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Dovesi R, Pascale F, Civalleri B, Doll K, Harrison NM, Bush I, D'Arco P, Noël Y, Rérat M, Carbonnière P, Causà M, Salustro S, Lacivita V, Kirtman B, Ferrari AM, Gentile FS, Baima J, Ferrero M, Demichelis R, De La Pierre M. The CRYSTAL code, 1976-2020 and beyond, a long story. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:204111. [PMID: 32486670 DOI: 10.1063/5.0004892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CRYSTAL is a periodic ab initio code that uses a Gaussian-type basis set to express crystalline orbitals (i.e., Bloch functions). The use of atom-centered basis functions allows treating 3D (crystals), 2D (slabs), 1D (polymers), and 0D (molecules) systems on the same grounds. In turn, all-electron calculations are inherently permitted along with pseudopotential strategies. A variety of density functionals are implemented, including global and range-separated hybrids of various natures and, as an extreme case, Hartree-Fock (HF). The cost for HF or hybrids is only about 3-5 times higher than when using the local density approximation or the generalized gradient approximation. Symmetry is fully exploited at all steps of the calculation. Many tools are available to modify the structure as given in input and simplify the construction of complicated objects, such as slabs, nanotubes, molecules, and clusters. Many tensorial properties can be evaluated by using a single input keyword: elastic, piezoelectric, photoelastic, dielectric, first and second hyperpolarizabilities, etc. The calculation of infrared and Raman spectra is available, and the intensities are computed analytically. Automated tools are available for the generation of the relevant configurations of solid solutions and/or disordered systems. Three versions of the code exist: serial, parallel, and massive-parallel. In the second one, the most relevant matrices are duplicated on each core, whereas in the third one, the Fock matrix is distributed for diagonalization. All the relevant vectors are dynamically allocated and deallocated after use, making the code very agile. CRYSTAL can be used efficiently on high performance computing machines up to thousands of cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Dovesi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, and Centre of Excellence NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces), Università di Torino, via Giuria 5, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabien Pascale
- Université de Lorraine - Nancy, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR 7019, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bartolomeo Civalleri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, and Centre of Excellence NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces), Università di Torino, via Giuria 5, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Klaus Doll
- University of Stuttgart, Molpro Quantum Chemistry Software, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicholas M Harrison
- Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, W12 0BZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Bush
- Oxford e-Research Centre, University of Oxford, 7 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe D'Arco
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS-INSU, ISTeP UMR 7193, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Yves Noël
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS-INSU, ISTeP UMR 7193, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Rérat
- Université de Pau et des Pays de L'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | | | - Mauro Causà
- Dipartimento di Ingengeria Chimica, dei Materiali e delle Produzioni Industriali DICMAPI, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Simone Salustro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, and Centre of Excellence NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces), Università di Torino, via Giuria 5, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Lacivita
- Advanced Materials Lab, Samsung Research America, 3 Van de Graaff Drive, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, USA
| | - Bernard Kirtman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Anna Maria Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, and Centre of Excellence NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces), Università di Torino, via Giuria 5, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Silvio Gentile
- Dipartimento di Ingengeria Chimica, dei Materiali e delle Produzioni Industriali DICMAPI, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Jacopo Baima
- CNRS and Sorbonne Université, UMR 7588, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mauro Ferrero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, and Centre of Excellence NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces), Università di Torino, via Giuria 5, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaella Demichelis
- Curtin Institute for Computation, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR), School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Marco De La Pierre
- Pawsey Supercomputing Centre, 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia
