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Drummond Turnbull R, Bell NL. f-Block hydride complexes - synthesis, structure and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12814-12836. [PMID: 38953848 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00776j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Complexes formed between the heaviest and lightest elements in the periodic table yield the f-block hydrides, a unique class of compounds with wide-ranging utility and interest, from catalysis to light-responsive materials and nuclear waste storage. Recent developments in syntheses and analytics, such as exploiting low-oxidation state metal ions and improvements in X-ray diffraction tools, have transformed our ability to understand, access and manipulate these important species. This perspective brings together insights from binary metal hydrides, with molecular solution phase studies on heteroleptic complexes and gas phase investigations. It aims to provide an overview of how the f-element influences hydride formation, structure and reactivity including the sometimes-surprising power of co-ligands to tune their behaviour towards a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola L Bell
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ.
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2
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Pu Z, Fu X, Qin J, Yang H, Shuai M, Li F. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Insights into H 2 Activation on Uranium Monoxide: Homolytic H 2 Cleavage Mediated by Intermediate OU(η 2-H 2). Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13304-13310. [PMID: 38986152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating molecular-level interactions between dihydrogen (H2) and uranium oxides reveals fundamental insights into the intrinsic H2 activation mechanisms underlying processes such as heterogeneous catalysis over uranium oxides and corrosion of uranium induced by H2. Herein, the reactions of H2 with uranium monoxide (UO) molecules have been investigated via a combination of matrix-isolation infrared spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. A side-on bonded H2 complex, OU(η2-H2), is identified at 3733.7 and 800.3 cm-1. This species is regarded as a crucial intermediate along H2 activation pathways. Bonding analysis reveals cooperative U(π5f/6d) → H2(σ*) π// backdonation and U ← H2(σ) σ donation in OU(η2-H2) that facilitate the activation of the H2 moiety. Upon λ > 550 nm photoirradiation, OU(η2-H2) isomerizes into H2UO, indicating the homolytic H2 cleavage on UO. Mechanistic details of H2 adsorption and dissociation on UO molecules have been further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Pu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No.9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, Sichuan 621908, PR China
| | - Xiaoguo Fu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No.9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, Sichuan 621908, PR China
| | - Jianwei Qin
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No.9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, Sichuan 621908, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Middle Section of Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, PR China
| | - Maobing Shuai
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No.9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, Sichuan 621908, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Middle Section of Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, PR China
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3
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Almeida NMS, Welch BK, North SC, Wilson AK. Unraveling the electronic structure of LuH, LuN, and LuNH: building blocks of new materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10427-10438. [PMID: 38502323 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00533c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Advances in superconductor technology have been pursued for decades, moving towards room temperature models, such as a postulated nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride network. While experimental observations have been contradictory, insight into the building blocks of potential new superconductor materials can be gained theoretically, unravelling the fascinating electronic structure of these compounds at a molecular level. Here, the fundamental building blocks of lutetium materials (LuH, LuN, and LuNH) have been examined. The structures, spectroscopic constants for the ground and excited states, and the potential energy curves have been obtained for these species using complete active self-consistent field (CASSCF) and multireference configuration interaction with Davidson's correction (MRCI+Q) methods. For LuNH, the energetic properties of its isomers are determined. The bond dissociation energies of the three building blocks are calculated with the state-of-the-art f-block ab initio correlation consistent composite approach (f-ccCA) and the high accuracy extrapolated ab initio thermochemistry (HEAT) scheme. As well, an analysis of different formation pathways of LuNH has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M S Almeida
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA.
| | - Bradley K Welch
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA.
| | - Sasha C North
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA.
| | - Angela K Wilson
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA.
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4
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Joshi M, Ghanty TK. Predicted M(H 2) 12n+ (M = Ac, Th, Pa, U, La and n = 3, 4) complexes with twenty-four hydrogen atoms bound to the metal ion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7788-7791. [PMID: 31210209 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have shown that La(iii), Ac(iii), Th(iii), Th(iv), Pa(iv) and U(iv) can directly bind with a maximum of 24 hydrogen atoms in M(H2)12 in the first sphere of coordination, which would be a new record in any metal-hydrogen complex investigated at the molecular level, where all the hydrogen atoms are directly connected to the central metal ion through M-η2(H2) bonds. Moreover, Ac(H2)n3+ (n = 9-12) systems satisfy the 18-electron rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Joshi
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Chemistry Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
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5
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Assaf J, El Haj Hassan F, Nascimento É, Haydar A. Theoretical study of LuH molecule: Potential energy curves, spectroscopic constants and spin-orbit couplings. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Wang X, Andrews L, Fang Z, Thanthiriwatte KS, Chen M, Dixon DA. Properties of Lanthanide Hydroxide Molecules Produced in Reactions of Lanthanide Atoms with H2O2 and H2 + O2 Mixtures: Roles of the +I, +II, +III, and +IV Oxidation States. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1779-1796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319 United States
- Chemistry Department, Tongji University, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319 United States
| | - Zongtang Fang
- Chemistry
Department, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa Alabama 34487-0336, United States
| | - K. Sahan Thanthiriwatte
- Chemistry
Department, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa Alabama 34487-0336, United States
| | - Mingyang Chen
- Chemistry
Department, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa Alabama 34487-0336, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Chemistry
