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Goychuk I. Fractional electron transfer kinetics and a quantum breaking of ergodicity. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:052136. [PMID: 31212539 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.052136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dissipative curve-crossing problem provides a paradigm for electron-transfer (ET) processes in condensed media. It establishes the simplest conceptual test bed to study the influence of the medium's dynamics on ET kinetics both on the ensemble level, and on the level of single particles. Single electron description is particularly important for nanoscaled systems like proteins, or molecular wires. Especially insightful is this framework in the semiclassical limit, where the environment can be treated classically, and an exact analytical treatment becomes feasible. Slow medium's dynamics is capable of enslaving ET and bringing it on the ensemble level from a quantum regime of nonadiabatic tunneling to the classical adiabatic regime, where electrons follow the nuclei rearrangements. This classical adiabatic textbook picture contradicts, however, in a very spectacular fashion to the statistics of single electron transitions, even in the Debye, memoryless media, also named Ohmic in the parlance of the famed spin-boson model. On the single particle level, ET always remains quantum, and this was named a quantum breaking of ergodicity in the adiabatic ET regime. What happens in the case of subdiffusive, fractional, or sub-Ohmic medium's dynamics, which is featured by power-law decaying dynamical memory effects typical, e.g., for protein macromolecules, and other viscoelastic media? Such a memory is vividly manifested by anomalous Cole-Cole dielectric response in such media. We address this question based both on accurate numerics and analytical theory. The ensemble theory remarkably agrees with the numerical dynamics of electronic populations, revealing a power-law relaxation tail even in a profoundly nonadiabatic electron transfer regime. In other words, ET in such media should typically display fractional kinetics. However, a profound difference with the numerically accurate results occurs for the distribution of residence times in the electronic states, both on the ensemble level and the level of single trajectories. Ergodicity is broken dynamically even in a more spectacular way than in the memoryless case. Our results question the applicability of all the existing and widely accepted ensemble theories of electron transfer in fractional, sub-Ohmic environments, on the level of single molecules, and provide a real challenge to face, both for theorists and experimentalists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Goychuk
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Purc A, Espinoza EM, Nazir R, Romero JJ, Skonieczny K, Jeżewski A, Larsen JM, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. Gating That Suppresses Charge Recombination-The Role of Mono-N-Arylated Diketopyrrolopyrrole. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12826-12832. [PMID: 27617743 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Suppressing the charge recombination (CR) that follows an efficient charge separation (CS) is of key importance for energy, electronics, and photonics applications. We focus on the role of dynamic gating for impeding CR in a molecular rotor, comprising an electron donor and acceptor directly linked via a single bond. The media viscosity has an unusual dual effect on the dynamics of CS and CR in this dyad. For solvents with intermediate viscosity, CR is 1.5-3 times slower than CS. Lowering the viscosity below ∼0.6 mPa s or increasing it above ∼10 mPa s makes CR 10-30 times slower than CS. Ring rotation around the donor-acceptor bond can account only for the trends observed for nonviscous solvents. Media viscosity, however, affects not only torsional but also vibrational modes. Suppressing predominantly slow vibrational modes by viscous solvents can impact the rates of CS and CR to a different extent. That is, an increase in the viscosity can plausibly suppress modes that are involved in the transition from the charge-transfer (CT) to the ground state, i.e., CR, but at the same time are not important for the transition from the locally excited to the CT state, i.e., CS. These results provide a unique example of synergy between torsional and vibronic modes and their drastic effects on charge-transfer dynamics, thus setting paradigms for controlling CS and CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Purc
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Rashid Nazir
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kamil Skonieczny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Jeżewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Graff BM, Lamont DN, Parker MFL, Bloom BP, Schafmeister CE, Waldeck DH. Through-Solvent Tunneling in Donor–Bridge–Acceptor Molecules Containing a Molecular Cleft. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6004-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Graff
- Chemistry
Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - D. N. Lamont
- Chemistry
Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - M. F. L. Parker
- Chemistry
Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - B. P. Bloom
- Chemistry
Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - C. E. Schafmeister
- Chemistry
Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - D. H. Waldeck
- Chemistry
Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Sahu PK, Das SK, Sarkar M. Studies on intramolecular electron transfer reaction in donor–spacer–acceptor systems in room-temperature ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shuai L, Luterbacher J. Organic Solvent Effects in Biomass Conversion Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:133-155. [PMID: 26676907 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transforming lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals has been intensely studied in recent years. A large amount of work has been dedicated to finding suitable solvent systems, which can improve the transformation of biomass into value-added chemicals. These efforts have been undertaken based on numerous research results that have shown that organic solvents can improve both conversion and selectivity of biomass to platform molecules. We present an overview of these organic solvent effects, which are harnessed in biomass conversion processes, including conversion of biomass to sugars, conversion of sugars to furanic compounds, and production of lignin monomers. A special emphasis is placed on comparing the solvent effects on conversion and product selectivity in water with those in organic solvents while discussing the origins of the differences that arise. We have categorized results as benefiting from two major types of effects: solvent effects on solubility of biomass components including cellulose and lignin and solvent effects on chemical thermodynamics including those affecting reactants, intermediates, products, and/or catalysts. Finally, the challenges of using organic solvents in industrial processes are discussed from the perspective of solvent cost, solvent stability, and solvent safety. We suggest that a holistic view of solvent effects, the mechanistic elucidation of these effects, and the careful consideration of the challenges associated with solvent use could assist researchers in choosing and designing improved solvent systems for targeted biomass conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shuai
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH.H2.545, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Luterbacher
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH.H2.545, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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DeVine JA, Labib M, Harries ME, Rached RAM, Issa J, Wishart JF, Castner EW. Electron-Transfer Dynamics for a Donor–Bridge–Acceptor Complex in Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:11336-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessalyn A. DeVine
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Marena Labib
- Department
of Natural Science, Fordham University, New York, New York 10023, United States
| | - Megan E. Harries
- Department
of Natural Science, Fordham University, New York, New York 10023, United States
| | | | - Joseph Issa
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - James F. Wishart
- Department
of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Edward W. Castner
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Kao YT, Guo X, Yang Y, Liu Z, Hassanali A, Song QH, Wang L, Zhong D. Ultrafast dynamics of nonequilibrium electron transfer in photoinduced redox cycle: solvent mediation and conformation flexibility. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9130-40. [PMID: 22735101 DOI: 10.1021/jp304518f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here our systematic characterization of a photoinduced electron-transfer (ET) redox cycle in a covalently linked donor-spacer-acceptor flexible system, consisting of N-acetyl-tryptophan methylester as an electron donor and thymine as an electron acceptor in three distinct solvents of water, acetonitrile, and dioxane. With femtosecond resolution, we determined all the ET time scales, forward and backward, by following the complete reaction evolution from reactants to intermediates and finally to products. Surprisingly, we observed two distinct ET dynamics in water, corresponding to a stacked configuration with ultrafast ET in 0.7 ps and back ET in 4.5 ps and a partially folded C-clamp conformation with ET in 322 ps but back ET in 17 ps. In acetonitrile and dioxane, only the C-clamp conformations were observed with ET in 470 and 1068 ps and back ET in 110 and 94 ps, respectively. These relatively slow ET dynamics in hundreds of picoseconds all showed significant conformation heterogeneity and followed a stretched decay behavior. With both forward and back ET rates determined, we derived solvent reorganization energies and coupling constants. Significantly, we found that solvent molecules intercalated in the cleft of the C-clamp structure mediate electron transfer with a tunneling parameter (β) of 1.0-1.4 Å(-1) and the high-frequency vibration modes in the product(s) couple with the back ET process, leading to the ultrafast back ET dynamics in tens of picoseconds. These findings provide mechanistic insights of nonequilibrium ET dynamics modulated by conformation flexibility, mediated by unique solvent configuration, and accelerated by vibrational coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Kao
- Department of Physics, and Programs of Biophysics, Chemical Physics, and Biochemistry, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Bingöl B, Durrell AC, Keller GE, Palmer JH, Grubbs RH, Gray HB. Electron transfer triggered by optical excitation of phenothiazine-tris(meta-phenylene-ethynylene)-(tricarbonyl)(bpy)(py)rhenium(I). J Phys Chem B 2012; 117:4177-82. [PMID: 22533820 DOI: 10.1021/jp3010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated excited-state electron transfer in a donor-bridge-acceptor complex containing phenothiazine (PTZ) linked via tris(meta-phenylene-ethynylene) to a tricarbonyl(bipyridine)(pyridine)Re(I) unit. Time-resolved luminescence experiments reveal two excited-state (*Re) decay regimes, a multiexponential component with a mean lifetime of 2.7 ns and a longer monoexponential component of 530 ns in dichloromethane solution. The faster decay is attributed to PTZ → *Re electron transfer in a C-shaped PTZ-bridge-Re conformer (PTZ-Re ≈ 7.5 Å). We assign the longer lifetime, which is virtually identical to that of free *Re, to an extended conformer (PTZ-Re > 20 Å). The observed biexponential *Re decay requires that interconversion of PTZ-bridge-Re conformers be slower than 10(6) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Bingöl