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Multiscale Computational Simulation of Amorphous Silicates’ Structural, Dielectric, and Vibrational Spectroscopic Properties. MINERALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/min8080353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Silicates are among the most abundant and important inorganic materials, not only in the Earth’s crust, but also in the interstellar medium in the form of micro/nanoparticles or embedded in the matrices of comets, meteorites, and other asteroidal bodies. Although the crystalline phases of silicates are indeed present in nature, amorphous forms are also highly abundant. Here, we report a theoretical investigation of the structural, dielectric, and vibrational properties of the amorphous bulk for forsterite (Mg2SiO4) as a silicate test case by a combined approach of classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for structure evolution and periodic quantum mechanical Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations for electronic structure analysis. Using classical MD based on an empirical partial charge rigid ionic model within a melt-quenching scheme at different temperatures performed with the GULP 4.0 code, amorphous bulk structures for Mg2SiO4 were generated using the crystalline phase as the initial guess. This has been done for bulk structures with three different unit cell sizes, adopting a super-cell approach; that is, 1 × 1 × 2, 2 × 1 × 2, and 2 × 2 × 2. The radial distribution functions indicated a good degree of amorphization of the structures. Periodic B3LYP-geometry optimizations performed with the CRYSTAL14 code on the generated amorphous systems were used to analyze their structure; to calculate their high-frequency dielectric constants (ε∞); and to simulate their IR, Raman, and reflectance spectra, which were compared with the experimental and theoretical crystalline Mg2SiO4. The most significant changes of the physicochemical properties of the amorphous systems compared to the crystalline ones are presented and discussed (e.g., larger deviations in the bond distances and angles, broadening of the IR bands, etc.), which are consistent with their disordered nature. It is also shown that by increasing the unit cell size, the bulk structures present a larger degree of amorphization.
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Navarro-Ruiz J, Ugliengo P, Rimola A, Sodupe M. B3LYP periodic study of the physicochemical properties of the nonpolar (010) Mg-pure and fe-containing olivine surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5866-75. [PMID: 24517343 DOI: 10.1021/jp4118198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
B3LYP periodic simulations have been carried out to study some physicochemical properties of the bulk structures and the corresponding nonpolar (010) surfaces of Mg-pure and Fe-containing olivine systems; i.e., Mg2SiO4 (Fo) and Mg1.5Fe0.5SiO4 (Fo75). A detailed structural analysis of the (010) Fo and Fo75 surface models shows the presence of coordinatively unsaturated metal cations (Mg(2+) and Fe(2+), respectively) with shorter metal-O distances compared to the bulk ones. Energetic analysis devoted to the Fe(2+) electronic spin configuration and to the ion position in the surfaces reveals that Fe(2+) in its quintet state and placed at the outermost positions of the slab constitutes the most stable Fe-containing surface, which is related to the higher stability of high spin states when Fe(2+) is coordinatively unsaturated. Comparison of the simulated IR and the corresponding reflectance spectra indicates that Fe(2+) substitution induces an overall bathochromic shift of the spectra due to the larger mass of Fe compared to Mg cation. In contrast, the IR spectra of the surfaces are shifted to upper values and exhibit more bands compared to the corresponding bulk systems due to the shorter metal-O distances given in the coordinatively unsaturated metals and to symmetry reduction which brings nonequivalent motions between the outermost and the internal modes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Navarro-Ruiz
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Maschio L, Kirtman B, Salustro S, Zicovich-Wilson CM, Orlando R, Dovesi R. Raman spectrum of pyrope garnet. A quantum mechanical simulation of frequencies, intensities, and isotope shifts. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:11464-71. [PMID: 24124910 DOI: 10.1021/jp4099446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Raman spectrum of pyrope garnet is simulated in ab initio quantum mechanical calculations, using an all-electron Gaussian-type basis set and the hybrid B3LYP functional. Frequencies calculated for the 25 Raman-active modes are in excellent agreement with the several sets of experimental data, with the mean absolute difference ranging from 4 to 8 cm(-1). Comparison of the computed and experimental spectrum shows excellent agreement for most of the intensities as well. Modes missing from experiment are shown to be characterized by low (computed) intensity. Spurious peaks in the experimental spectra are also identified. The isotopic effect has been simulated for (24)Mg → (26)Mg substitution and shows excellent agreement with shifts reported in one of the experiments. Agreement is excellent for all but one mode, which turns out to be attributed to the wrong symmetry in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Maschio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre of Excellence , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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