Department, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa Alabama 34487-0336, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N. Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Procacci
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Mikulas TC, Chen M, Fang Z, Peterson KA, Andrews L, Dixon DA. Structures and Properties of the Products of the Reaction of Lanthanide Atoms with H2O: Dominance of the +II Oxidation State. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:793-804. [PMID: 26741150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of lanthanides with H2O have been studied using density functional theory with the B3LYP functional. H2O forms an initial Lewis acid-base complex with the lanthanides exothermically with interaction energies from -2 to -20 kcal/mol. For most of the Ln, formation of HLnOH is more exothermic than formation of H2LnO, HLnO + H, and LnOH + H. The reactions to produce HLnOH are exothermic from -25 to -75 kcal/mol. The formation of LnO + H2 for La and Ce is slightly more exothermic than formation of HLnOH and is less or equally exothermic for the rest of the lanthanides. The Ln in HLnOH and LnOH are in the formal +II and +I oxidation states, respectively. The Ln in H2LnO is mostly in the +III formal oxidation state with either Ln-O(-)/Ln-H(-) or Ln-(H2)(-)/Ln=O(2-) bonding interactions. A few of the H2LnO have the Ln in the +IV or mixed +III/+IV formal oxidation states with Ln=O(2-)/Ln-H(-) bonding interactions. The Ln in HLnO are generally in the +III oxidation state with the exception of Yb in the +II state. The orbital populations calculated within the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis are consistent with the oxidation states and reaction energies. The more exothermic reactions to produce HLnOH are always associated with more backbonding from the O(H) and H characterized by more population in the 6s and 5d in Ln and the formation of a stronger Ln-O(H) bond. Overall, the calculations are consistent with the experiments in terms of reaction energies and vibrational frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya C Mikulas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Mingyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States.,National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zongtang Fang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Kirk A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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Fang Z, Thanthiriwatte KS, Dixon DA, Andrews L, Wang X. Properties of Cerium Hydroxides from Matrix Infrared Spectra and Electronic Structure Calculations. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1702-14. [PMID: 26814626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of laser ablated cerium atoms with hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen and oxygen mixtures diluted in argon and condensed at 4 K produced the Ce(OH)3 and Ce(OH)2 molecules and Ce(OH)2(+) cation as major products. Additional minor products were identified as the Ce(OH)4, HCeO, and OCeOH molecules. These new species were identified from their matrix infrared spectra with D2O2, D2, and (18)O2 isotopic substitution and correlating observed frequencies with values calculated by density functional theory. We find that the amounts of Ce(OH)3 and of the Ce(OH)2(+) cation increase on UV (λ > 220 nm) photolysis, while Ce(OH)2, Ce(OH)4, and HCeO are photosensitive. The observed major species for Ce are in the +III or +II oxidation state, and the minor product, Ce(OH)4, is in the +IV oxidation state. The calculations for the vibrational frequencies with the B3LYP functional agree well with the experiment. The NBO analysis shows significant backbonding to the metal 4f and 5d orbitals for the closed shell species. Most open shell species have the excess spin in the 4f with paired spin in the 5d due to backbonding. The heats of formation of the observed species were derived from the available data from experiment and the calculated reaction energies. The major products in this study are different from similar reactions for Th where the tetrahydroxide was the major species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongtang Fang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Box 870223, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 34487-0336, United States
| | - K Sahan Thanthiriwatte
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Box 870223, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 34487-0336, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Box 870223, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 34487-0336, United States
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Box 400319, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Box 400319, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Tongji University , Shanghai 200093, China
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Mikulas T, Chen M, Dixon DA, Peterson KA, Gong Y, Andrews L. Reactions of Lanthanide Atoms with Oxygen Difluoride and the Role of the Ln Oxidation State. Inorg Chem 2013; 53:446-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402422h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Mikulas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Mingyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Kirk A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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11
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Schoendorff G, South C, Wilson AK. A Neoteric Neodymium Model: Ground and Excited Electronic State Analysis of NdF2+. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:10881-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404654d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Schoendorff
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Christopher South
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Angela K. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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12
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Gong Y, Andrews L, Chen M, Dixon DA. Reactions of Late Lanthanide Metal Atoms and Methanol in Solid Argon: A Matrix Isolation Infrared Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:14581-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp209135a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Mingyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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13
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Wang X, Andrews L. Tetrahydrometalate species VH(2)(H(2)), NbH(4), and TaH(4): matrix infrared spectra and quantum chemical calculations. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:14175-83. [PMID: 22017260 DOI: 10.1021/jp2076148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Laser ablated V, Nb, and Ta atoms react with molecular hydrogen in excess neon at 4 K to give vanadium, niobium, and tantalum dihydrides that further react with H(2) to form VH(2)(H(2)), NbH(4), and TaH(4). The reaction products are identified by deuterium and deuterium hydride isotopic substitution. DFT and CCSD theoretical calculations are used to predict energies, geometries, and vibrational frequencies for these novel metal hydrides complex and molecules. The vanadium dihydride hydrogen complex, VH(2)(H(2)), is identified, while the niobium and tantalum tetrahydrides, NbH(4) and TaH(4,) with D(2d) symmetry structures are confirmed. Reactions of group 5 metal atoms with H(2) condensing in solid hydrogen gave VH(2)(H(2)) and the higher tetrahydride-hydrogen complexes NbH(4)(H(2))(4) and TaH(4)(H(2))(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Lu E, Chen Y, Leng X. Yttrium Anilido Hydride: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200651c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuebing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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