calculations show that there is mixing between the S1 and S2 states of naphthalene induced by non-adiabatic interactions. The non-adiabatic interaction matrix element between the S1 and S2 states is 250 cm-1 and 50 cm-1 for the normal and fully deuterated naphthalene structure and this difference significantly affects the estimated fluorescence quantum yield. Besides aromatic hydrocarbons H2P and H2TPP, the k[combining low line]IC rate constant is also calculated for pyrometene (PM567) and tetraoxa[8]circulene (4B) with a detailed analysis of the effect of the vibrational anharmonicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Valiev
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Ulusoy IS, Vendrell O. Dynamics and spectroscopy of molecular ensembles in a lossy microcavity. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044108. [PMID: 32752693 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiative and nonradiative relaxation dynamics of an ensemble of molecules in a microcavity are investigated with emphasis on the impact of the cavity lifetime on reactive and spectroscopic properties. Extending a previous study [I. S. Ulusoy et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 123, 8832-8844 (2019)], it is shown that the dynamics of the ensemble and of single molecules are influenced by the presence of a cavity resonance as long as the polariton splitting can be resolved spectroscopically, which critically depends on the lifetime of the system. Our simulations illustrate how the branching between nonradiative intersystem crossing and radiative decay through the cavity can be tuned by selecting specific cavity photon energies resonant at specific molecular geometries. In the case of cavity-photon energies that are not resonant at the Franck-Condon geometry of the molecules, it is demonstrated numerically and analytically that collective effects are limited to a handful of molecules in the ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S Ulusoy
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Banerjee S, Baiardi A, Bloino J, Barone V. Temperature Dependence of Radiative and Nonradiative Rates from Time-Dependent Correlation Function Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:774-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Banerjee
- Scuola Normale Superiore, piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM-CNR), UOS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Baiardi
- Scuola Normale Superiore, piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Julien Bloino
- Scuola Normale Superiore, piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM-CNR), UOS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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Borrelli R, Capobianco A, Peluso A. Franck–Condon factors—Computational approaches and recent developments. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Algorithms and methodologies for the calculation of Franck–Condon integrals are reviewed. Starting from the standard approach based on the Cartesian representation of the normal modes and the use of Duschinsky's transformation and recursion formulas, methods for treating large displacements of the equilibrium positions and anharmonic and non-Condon effects are considered. Finally, focusing attention on problems arising from the use of recurrence relations, some of the proposed solutions are critically reviewed along with new alternative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Borrelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Amedeo Capobianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, I-84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Andrea Peluso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, I-84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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Thanopulos I, Li X, Brumer P, Shapiro M. Time-dependent partitioning theory of the control of radiationless transitions in 24-mode pyrazine. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:064111. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4739275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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9
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Wu Q, Deng C, Peng Q, Niu Y, Shuai Z. Quantum chemical insights into the aggregation induced emission phenomena: a QM/MM study for pyrazine derivatives. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:1862-9. [PMID: 22622704 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There have been intensive studies on the newly discovered phenomena called aggregation induced emission (AIE), in contrast to the conventional aggregation quenching. Through combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics computations, we have investigated the aggregation effects on the excited state decays, both via radiative and nonradiative routes, for pyrazine derivatives 2,3-dicyano-5,6-diphenylpyrazine (DCDPP) and 2,3-dicyanopyrazino phenanthrene (DCPP) in condensed phase. We show that for DCDPP there appear AIE for all the temperature, because the phenyl ring torsional motions in gas phase can efficiently dissipate the electronic excited state energy, and get hindered in aggregate; while for its "locked"-phenyl counterpart, DCPP, theoretical calculation can only give the normal aggregation quenching. These first-principles based findings are consistent with recent experiment. The primary origin of the exotic AIE phenomena is due to the nonradiative decay effects. This is the first time that AIE is understood based on theoretical chemistry calculations for aggregates, which helps to resolve the present disputes over the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunyan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Lin CK, Niu Y, Zhu C, Shuai Z, Lin SH. The Role of the nπ* 1Au State in the Photoabsorption and Relaxation of Pyrazine. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2977-85. [PMID: 21922672 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kai Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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11
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Islampour R, Miralinaghi M, Khavaninzadeh A. Excited-State Dynamics oftrans,trans-1,3,5,7-Octatetraene: Estimation of Decay Rate Constants of 11Bu⇝ 21Agand 21Ag⇝ 11AgInternal Conversions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:8860-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203895z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Islampour
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Moallem University, 49 Mofateh Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Khavaninzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Moallem University, 49 Mofateh Avenue, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Niu Y, Peng Q, Deng C, Gao X, Shuai Z. Theory of excited state decays and optical spectra: application to polyatomic molecules. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:7817-31. [PMID: 20666533 DOI: 10.1021/jp101568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
General formalism of absorption and emission spectra, and of radiative and nonradiative decay rates are derived using a thermal vibration correlation function formalism for the transition between two adiabatic electronic states in polyatomic molecules. Displacements, distortions, and Duschinsky rotation of potential energy surfaces are included within the framework of a multidimensional harmonic oscillator model. The Herzberg-Teller (HT) effect is also taken into account. This formalism gives a reliable description of the Q(x) spectral band of free-base porphyrin with weakly electric dipole-allowed transitions. For the strongly dipole-allowed transitions, e.g., S(1) --> S(0) and S(0) --> S(1) of linear polyacenes, anthracene, tetracene, and pentacene, the HT effect is found to enhance the radiative decay rates by approximately 10% compared to those without the HT effect. For nonradiative transition processes, a general formalism is presented to extend the application scope of the internal conversion theory by going beyond the promoting-mode approximation. Numerical calculations for the nonradiative S(1) --> S(0) decay rate of azulene well explain the origin of the violation of Kasha's rule. When coupled with first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the present approach appears to be an effective tool to obtain a quantitative description and detailed understanding of spectra and photophysical processes in polyatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Thanopulos I, Brumer P, Shapiro M. Intramolecular energy transfer dynamics in 24-mode pyrazine by partitioning technique: A time-dependent approach. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:154111. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3495953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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14
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Lin CK, Li MC, Yamaki M, Hayashi M, Lin SH. A theoretical study on the spectroscopy and the radiative and non-radiative relaxation rate constants of the S01A1–S11A2 vibronic transitions of formaldehyde. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:11432-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c004493h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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