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Yang M, Sheykhi S, Zhang Y, Milsmann C, Castellano FN. Low power threshold photochemical upconversion using a zirconium(iv) LMCT photosensitizer. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9069-9077. [PMID: 34276936 PMCID: PMC8261719 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01662h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The current investigation demonstrates highly efficient photochemical upconversion (UC) where a long-lived Zr(iv) ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) complex serves as a triplet photosensitizer in concert with well-established 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) along with newly conceived DPA-carbazole based acceptors/annihilators in THF solutions. The initial dynamic triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) processes (ΔG ∼ -0.19 eV) featured very large Stern-Volmer quenching constants (K SV) approaching or achieving 105 M-1 with bimolecular rate constants between 2 and 3 × 108 M-1 s-1 as ascertained using static and transient spectroscopic techniques. Both the TTET and subsequent triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) processes were verified and throughly investigated using transient absorption spectroscopy. The Stern-Volmer metrics support 95% quenching of the Zr(iv) photosensitizer using modest concentrations (0.25 mM) of the various acceptor/annihilators, where no aggregation took place between any of the chromophores in THF. Each of the upconverting formulations operated with continuous-wave linear incident power dependence (λ ex = 514.5 nm) down to ultralow excitation power densities under optimized experimental conditions. Impressive record-setting η UC values ranging from 31.7% to 42.7% were achieved under excitation conditions (13 mW cm-2) below that of solar flux integrated across the Zr(iv) photosensitizer's absorption band (26.7 mW cm-2). This study illustrates the importance of supporting the continued development and discovery of molecular-based triplet photosensitizers based on earth-abundant metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Sara Sheykhi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia 26506 USA
| | - Carsten Milsmann
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia 26506 USA
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
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2
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Rautela R, Joshi NK, Novakovic S, Wong WWH, White JM, Ghiggino KP, Paige MF, Steer RP. Determinants of the efficiency of photon upconversion by triplet-triplet annihilation in the solid state: zinc porphyrin derivatives in PVA. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:23471-23482. [PMID: 28829080 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04746k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic, photophysical and computational studies designed to expose and explain the differences in the efficiencies of non-coherent photon upconversion (NCPU) by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) have been carried out for a new series of alkyl-substituted diphenyl and tetraphenyl zinc porphyrins, both in fluid solution and in solid films. Systematic variations in the alkyl-substitution of the phenyl groups in both the di- and tetraphenyl porphyrins introduces small, but well-understood changes in their spectroscopic and photophysical properties and in their TTA efficiencies. In degassed toluene solution TTA occurs for all derivatives and produces the fluorescent S2 product states in all cases. In PVA matrices, however, none of the di-phenylporphyrins exhibit measurable NCPU whereas all the tetraphenyl-substituted compounds remain upconversion-active. In PVA the NCPU efficiencies of the zinc tetraphenylporphyrins vary significantly with their steric characteristics; the most sterically crowded tetraphenyl derivative exhibits the greatest efficiency. DFT-D computations have been undertaken and help reveal the sources of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Rautela
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5C9, Canada.
| | - Neeraj K Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5C9, Canada.
| | - Sacha Novakovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Wallace W H Wong
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | | | - Matthew F Paige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5C9, Canada.
| | - Ronald P Steer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5C9, Canada.
