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Nedzbala HS, Westbroek D, Margavio HRM, Yang H, Noh H, Magpantay SV, Donley CL, Kumbhar AS, Parsons GN, Mayer JM. Photoelectrochemical Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer of TiO 2 Thin Films on Silicon. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10559-10572. [PMID: 38564642 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
TiO2 thin films are often used as protective layers on semiconductors for applications in photovoltaics, molecule-semiconductor hybrid photoelectrodes, and more. Experiments reported here show that TiO2 thin films on silicon are electrochemically and photoelectrochemically reduced in buffered acetonitrile at potentials relevant to photoelectrocatalysis of CO2 reduction, N2 reduction, and H2 evolution. On both n-type Si and irradiated p-type Si, TiO2 reduction is proton-coupled with a 1e-:1H+ stoichiometry, as demonstrated by the Nernstian dependence of the Ti4+/3+ E1/2 on the buffer pKa. Experiments were conducted with and without illumination, and a photovoltage of ∼0.6 V was observed across 20 orders of magnitude in proton activity. The 4 nm films are almost stoichiometrically reduced under mild conditions. The reduced films catalytically transfer protons and electrons to hydrogen atom acceptors, based on cyclic voltammogram, bulk electrolysis, and other mechanistic evidence. TiO2/Si thus has the potential to photoelectrochemically generate high-energy H atom carriers. Characterization of the TiO2 films after reduction reveals restructuring with the formation of islands, rendering TiO2 films as a potentially poor choice as protecting films or catalyst supports under reducing and protic conditions. Overall, this work demonstrates that atomic layer deposition TiO2 films on silicon photoelectrodes undergo both chemical and morphological changes upon application of potentials only modestly negative of RHE in these media. While the results should serve as a cautionary tale for researchers aiming to immobilize molecular monolayers on "protective" metal oxides, the robust proton-coupled electron transfer reactivity of the films introduces opportunities for the photoelectrochemical generation of reactive charge-carrying mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Nedzbala
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Dalaney Westbroek
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Hannah R M Margavio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - Hyuenwoo Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - Hyunho Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Samantha V Magpantay
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Carrie L Donley
- Department of Chemistry, Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory (CHANL), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Amar S Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry, Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory (CHANL), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gregory N Parsons
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, United States
| | - James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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2
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Mahanta A, Barman K, Akond US, Jasimuddin S. Electrode surface embedded manganese( iii)–pincer complexes: efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02650c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly stable and robust gold electrode surface anchored Mn(iii)–pincer complex exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen evolution reaction at a low overpotential with a medium Tafel slope under neutral pH condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koushik Barman
- Department of Chemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Umme Solaem Akond
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar, Assam-788011, India
| | - Sk Jasimuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar, Assam-788011, India
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3
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Winter A, Schubert US. Metal‐Terpyridine Complexes in Catalytic Application – A Spotlight on the Last Decade. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
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4
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Zhang B, Sun L. Artificial photosynthesis: opportunities and challenges of molecular catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2216-2264. [PMID: 30895997 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00897c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular catalysis plays an essential role in both natural and artificial photosynthesis (AP). However, the field of molecular catalysis for AP has gradually declined in recent years because of doubt about the long-term stability of molecular-catalyst-based devices. This review summarizes the development history of molecular-catalyst-based AP, including the fundamentals of AP, molecular catalysts for water oxidation, proton reduction and CO2 reduction, and molecular-catalyst-based AP devices, and it provides an analysis of the advantages, challenges, and stability of molecular catalysts. With this review, we aim to highlight the following points: (i) an investigation on molecular catalysis is one of the most promising ways to obtain atom-efficient catalysts with outstanding intrinsic activities; (ii) effective heterogenization of molecular catalysts is currently the primary challenge for the application of molecular catalysis in AP devices; (iii) development of molecular catalysts is a promising way to solve the problems of catalysis involved in practical solar fuel production. In molecular-catalysis-based AP, much has been attained, but more challenges remain with regard to long-term stability and heterogenization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Stewart B, Huang P, He H, Fenton T, Li G. Visible-light degradation of Orange II using an Fe(II)–terpyridine complex grafted onto TiO2 surface. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The photo-Fenton process employs light, iron species, and H2O2 to oxidize organic pollutants. In this study, a coordination complex, Fe(II)–terpyridine, was covalently grafted onto TiO2 surfaces via a light-harvesting linkage for use in the photo-Fenton reaction. The surface Fe(II)–terpyridine complex was characterized with techniques, including microscopy and spectroscopy, and was investigated in the degradation of Orange II in the presence of H2O2. Under visible-light irradiation, slightly higher activity was obtained using the surface Fe(II)–terpyridine catalyst than using photoactivated TiO2 nanoparticles under UV light. Furthermore, the Fe(II)–terpyridine complex grafted on TiO2 showed significantly greater activity than the same complex grafted on ZrO2 in the degradation of Orange II. A possible explanation for this observation was discussed that involves the formation of high valent oxoiron species on TiO2 in the photo-Fenton process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Peipei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - He He
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Thomas Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Gonghu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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6
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Fabrication of B doped g-C3N4/TiO2 heterojunction for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Gu X, Bi S, Guo L, Zhao Y, Li T, Liu M, Chen P, Wu Y. Facile Fabrication of Ordered Component-Tunable Heterobimetallic Self-Assembly Nanosheet for Catalyzing "Click" Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5415-5433. [PMID: 31457810 PMCID: PMC6644525 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
How to maximize the number of desirable active sites on the surface of the catalyst and minimize the number of sites promoting undesirable side reactions is currently an important research topic. In this study, a new way based on the synergism to achieve the successful fabrication of an ordered heterobimetallic self-assembled monolayer (denoted as BMSAM) with a controlled composition and an excellent orientation of metals in the monolayer was developed. BMSAM consisting of phenanthroline and Schiff-base groups was prepared, and its novel heterobimetallic (Cu and Pd) self-assembled monolayer anchored in silicon (denoted as Si-Fmp-Cu-Pd BMSAM) with a controlled composition and a fixed position was fabricated and characterized by UV, cyclic voltammetry, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and water-drop contact angle (WDCA) analyses. The effects of Si-Fmp-Cu-Pd BMSAM on its catalytic properties were also systematically investigated using "click" reaction as a template by WDCA, XPS, SEM, XRD, ICP-AES and in situ Fourier transform infrared analyses in a heterogeneous system. The results showed that the excellent catalytic characteristic could be attributed to the partial (ordered or proper distance) isolation of active sites displaying high densities of specific atomic ensembles. The catalytic reaction mechanism of the click reaction interpreted that the catalytic process mainly occurred on the surface of the monolayer, internal active site (Pd) and rationalized that the Cu(I) species and Pd(0) reduced from the Cu(II) and Pd(II) catalyst were active species, which had a proper distance between two different metals. The cuprate-triazole intermediate and the palladium intermediate, whose production is the key step, should lie in a proper position between the copper and active palladium sites, with which the reaction rate of transmetalation would be improved to increase the amount of the undesired Sonogashira coupling product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gu
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, The Key Lab of Chemical Biology
and Organic Chemistry of Henan Province, and The Key Lab of Nano-information
Materials of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R.
China
| | - Sa Bi
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, The Key Lab of Chemical Biology
and Organic Chemistry of Henan Province, and The Key Lab of Nano-information
Materials of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R.
China
| | - Linna Guo
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, The Key Lab of Chemical Biology
and Organic Chemistry of Henan Province, and The Key Lab of Nano-information
Materials of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R.
China
| | - Yaqing Zhao
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, The Key Lab of Chemical Biology
and Organic Chemistry of Henan Province, and The Key Lab of Nano-information
Materials of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R.
China
| | - Tiesheng Li
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, The Key Lab of Chemical Biology
and Organic Chemistry of Henan Province, and The Key Lab of Nano-information
Materials of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R.
China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street
2, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Penglei Chen
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street
2, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, The Key Lab of Chemical Biology
and Organic Chemistry of Henan Province, and The Key Lab of Nano-information
Materials of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R.