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Khoshtariya DE, Dolidze TD, Shushanyan M, Davis KL, Waldeck DH, van Eldik R. Fundamental signatures of short- and long-range electron transfer for the blue copper protein azurin at Au/SAM junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2757-62. [PMID: 20133645 PMCID: PMC2840312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910837107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue copper protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, azurin, immobilized at gold electrodes through hydrophobic interaction with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the general type [-S-(CH(2))(n)-CH(3)] (n = 4, 10, and 15) was employed to gain detailed insight into the physical mechanisms of short- and long-range biomolecular electron transfer (ET). Fast scan cyclic voltammetry and a Marcus equation analysis were used to determine unimolecular standard rate constants and reorganization free energies for variable n, temperature (2-55 degrees C), and pressure (5-150 MPa) conditions. A novel global fitting procedure was found to account for the reduced ET rate constant over almost five orders of magnitude (covering different n, temperature, and pressure) and revealed that electron exchange is a direct ET process and not conformationally gated. All the ET data, addressing SAMs with thickness variable over ca. 12 A, could be described by using a single reorganization energy (0.3 eV), however, the values for the enthalpies and volumes of activation were found to vary with n. These data and their comparison with theory show how to discriminate between the fundamental signatures of short- and long-range biomolecular ET that are theoretically anticipated for the adiabatic and nonadiabatic ET mechanisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri E. Khoshtariya
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Biophysics and Bio-Nanosciences, Department of Physics, Tbilisi State University, 0128 Tbilisi, Georgian Republic
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgian Republic; and
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Tina D. Dolidze
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Biophysics and Bio-Nanosciences, Department of Physics, Tbilisi State University, 0128 Tbilisi, Georgian Republic
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgian Republic; and
| | - Mikhael Shushanyan
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Biophysics and Bio-Nanosciences, Department of Physics, Tbilisi State University, 0128 Tbilisi, Georgian Republic
| | - Kathryn L. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Central to theories of electron transfer (ET) is the idea that nuclear motion generates a transition state that enables electron flow to proceed, but nuclear motion also induces fluctuations in the donor-acceptor (DA) electronic coupling that is the rate-limiting parameter for nonadiabatic ET. The interplay between the DA energy gap and DA coupling fluctuations is particularly noteworthy in biological ET, where flexible protein and mobile water bridges take center stage. Here, we discuss the critical timescales at play for ET reactions in fluctuating media, highlighting issues of the Condon approximation, average medium versus fluctuation-controlled electron tunneling, gated and solvent relaxation controlled electron transfer, and the influence of inelastic tunneling on electronic coupling pathway interferences. Taken together, one may use this framework to establish principles to describe how macromolecular structure and structural fluctuations influence ET reactions. This framework deepens our understanding of ET chemistry in fluctuating media. Moreover, it provides a unifying perspective for biophysical charge-transfer processes and helps to frame new questions associated with energy harvesting and transduction in fluctuating media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260;
| | - David N. Beratan
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
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Balakrishnan G, Sahoo SK, Chowdhury BK, Umapathy S. Understanding solvent effects on structure and reactivity of organic intermediates: a Raman study. Faraday Discuss 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b908146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Eggers PK, Zareie HM, Paddon-Row MN, Gooding JJ. Structure and properties of redox active self-assembled monolayers formed from norbornylogous bridges. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11090-11096. [PMID: 19459588 DOI: 10.1021/la9012558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three different length rigid norbornylogous bridges with terminal ferrocene moieties were synthesized. Pure self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the norbornylogous bridges and SAMs with the bridges diluted using either hydroxyl-terminated or methyl-terminated diluents were formed for each length of norbornylogous bridge. The SAMs were imaged with scanning tunneling micrsocopy (STM) and the electrochemical properties were investigated. It was found that SAMs composed of only norbornylogous bridges were crystalline-like, while in mixed SAMs, where the norbornylogous bridge was diluted, the ferrocene stood above the surface of the diluent because of the rigidity of the norbornylogous bridges and were homogeneously distributed across the surface. Further, the rate of electron transfer of the norbornylogous bridges was observed to be similar to an alkanethiol-derived ferrocene whose construct was designed to be as close as possible to that of the norbornylogous bridge. Finally, the rate of electron transfer for the norbornylogous bridges in a diluted SAM was slower with a hydroxyl-terminated diluent than with a methyl-terminated diluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Eggers
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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