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Hernández-Lima J, Ramírez-Gualito K, Quiroz-García B, Silva-Portillo AL, Carrillo-Nava E, Cortés-Guzmán F. How solvent determines the molecular reactive conformation and the selectivity: Solvation spheres and energy. Front Chem 2022; 10:1012769. [PMID: 36247683 PMCID: PMC9557062 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1012769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In solution, the solvent determines the molecular conformation and the chemical reaction viability and selectivity. When solvent-solute and solvent-solvent interactions present similar strengths, explicit salvation is the best way to describe a system. The problem to solve is how big the explicit shell should be. In this paper, we want to answer one of the fundamental questions in the implementation of explicit solvation, exactly how many solvent molecules should be added and where they should be placed. Here we determine the first solvent sphere around a molecule and describe how it controls the conformation and selectivity of a selected reaction. NMR experiments were carried out to identify the number of solvent molecules around the solute that constitutes the first solvent sphere, and the interaction between this solvent sphere and the solute was detected using DFT and QTAIM calculations. A new approach to the solvation energy is presented. Finally, we established the role of solvent molecules in the conformation of the solute and in the transition states that produce the two possible products of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Ramírez-Gualito
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Cortés-Guzmán
- Instituto de Química, Unversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Fernando Cortés-Guzmán,
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2
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Kheirabadi R, Izadyar M, Housaindokht MR. Computational Kinetic Modeling of the Catalytic Cycle of Glutathione Peroxidase Nanomimic: Effect of Nucleophilicity of Thiols on the Catalytic Activity. J Phys Chem A 2017; 122:364-374. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kheirabadi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, International Campus, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Izadyar
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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3
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Font M, Plano D, Sanmartín C, Palop JA. Topological and quantum molecular descriptors as effective tools for analyzing cytotoxic activity achieved by a series of (diselanediyldibenzene-4,1-diylnide)biscarbamate derivatives. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 73:62-73. [PMID: 28236745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A molecular modeling study has been carried out on a previously reported series of (diselanediyldibenzene-4,1-diylnide)biscarbamate derivatives that show cytotoxic and antiproliferative in vitro activity against MCF-7 human cell line; radical scavenging properties were also confirmed when these compounds were tested for their ability to scavenge DPPH and ABTS radicals. The data obtained allowed us to classify the compounds into two different groups: (a) aliphatic carbamates for which the activity could be related with a first nucleophilic attack (mediated by H2O, for example) on the selenium atoms of the central scaffold, followed by the release of the alkyl N-(4-selanylphenyl) and N-(4-selenenophenyl)carbamate moieties. Then, a second nucleophilic attack on the carbamate moiety, to yield 4-aminobenzeneselenol and 4-selenenoaniline respectively, which can ultimately be responsible for the activity of the compounds; (b) aromatic carbamates, for which we propose a preferred nucleophilic attack on the carbamate moiety, yielding 4-[(4-aminophenyl)diselanyl]aniline, the common structural fragment for this series, for which we have previously demonstrated its cytotoxic profile. Then, selenium atoms of the central fragment may later undergo a new nucleophilic attack, to yield 4-selenenoaniline and 4-aminobenzeneselenol. The phenolic moieties released in this process may also have a synergistic cytotoxic and redox activity. The data that support this connection include the conformational behavior and the molecular topography of the derivatives which can influence the accessibility of the hydrolysis points, and some quantum descriptors (bond order, atomic charges, total valences, ionization potential, electron affinity, HOMO 0 and LUMO 0 location, etc.) that have been related to the biological activity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Font
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dpto de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Sección de Modelización Molecular, Irunlarrea, 1, Pamplona, E-31008, Spain; IdISNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Recinto del Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona, E-31008, Spain.