China
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8
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Kondo M, Masaoka S. Water Oxidation Catalysts Constructed by Biorelevant First-row Metal Complexes. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Liu C, Jin T, Louis ME, Pantovich SA, Skraba-Joiner SL, Rajh T, Li G. Molecular deposition of a macrocyclic cobalt catalyst on TiO2 nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Najafpour MM, Renger G, Hołyńska M, Moghaddam AN, Aro EM, Carpentier R, Nishihara H, Eaton-Rye JJ, Shen JR, Allakhverdiev SI. Manganese Compounds as Water-Oxidizing Catalysts: From the Natural Water-Oxidizing Complex to Nanosized Manganese Oxide Structures. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2886-936. [PMID: 26812090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
All cyanobacteria, algae, and plants use a similar water-oxidizing catalyst for water oxidation. This catalyst is housed in Photosystem II, a membrane-protein complex that functions as a light-driven water oxidase in oxygenic photosynthesis. Water oxidation is also an important reaction in artificial photosynthesis because it has the potential to provide cheap electrons from water for hydrogen production or for the reduction of carbon dioxide on an industrial scale. The water-oxidizing complex of Photosystem II is a Mn-Ca cluster that oxidizes water with a low overpotential and high turnover frequency number of up to 25-90 molecules of O2 released per second. In this Review, we discuss the atomic structure of the Mn-Ca cluster of the Photosystem II water-oxidizing complex from the viewpoint that the underlying mechanism can be informative when designing artificial water-oxidizing catalysts. This is followed by consideration of functional Mn-based model complexes for water oxidation and the issue of Mn complexes decomposing to Mn oxide. We then provide a detailed assessment of the chemistry of Mn oxides by considering how their bulk and nanoscale properties contribute to their effectiveness as water-oxidizing catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gernot Renger
- Institute of Chemistry, Max-Volmer-Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Hołyńska
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku , 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Carpentier
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (GRBV), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières , C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Julian J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Controlled Photobiosynthesis Laboratory, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia.,Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.,Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
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11
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Kärkäs MD, Åkermark B. Water oxidation using earth-abundant transition metal catalysts: opportunities and challenges. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:14421-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00809g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Catalysts for the oxidation of water are a vital component of solar energy to fuel conversion technologies. This Perspective summarizes recent advances in the field of designing homogeneous water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) based on Mn, Fe, Co and Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Björn Åkermark
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
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12
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Khan S, Yang KR, Ertem MZ, Batista VS, Brudvig GW. Mechanism of Manganese-Catalyzed Oxygen Evolution from Experimental and Theoretical Analyses of 18O Kinetic Isotope Effects. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahr Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Ke R. Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Mehmed Z. Ertem
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 555A, Upton, New
York 11973, United States
| | - Victor S. Batista
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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13
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Fielden J, Sumliner JM, Han N, Geletii YV, Xiang X, Musaev DG, Lian T, Hill CL. Water splitting with polyoxometalate-treated photoanodes: enhancing performance through sensitizer design. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5531-5543. [PMID: 29861891 PMCID: PMC5949860 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01439e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Visible light driven water oxidation has been demonstrated at near-neutral pH using photoanodes based on nanoporous films of TiO2, polyoxometalate (POM) water oxidation catalyst [{Ru4O4(OH)2(H2O)4}(γ-SiW10O36)2]10- (1), and both known photosensitizer [Ru(bpy)2(H4dpbpy)]2+ (P2) and the novel crown ether functionalized dye [Ru(5-crownphen)2(H2dpbpy)](H22). Both triads, containing catalyst 1, and catalyst-free dyads, produce O2 with high faradaic efficiencies (80 to 94%), but presence of catalyst enhances quantum yield by up to 190% (maximum 0.39%). New sensitizer H22 absorbs light more strongly than P2, and increases O2 quantum yields by up to 270%. TiO2-2 based photoelectrodes are also more stable to desorption of active species than TiO2-P2: losses of catalyst 1 are halved when pH > TiO2 point-of-zero charge (pzc), and losses of sensitizer reduced below the pzc (no catalyst is lost when pH < pzc). For the triads, quantum yields of O2 are higher at pH 5.8 than at pH 7.2, opposing the trend observed for 1 under homogeneous conditions. This is ascribed to lower stability of the dye oxidized states at higher pH, and less efficient electron transfer to TiO2, and is also consistent with the 4th1-to-dye electron transfer limiting performance rather than catalyst TOFmax. Transient absorption reveals that TiO2-2-1 has similar 1st electron transfer dynamics to TiO2-P2-1, with rapid (ps timescale) formation of long-lived TiO2(e-)-2-1(h+) charge separated states, and demonstrates that metallation of the crown ether groups (Na+/Mg2+) has little or no effect on electron transfer from 1 to 2. The most widely relevant findings of this study are therefore: (i) increased dye extinction coefficients and binding stability significantly improve performance in dye-sensitized water splitting systems; (ii) binding of POMs to electrode surfaces can be stabilized through use of recognition groups; (iii) the optimal homogeneous and TiO2-bound operating pHs of a catalyst may not be the same; and (iv) dye-sensitized TiO2 can oxidize water without a catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Fielden