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3
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Stadlbauer S, Fischer R, Flock M, Zach PW, Borisov SM, Torvisco A, Uhlig F. Structure and spectroscopic properties of porphyrinato group 14 derivatives: Part I – Phenylacetylido ligands. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2017-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A series of bis(phenylacetylido)(porphyrinato) E(IV) (E=Si, Ge, Sn) derivatives were obtained by reacting lithium phenylacetylide with the corresponding bis(chlorido)(porphyrinato) E(IV) precursors. Crystal structure determinations demonstrated that the trans-coordinated acetylide ligands deviate from their expected ideal geometry. Density functional theory calculations and comparison of the packing of the molecules among the homologous series of Si(IV), Ge(IV) and Sn(IV) revealed causes for the deviation from the simple valence shell electron pair repulsion model. Fluorescence and phosphorescence of these organometallic group 14 derivatives were studied and the results are compared to the literature-known properties of the related bis(chlorido)(porphyrinato) E(IV) compounds (E=Si, Ge, Sn). The first crystal structure of a porphyrinato Ge(IV) compound with σ-bonded acetylide ligands is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stadlbauer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Michaela Flock
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Peter W. Zach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Frank Uhlig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
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4
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Abstract
Organic (opto)electronic materials have received considerable attention due to their applications in thin-film-transistors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, sensors, photorefractive devices, and many others. The technological promises include low cost of these materials and the possibility of their room-temperature deposition from solution on large-area and/or flexible substrates. The article reviews the current understanding of the physical mechanisms that determine the (opto)electronic properties of high-performance organic materials. The focus of the review is on photoinduced processes and on electronic properties important for optoelectronic applications relying on charge carrier photogeneration. Additionally, it highlights the capabilities of various experimental techniques for characterization of these materials, summarizes top-of-the-line device performance, and outlines recent trends in the further development of the field. The properties of materials based both on small molecules and on conjugated polymers are considered, and their applications in organic solar cells, photodetectors, and photorefractive devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Ostroverkhova
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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5
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Barnaba C, Humphreys SC, Barden AO, Jones JP, Brozik JA. Substrate Dependent Native Luminescence from Cytochromes P450 3A4, 2C9, and P450cam. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:3038-3047. [PMID: 26939024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrin containing proteins, such as cytochrome P450, play a key role in biological systems. The spectroscopic properties of metalloporphyrins have been a subject of intense interest and intense debate for over 50 years. Iron-porphyrins are usually believed to be nonfluorescent. Herein we report that, contrary to this belief, cytochrome P450 heme groups luminesce with enough intensity to be of use in the characterization of these enzymes. To confirm that the emission is from the heme, we destroyed the heme by titration with cumene hydroperoxide and measured the changes in emission upon titration with compounds known to bind to the distal face of the heme in two human cytochrome P450 enzymes, known as CYP3A4 and CYP2C9. The titration curves gave spectral dissociation constants that were not significantly different from those reported using the Soret UV/vis absorbance changes. We have tentatively assigned the broad luminescence at ∼500 nm to a (1)ππ* → gs fluorescence and the structured luminescence above 600 nm to a (3)ππ* → gs phosphorescence. These assignments are not associated with the Q-band, and are in violation of Kasha's rule. To illustrate the utility of the emission, we measured spectral dissociation constants for testosterone binding to P450 3A4 in bilayers formed on glass coverslips, a measurement that would be very difficult to make using absorption spectroscopy. Complementary experiments were carried out with water-soluble P450cam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Barnaba
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
| | - Sara C Humphreys
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
| | - Adam O Barden
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
| | - James A Brozik
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
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Steer RP. Concerning correct and incorrect assignments of Soret (S2-S0) fluorescence in porphyrinoids: a short critical review. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 13:1117-22. [PMID: 24849142 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The relaxation dynamics of electronically excited porphyrinoids are often measured by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence methods. The unusual occurrence of measurable fluorescence from an upper excited singlet state (often identified as the second electronically excited singlet state, S2) of some porphyrins has, in recent years, prompted a spate of mis-assignments of observed emission from other porphyrinoids excited in the near UV-violet regions of the spectrum. The criteria for correctly assigning fluorescence to a Soret excited state are reviewed. Questionable and mis-assigned reports are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Steer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9.