| | - Daniel Plano
- IdISNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Recinto del Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona, E-31008, Spain; University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dpto de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Sección de Síntesis, Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, Pamplona, E-31008, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- IdISNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Recinto del Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, Pamplona, E-31008, Spain; University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dpto de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Sección de Síntesis, Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, Pamplona, E-31008, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Palop
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Dpto de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Sección de Síntesis, Navarra, Irunlarrea, 1, Pamplona, E-31008, Spain
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4
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Kheirabadi R, Izadyar M. Computational Modeling of the Catalytic Cycle of Glutathione Peroxidase Nanomimic. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:10108-10115. [PMID: 27983850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of a derivative of ebselen as a mimic of the antioxidant selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase, density functional theory and solvent-assisted proton exchange (SAPE) were applied to model the reaction mechanism in a catalytic cycle. This mimic plays the role of glutathione peroxidase through a four-step catalytic cycle. The first step is described as the oxidation of 1 in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, while selenoxide is reduced by methanthiol at the second step. In the third step of the reaction, the reduction of selenenylsulfide occurs by methanthiol, and the selenenic acid is dehydrated at the final step. Based on the kinetic parameters, step 4 is the rate-determining step (RDS) of the reaction. The bond strength of the atoms involved in the RDS is discussed with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). Low value of electron density, ρ(r), and positive Laplacian values are the evidence for the covalent nature of the hydrogen bonds rupture (O30-H31, O33-H34). A change in the sign of the Laplacian, L(r), from the positive value in the reactant to a negative character at the transition state indicates the depletion of the charge density, confirming the N5-H10 and O11-Se1 bond breaking. The analysis of electron location function (ELF) and localized orbital locator (LOL) of the Se1-N5 and Se1-O11 bonds have been done by multi-WFN program. High values of ELF and LOL at the transition state regions between the Se, N, and O atoms display the bond formation. Finally, the main donor-acceptor interaction energies were analyzed using the natural bond orbital analysis for investigation of their stabilization effects on the critical bonds at the RDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kheirabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, International Campus , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Izadyar
- Computational Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Computational kinetic modeling of the selenol catalytic activity as the glutathione peroxidase nanomimic. J Theor Biol 2016; 409:108-114. [PMID: 27596529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory and solvent-assisted proton exchange methods have been applied for computational modeling of the catalytic cycle of selenol zwitterion anion from the kinetic and thermodynamic viewpoints. Selenol zwitterion anion has been represented as an effective glutathione peroxidase nanomimic. It reduces peroxides through a three-step pathway. In the first step, seleninic acid is produced through deprotonating of the selenol zwitterion anion in the presence of the hydrogen peroxide. Seleninic acid reacts with a thiol to form selenylsulfide in the second step. In the last step, selenylsulfide is reduced by the second thiol and regenerates selenolate anion through disulfide formation. Selenol zwitterion anion in comparison to more widely studied compounds such as ebselen has a good activity to react with hydrogen peroxide and producing seleninic acid. The energy barrier of this reaction is 11.7kcalmol-1 which is smaller than the reported enzyme mimics. Moreover, the reactions of seleninic acid and selenylsulfide with methanethiol, which is used as a nucleophile, are exothermic by -18.4 or -57.0kcalmol-1, respectively. Based on the global electron density transfer value of -0.507 e from the natural atomic charge analysis, an electronic charge depletion at the transition state (TS), electron-donor substitutions on the selenolate facilitates the reduction reaction, effectively. Finally, the nature of the bond formation/cleavage at the TS has been quantitatively described by using the topological analyses.