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA . .,WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , G12 8QQ , UK
| | - Jordan M Sumliner
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Nannan Han
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Yurii V Geletii
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Xu Xiang
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA . .,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 1000029 , P. R. China
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Craig L Hill
- Department of Chemistry , Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation , Emory University , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
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14
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Cedeno D, Krawicz A, Moore GF. Hybrid photocathodes for solar fuel production: coupling molecular fuel-production catalysts with solid-state light harvesting and conversion technologies. Interface Focus 2015; 5:20140085. [PMID: 26052422 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis is described as the great scientific and moral challenge of our time. We imagine a future where a significant portion of our energy is supplied by such technologies. However, many scientific, engineering and policy challenges must be addressed for this realization. Scientific challenges include the development of effective strategies to couple light absorption, electron transfer and catalysis for efficient conversion of light energy to chemical energy as well as the construction and study of structurally diverse assemblies to carry out these processes. In this article, we review recent efforts from our own research to develop a modular approach to interfacing molecular fuel-production catalysts to visible-light-absorbing semiconductors and discuss the role of the interfacing material as a protection layer for the catalysts as well as the underpinning semiconductor. In concluding, we briefly discuss the potential benefits of a globally coordinated project on artificial photosynthesis that interfaces teams of scientists, engineers and policymakers. Further, we offer cautions that such a large interconnected organization should consider. This article is inspired by, and draws largely from, an invited presentation given by the corresponding author at the Royal Society at Chicheley Hall, home of the Kavli Royal Society International Centre, Buckinghamshire on the themed meeting topic: 'Do we need a global project on artificial photosynthesis?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cedeno
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA ; Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA ; PTRL West-Evans Analytical Group , 625-B Alfred Nobel Drive, Hercules, CA 94547 , USA
| | - Alexandra Krawicz
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA ; Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA
| | - Gary F Moore
- Physical Biosciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287-1604 , USA
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15
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Malakar A, Krishnamoorthy G. Dual emission from 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)pyridoimidazole-nanoparticle composite: effect of β-cyclodextrin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 443:23-9. [PMID: 25528531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of the silver nanoparticles with 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)benzimidazole and its nitrogen substituted analogues, 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)pyridoimidazoles are investigated by absorption, steady-state and time resolved fluorescence, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. The surface plasmon resonance band, the FESEM and the TEM images of the particles suggest that the fluorophores can stabilize the nanoparticles even in the absence of any other stabilizing agent. On the other hand, in the absence of fluorophores the nanoparticles are unstable and coagulate. In contrary to the earlier literature reports that interactions of nanoparticles with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) or twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) species quenches their fluorescence, to the best of our knowledge, the first ever formation of TICT state by interactions of nanoparticles with the fluorophores is observed. The formation of TICT state in 2-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)pyridoimidazoles results in dual emission. The TICT emissions from the nanoparticle-fluorophore complexes are weak. But the emissions become prominent upon complexation with β-cyclodextrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Malakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - G Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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16