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7
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Manke AM, Geisel K, Fetzer A, Kurz P. A water-soluble tin(IV) porphyrin as a bioinspired photosensitiser for light-driven proton-reduction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:12029-42. [PMID: 24556846 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55023k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The water-soluble tin(IV) porphyrin dichlorido-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-carboxyphenyl)-porphyrinato-tin(IV) (SnTPPC, 1) was synthesised as a mimic of biological chlorophyll photosensitisers. In natural photosynthesis, chlorophyll pigments start the multi-electron transfer processes resulting in water-oxidation and NADP(+)-reduction. The photochemical properties of compound 1 were characterised by measuring absorption and fluorescence spectra. Electrochemical measurements in water revealed well-suited redox potentials of 1 for both proton-reduction to H2 as well as water-oxidation to O2. The tin(IV) porphyrin was then used as a photosensitiser in model systems for light-induced proton-reduction in aqueous solution, where an optimization of the experimental conditions was carried out to achieve reaction rates comparable to those found for [Ru(bipy)3](2+), a standard dye in artificial photosynthesis. By employing UV/Vis-spectroelectrochemistry, we found that the porphyrin ligand of 1 is redox non-innocent in water. A complex set of reduction reactions of the porphyrin macrocycle occurs during photocatalytic experiments involving the ligand's chlorin form as a key intermediate. On the basis of these results, a potential reaction sequence for light-driven H2-formation is formulated, where the reductive quenching of 1 forms the initial reaction step and reduced forms of 1 serve as hydride transfer agents to the H2 evolution catalyst. The spectroscopic, electrochemical and catalytic properties of SnTPPC make this compound class an attractive, affordable and easily accessible choice for photosensitisers in artificial photosynthetic systems. Finally, the detected complicated redox reactions of the porphyrin ring in water offer a possible explanation of why the chlorophylls of P680 or P700 are carefully wrapped in a water-free part of the PSII and PSI proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Manke
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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8
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Ghiggino KP, Giri NK, Hanrieder J, Martell JD, Müller J, Paige MF, Robotham B, Szmytkowski J, Steer RP. Photophysics of soret-excited tin(IV) porphyrins in solution. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7833-40. [PMID: 23869825 DOI: 10.1021/jp406025j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics of low-chlorin tin(IV) tetraphenylporphyrin dihydroxide, a core building block for axially substituted supramolecular tin porphyrin constructs, has been studied in a variety of hydrogen-bonding, nonpolar, and aprotic polar solvents using steady-state, nanosecond, and femtosecond time-resolved emission, and femtosecond time-resolved absorption methods. In hydrogen-bonding solvents the metalloporphyrin exists as solvated monomers, and its Soret-excited S2 state in these solvents exhibits the expected linear energy gap law relationship with first-order population decay times in the 0.8 to 1.7 ps range. Evidence is presented that this metalloporphyrin aggregates in other solvents at the concentrations typically used for these ultrafast measurements and yields species-averaged time-resolved data. Cw laser excitation in the Q-band under deaerated conditions produces weak S2-S0 fluorescence (photon upconversion) as a result of triplet-triplet annihilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Ghiggino
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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9
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Sugunan SK, Greenwald C, Paige MF, Steer RP. Efficiency of Noncoherent Photon Upconversion by Triplet–Triplet Annihilation: The C60 Plus Anthanthrene System and the Importance of Tuning the Triplet Energies. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:5419-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404587u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunish K. Sugunan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Chelsea Greenwald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Matthew F. Paige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Ronald P. Steer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada S7N 5C9
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10
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Deng F, Blumhoff J, Castellano FN. Annihilation Limit of a Visible-to-UV Photon Upconversion Composition Ascertained from Transient Absorption Kinetics. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4412-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4022618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Deng
- Department of Chemistry
& Center for Photochemical
Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Jörg Blumhoff
- Department of Chemistry
& Center for Photochemical
Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry
& Center for Photochemical
Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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11
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Itoh T. Fluorescence and phosphorescence from higher excited states of organic molecules. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4541-68. [PMID: 22591067 DOI: 10.1021/cr200166m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Itoh
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, 739-8521 Japan.
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12
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Sugunan SK, Robotham B, Sloan RP, Szmytkowski J, Ghiggino KP, Paige MF, Steer RP. Photophysics of Untethered ZnTPP–Fullerene Complexes in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12217-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2082853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunish K. Sugunan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Benjamin Robotham
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ryan P. Sloan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Jędrzej Szmytkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Kenneth P. Ghiggino
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew F. Paige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Ronald P. Steer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
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Danger BR, Bedient K, Maiti M, Burgess IJ, Steer RP. Photophysics of Self-Assembled Zinc Porphyrin−Bidentate Diamine Ligand Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:10960-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp106809j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brook R. Danger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Krysta Bedient
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Manisankar Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Ian J. Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Ronald P. Steer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 5C9
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Maiti M, Steer RP. Is Soret-excited ZnTPP quenched by electron transfer in chlorinated solvents? Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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