β-Heterosubstituted Acrylonitriles − Electronic Structure Study by UV-Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculations

Directing excited state dynamics via chemical substitution: A systematic study of π-donors and π-acceptors at a carbon-carbon double bond

Functional group substituents are a ubiquitous tool in ground-state organic chemistry often employed to fine-tune chemical properties and obtain desired chemical reaction outcomes. Their effect on photoexcited electronic states, however, remains poorly understood. To help build an intuition for these effects, we have studied ethylene, substituted with electron acceptor (cyano) and/or electron donor (methoxy) substituents, both theoretically and experimentally: using ab initio quantum molecular dynamics and time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Our results show the consistent trend that photo-induced ethylenic dynamics is primarily localized to the carbon with the greater electron density. For doubly substituted ethylenes, the trend is additive when both substituents are located on opposite carbons, whereas the methoxy group (in concert with steric effects) dominates when both substituents are located on a single carbon atom. These results point to the development of rules for structure-dynamics correlations; in this case, a novel mechanistic ultrafast photochemistry for conjugated carbon chains employing long-established chemical concepts.

Vacuum-Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum of 3-Methoxyacrylonitrile

The high-resolution absorption spectrum of 3-methoxyacrylonitrile (3MAN) was measured between 5.27 and 12.59 eV using a synchrotron-based Fourier-transform spectrometer. It was related to an absolute absorption cross-section scale. Complementary calculations at the DFT-MRCI/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory document the vertical transition energies and oscillator strengths toward the first 19 states of both the E and Z geometrical isomers of 3MAN. Comparisons with the experimental absorption spectrum reveal the similarities and differences between 3MAN, a bifunctional molecule, with acrylonitrile and methylvinylether, where only one functional group is present. As in acrylonitrile, several broad valence transitions were observed up to the ionization limit. They are likely associated with the extended π-system induced by the nitrile group but might also involve σσ* transitions close to the ionization limit. As in methylvinylether, Rydberg series converging to the ionization limit are absent. This is attributed to a difference in neutral and cationic geometry due to a 60° rotation of the methyl group.

Recent Studies on Flash Vacuum Thermolysis in Tandem with UV-Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Quantum Calculations

Flash vacuum thermolysis (FVT) is a particular method that allows the synthesis of stable compounds or the generation of short-lived species. Its coupling with spectroscopic characterisation provides very useful tools for mechanistic investigations. One of the most efficient and especially well suited techniques for this purpose is ultraviolet–photoelectron spectroscopy (UV-PES), which in tandem with FVT provides the ionisation energies of in situ formed molecules in the gas phase. The experimental data thus obtained in real-time are supported by quantum chemical calculations for consistency of the assignments of PES spectra and constitute fundamental information about electronic structure and bonding. The FVT/UV-PES technique has been known for more than 40 years, but one advantage in the present age is the greater confidence in electronic structure computations for predicting ionisation energies, thus providing the necessary tool for unambiguous interpretation of experimental data. This mini-review aims to give some representative, original examples, chosen from a French–Polish collaboration that illustrates the efficiency and wide applicability of the FVT/UV-PES tandem methodology. The selected examples on the FVT of thione and imine derivatives will be presented.

Methyliminopropadienone CH3-N═C═C═C═O: photoelectron spectrum and electronic structure

N-Methyliminopropadienone MeN═C═C═C═O 1a was generated by flash vacuum thermolysis of three 5-(aminomethylene)-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones (Meldrum's acid derivatives). Online monitoring of the reactions permitted the recording of the UV-photoelectron spectra and the determination of the first two ionization energies of 1a as 9.0 and 12.4 eV. The first ionization energy (and the calculated highest occupied molecular orbital energy) of 1a are more comparable with those of N-methylketenimine than with ketene. In contrast, the calculated lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy is significantly lower than those of both ketene and N-methylketenimine, thereby making iminopropadienones powerful electrophiles. Calculated charge densities indicate that electrophiles should attack at C3 or O and nucleophiles at C2 or C4 in broad agreement with experimental observations.

UV-photoelectron spectroscopy of 1,2- and 1,3-azaborines: a combined experimental and computational electronic structure analysis

We present a comprehensive electronic structure analysis of structurally simple BN heterocycles using a combined UV-photoelectron spectroscopy (UV-PES)/computational chemistry approach. Gas-phase He I photoelectron spectra of 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborine 1, N-Me-1,2-BN-toluene 2, and N-Me-1,3-BN-toluene 3 have been recorded, assessed by density functional theory calculations, and compared with their corresponding carbonaceous analogues benzene and toluene. The first ionization energies of these BN heterocycles are in the order N-Me-1,3-BN-toluene 3 (8.0 eV) < N-Me-1,2-BN-toluene 2 (8.45 eV) < 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborine 1 (8.6 eV) < toluene (8.83 eV) < benzene (9.25 eV). The computationally determined molecular dipole moments are in the order 3 (4.577 D) > 2 (2.209 D) > 1 (2.154 D) > toluene (0.349 D) > benzene (0 D) and are consistent with experimental observations. The λ(max) in the UV-vis absorption spectra are in the order 3 (297 nm) > 2 (278 nm) > 1 (269 nm) > toluene (262 nm) > benzene (255 nm). We also establish that the measured anodic peak potentials and electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactivity of BN heterocycles 1-3 are consistent with the electronic structure description determined by the combined UV-PES/computational chemistry approach.