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Young KJ, Brennan BJ, Tagore R, Brudvig GW. Photosynthetic water oxidation: insights from manganese model chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:567-74. [PMID: 25730258 DOI: 10.1021/ar5004175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts for light-driven water oxidation are a critical component for development of solar fuels technology. The multielectron redox chemistry required for this process has been successfully deployed on a global scale in natural photosynthesis by green plants and cyanobacteria using photosystem II (PSII). PSII employs a conserved, cuboidal Mn4CaOX cluster called the O2-evolving complex (OEC) that offers inspiration for artificial O2-evolution catalysts. In this Account, we describe our work on manganese model chemistry relevant to PSII, particularly the functional model [Mn(III/IV)2(terpy)2(μ-O)2(OH2)2](NO3)3 complex (terpy = 2,2';6',2″-terpyridine), a mixed-valent di-μ-oxo Mn dimer with two terminal aqua ligands. In the presence of oxo-donor oxidants such as HSO5(-), this complex evolves O2 by two pathways, one of which incorporates solvent water in an O-O bond-forming reaction. Deactivation pathways of this catalyst include comproportionation to form an inactive Mn(IV)Mn(IV) dimer and also degradation to MnO2, a consequence of ligand loss when the oxidation state of the complex is reduced to labile Mn(II) upon release of O2. The catalyst's versatility has been shown by its continued catalytic activity after direct binding to the semiconductor titanium dioxide. In addition, after binding to the surface of TiO2 via a chromophoric linker, the catalyst can be oxidized by a photoinduced electron-transfer mechanism, mimicking the natural PSII process. Model oxomanganese complexes have also aided in interpreting biophysical and computational studies on PSII. In particular, the μ-oxo exchange rates of the Mn-terpy dimer have been instrumental in establishing that the time scale for μ-oxo exchange of high-valent oxomanganese complexes with terminal water ligands is slower than O2 evolution in the natural photosynthetic system. Furthermore, computational studies on the Mn-terpy dimer and the OEC point to similar Mn(IV)-oxyl intermediates in the O-O bond-forming mechanism. Comparison between the OEC and the Mn-terpy dimer indicates that challenges remain in the development of synthetic Mn water-oxidation catalysts. These include redox leveling to couple multielectron reactions with one-electron steps, avoiding labile Mn(II) species during the catalytic cycle, and protecting the catalyst active site from undesired side reactions. As the first example of a functional manganese O2-evolution catalyst, the Mn-terpy dimer exemplifies the interrelatedness of biomimetic chemistry with biophysical studies. The design of functional model complexes enriches the study of the natural photosynthetic system, while biology continues to provide inspiration for artificial photosynthetic technologies to meet global energy demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J. Young
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute
and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Bradley J. Brennan
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute
and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Ranitendranath Tagore
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute
and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute
and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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Rivalta I, Yang KR, Brudvig GW, Batista VS. Triplet Oxygen Evolution Catalyzed by a Biomimetic Oxomanganese Complex: Functional Role of the Carboxylate Buffer. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rivalta
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Ke R. Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Victor S. Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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18
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Kärkäs MD, Verho O, Johnston EV, Åkermark B. Artificial Photosynthesis: Molecular Systems for Catalytic Water Oxidation. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11863-2001. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400572f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1024] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus D. Kärkäs
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Verho
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric V. Johnston
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Åkermark
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Dubois KD, Liu C, Li G. Involvement of surface-adsorbed water in photochromism of spiropyran molecules deposited on NaY zeolite. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Ding W, Negre CFA, Palma JL, Durrell AC, Allen LJ, Young KJ, Milot RL, Schmuttenmaer CA, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH, Batista VS. Linker Rectifiers for Covalent Attachment of Transition-Metal Catalysts to Metal-Oxide Surfaces. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1138-47. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Durrell AC, Li G, Koepf M, Young KJ, Negre CF, Allen LJ, McNamara WR, Song HE, Batista VS, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW. Photoelectrochemical oxidation of a turn-on fluorescent probe mediated by a surface MnII catalyst covalently attached to TiO2 nanoparticles. J Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Krawicz A, Cedeno D, Moore GF. Energetics and efficiency analysis of a cobaloxime-modified semiconductor under simulated air mass 1.5 illumination. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:15818-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00495g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An energetics and efficiency analysis of a gallium phosphide semiconductor functionalized with molecular hydrogen production catalysts yields insights into the design of improved photocathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Krawicz
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley, USA
| | - Diana Cedeno
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley, USA
| | - Gary F. Moore
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley, USA
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23
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Zhao C, Rodríguez-Córdoba W, Kaledin AL, Yang Y, Geletii YV, Lian T, Musaev DG, Hill CL. An inorganic chromophore based on a molecular oxide supported metal carbonyl cluster: [P2W17O61{Re(CO)3}3{ORb(H2O)}(μ3-OH)]9-. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:13490-5. [PMID: 24236503 DOI: 10.1021/ic4018823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A polyoxometalate-supported trirhenium carbonyl cluster, mimicking metal oxide supported interfacial dyadic structures, has been synthesized and characterized. Multiple techniques, including computational and transient absorption spectroscopy, have been applied to characterize the charge-transfer dynamics occurring at the interfaces of this "double cluster". The stepwise kinetics of charge separation and recombination has been thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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24