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Torsello M, Pimenta AC, Wolters LP, Moreira IS, Orian L, Polimeno A. General AMBER Force Field Parameters for Diphenyl Diselenides and Diphenyl Ditellurides. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4389-400. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torsello
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via
Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio C. Pimenta
- CNC−Center for Neuroscience
and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1°andar, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lando P. Wolters
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via
Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- CNC−Center for Neuroscience
and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1°andar, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via
Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonino Polimeno
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via
Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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7
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Bortoli M, Wolters LP, Orian L, Bickelhaupt FM. Addition-Elimination or Nucleophilic Substitution? Understanding the Energy Profiles for the Reaction of Chalcogenolates with Dichalcogenides. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:2752-61. [PMID: 27096625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically explored the mechanism of the substitution reaction between CH3X(-) and the homo- and heterodichalcogenides CH3X'X″CH3 (X, X', X″ = S, Se, Te) using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-OLYP/TZ2P and COSMO for simulating the effect of aqueous solvation. In the gas phase, all substitution reactions proceed via a triple-well addition-elimination mechanism that involves a stable three-center intermediate. Aqueous solvation, in some cases, switches the character of the mechanism to double-well SN2 in which the stable three-center intermediate has become a labile transition state. We rationalize reactivity trends and some puzzling aspects of these elementary reactions, in particular, vanishing activation energies and ghost three-center intermediates, using the activation strain model (ASM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Lando P Wolters
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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Harper LK, Antony S, Bayse CA. Thiol Reduction of Arsenite and Selenite: DFT Modeling of the Pathways to an As–Se Bond. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:2119-27. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500384h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenora K. Harper
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Sonia Antony
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
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9
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Orian L, Toppo S. Organochalcogen peroxidase mimetics as potential drugs: a long story of a promise still unfulfilled. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 66:65-74. [PMID: 23499840 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organochalcogen compounds have attracted the interest of a multitude of studies to design potential therapeutic agents mimicking the peroxidase activity of selenium-based glutathione peroxidases (GPx's). Starting from the pioneering ebselen, various compounds have been synthesized over the years, which may be traced in three major classes of molecules: cyclic selenenyl amides, diaryl diselenides, and aromatic or aliphatic monoselenides. These compounds share common features and determinants needed to exert an efficient GPx-like activity, such as polarizing groups in close proximity to selenium and steric effects. Nonetheless, the reactivity of selenium, and tellurium as well, poses serious problems for the predictability of the biological effects of these compounds in vivo when used as potential drugs. These molecules, indeed, interfere with thiols of redox-regulated proteins and enzymes, leading to unexpected biological effects. The various chemical aspects of the reaction mechanism of peroxidase mimetics are surveyed here, focusing on experimental evidence and quantum mechanics calculations of organochalcogen representatives of the various classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35129 Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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10
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Bayse CA, Ortwine KN. Modeling the Glutathione Peroxidase-Like Activity of a Cyclic Seleninate by DFT and Solvent-Assisted Proton Exchange. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Antony S, Bayse CA. Modeling the Mechanism of the Glutathione Peroxidase Mimic Ebselen. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:12075-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201603v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Antony
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
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12
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Kóňa J, Fabian WMF. Hybrid QM/MM Calculations on the First Redox Step of the Catalytic Cycle of Bovine Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:2610-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200129q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Kóňa
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Walter M. F. Fabian
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Bayse CA. Transition states for cysteine redox processes modeled by DFT and solvent-assisted proton exchange. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4748-51. [PMID: 21597638 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05497j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation and disulfide coupling of cysteine, processes central to oxidative stress and biochemical signaling, are modeled using DFT and solvent-assisted proton exchange, a method of microsolvation. Calculated barriers are consistent with experimental kinetics and observed product ratios and suggest a dependence on the polarity of the surrounding medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
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14
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Bayse CA, Pavlou A. Tuning the activity of glutathione peroxidase mimics through intramolecular Se⋯N,O interactions: A DFT study incorporating solvent-assisted proton exchange (SAPE). Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:8006-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05827d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Ali ST, Karamat S, Kóňa J, Fabian WMF. Theoretical Prediction of pKa Values of Seleninic, Selenenic, Sulfinic, and Carboxylic Acids by Quantum-Chemical Methods. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12470-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102266v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Tahir Ali
- Institut für Chemie, Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, and Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sajjad Karamat
- Institut für Chemie, Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, and Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Kóňa
- Institut für Chemie, Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, and Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Walter M. F. Fabian
- Institut für Chemie, Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, and Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Singh BG, Bag PP, Kumakura F, Iwaoka M, Priyadarsini KI. Role of Substrate Reactivity in the Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Activity of Selenocystine. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20090348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Ali ST, Jahangir S, Karamat S, Fabian WMF, Nawara K, Kóňa J. Theoretical Study on the Redox Cycle of Bovine Glutathione Peroxidase GPx1: pKa Calculations, Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 6:1670-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ct9003355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Tahir Ali
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Science Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, and Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sajid Jahangir
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Science Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, and Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sajjad Karamat
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Science Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, and Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Walter M. F. Fabian
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Science Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, and Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Krzysztof Nawara
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Science Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, and Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Kóňa
- Institute of Chemistry, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Science Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, and Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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