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Krawicz A, Yang J, Anzenberg E, Yano J, Sharp ID, Moore GF. Photofunctional construct that interfaces molecular cobalt-based catalysts for H2 production to a visible-light-absorbing semiconductor. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11861-8. [PMID: 23848528 DOI: 10.1021/ja404158r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular cobalt-containing hydrogen production catalysts are grafted to a visible-light-absorbing semiconductor. The attachment procedure exploits the UV-induced immobilization chemistry of vinylpyridine to p-type (100) gallium phosphide (GaP). Single step surface-initiated photopolymerization yields a covalently attached polymer with pendent pyridyl groups that provide attachment points for assembling cobaloxime catalysts. Successful attachment is characterized by grazing angle attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GATR-FTIR), which shows distinct vibrational modes associated with the catalyst, as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) that confirm the presence of intact Co(III) complex on the surface. The Co-functionalized photocathode shows significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance in aqueous conditions at neutral pH, compared to results obtained on GaP without attached cobalt complex. PEC measurements, at 100 mW cm(-2) illumination, yield a 2.4 mA cm(-2) current density at a 310 mV underpotential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Krawicz
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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25
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Liu C, Dubois KD, Louis ME, Vorushilov AS, Li G. Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction and Surface Immobilization of a Tricarbonyl Re(I) Compound Modified with Amide Groups. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300796e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials
Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - Kevin D. Dubois
- Department of Chemistry and Materials
Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - Michael E. Louis
- Department of Chemistry and Materials
Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - Alexander S. Vorushilov
- Department of Chemistry and Materials
Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - Gonghu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Materials
Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
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26
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Moore GF, Sharp ID. A Noble-Metal-Free Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst Grafted to Visible Light-Absorbing Semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:568-572. [PMID: 26281867 DOI: 10.1021/jz400028z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for facile connection of a nickel bisdiphosphine-based functional mimic of the active site of hydrogenase to photocathodes that are relevant to artificial photosynthesis. This procedure exploits the UV-induced immobilization chemistry of alkenes to gallium phosphide and silicon surfaces. The photochemical grafting provides a means for patterning molecular linkers with attachment points to catalysts. Successful grafting is characterized by grazing angle attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GATR-FTIR), which shows catalyst vibrational modes, as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which confirms the presence of intact Ni complex on the surface. The modular nature of this approach allows independent modification of the light absorber, bridging material, anchoring functionality, or catalyst as new materials and discoveries emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Moore
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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27
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Abstract
Demand for energy is projected to increase at least twofold by mid-century relative to the present global consumption because of predicted population and economic growth. This demand could be met, in principle, from fossil energy resources, particularly coal. However, the cumulative nature of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) emissions demands that stabilizing the atmospheric CO(2) levels to just twice their pre-anthropogenic values by mid-century will be extremely challenging, requiring invention, development and deployment of schemes for carbon-neutral energy production on a scale commensurate with, or larger than, the entire present-day energy supply from all sources combined. Among renewable and exploitable energy resources, nuclear fusion energy or solar energy are by far the largest. However, in both cases, technological breakthroughs are required with nuclear fusion being very difficult, if not impossible on the scale required. On the other hand, 1 h of sunlight falling on our planet is equivalent to all the energy consumed by humans in an entire year. If solar energy is to be a major primary energy source, then it must be stored and despatched on demand to the end user. An especially attractive approach is to store solar energy in the form of chemical bonds as occurs in natural photosynthesis. However, a technology is needed which has a year-round average conversion efficiency significantly higher than currently available by natural photosynthesis so as to reduce land-area requirements and to be independent of food production. Therefore, the scientific challenge is to construct an 'artificial leaf' able to efficiently capture and convert solar energy and then store it in the form of chemical bonds of a high-energy density fuel such as hydrogen while at the same time producing oxygen from water. Realistically, the efficiency target for such a technology must be 10 per cent or better. Here, we review the molecular details of the energy capturing reactions of natural photosynthesis, particularly the water-splitting reaction of photosystem II and the hydrogen-generating reaction of hydrogenases. We then follow on to describe how these two reactions are being mimicked in physico-chemical-based catalytic or electrocatalytic systems with the challenge of creating a large-scale robust and efficient artificial leaf technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Barber
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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28
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Young KJ, Martini LA, Milot RL, III RCS, Batista VS, Schmuttenmaer CA, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW. Light-driven water oxidation for solar fuels. Coord Chem Rev 2012; 256:2503-2520. [PMID: 25364029 PMCID: PMC4214930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Light-driven water oxidation is an essential step for conversion of sunlight into storable chemical fuels. Fujishima and Honda reported the first example of photoelectrochemical water oxidation in 1972. In their system, TiO2 was irradiated with ultraviolet light, producing oxygen at the anode and hydrogen at a platinum cathode. Inspired by this system, more recent work has focused on functionalizing nanoporous TiO2 or other semiconductor surfaces with molecular adsorbates, including chromophores and catalysts that absorb visible light and generate electricity (i.e., dye-sensitized solar cells) or trigger water oxidation at low overpotentials (i.e., photocatalytic cells). The physics involved in harnessing multiple photochemical events for multielectron reactions, as required in the four-electron water oxidation process, has been the subject of much experimental and computational study. In spite of significant advances with regard to individual components, the development of highly efficient photocatalytic cells for solar water splitting remains an outstanding challenge. This article reviews recent progress in the field with emphasis on water-oxidation photoanodes inspired by the design of functionalized thin film semiconductors of typical dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J. Young
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Lauren A. Martini
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Milot
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | | | - Victor S. Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | | | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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29
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Dubois KD, He H, Liu C, Vorushilov AS, Li G. Covalent attachment of a molecular CO2-reduction photocatalyst to mesoporous silica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Snoeberger RC, Young KJ, Tang J, Allen LJ, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW, Coppens P, Batista VS, Benedict JB. Interfacial electron transfer into functionalized crystalline polyoxotitanate nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8911-7. [PMID: 22548416 PMCID: PMC4040533 DOI: 10.1021/ja301238t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interfacial electron transfer (IET) between a chromophore and a semiconductor nanoparticle is one of the key processes in a dye-sensitized solar cell. Theoretical simulations of the electron transfer in polyoxotitanate nanoclusters Ti(17)O(24)(OPr(i))(20) (Ti(17)) functionalized with four p-nitrophenyl acetylacetone (NPA-H) adsorbates, of which the atomic structure has been fully established by X-ray diffraction measurements, are presented. Complementary experimental information showing IET has been obtained by EPR spectroscopy. Evolution of the time-dependent photoexcited electron during the initial 5 fs after instantaneous excitation to the NPA LUMO + 1 has been evaluated. Evidence for delocalization of the excitation over multiple chromophores after excitation to the NPA LUMO + 2 state on a 15 fs time scale is also obtained. While chromophores are generally considered electronically isolated with respect to neighboring sensitizers, our calculations show that this is not necessarily the case. The present work is the most comprehensive study to date of a sensitized semiconductor nanoparticle in which the structure of the surface and the mode of molecular adsorption are precisely defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin J. Young
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8107
| | - Jiji Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14260-3000
| | - Laura J. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8107
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8107
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8107
| | - Philip Coppens
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14260-3000
| | - Victor S. Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8107
| | - Jason B. Benedict
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14260-3000
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31
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He H, Liu C, Dubois KD, Jin T, Louis ME, Li G. Enhanced Charge Separation in Nanostructured TiO2 Materials for Photocatalytic and Photovoltaic Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie300510n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He He
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - Chao Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - Kevin D. Dubois
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - Tong Jin
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - Michael E. Louis
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - Gonghu Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
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32
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Rivalta I, Brudvig GW, Batista VS. Oxomanganese complexes for natural and artificial photosynthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:11-8. [PMID: 22481113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II (PSII) is an oxomanganese complex that catalyzes water-splitting into O2, protons and electrons. Recent breakthroughs in X-ray crystallography have resolved the cuboidal OEC structure at 1.9 Å resolution, stimulating significant interest in studies of structure/function relations. This article summarizes recent advances on studies of the OEC along with studies of synthetic oxomanganese complexes for artificial photosynthesis. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics hybrid methods have enabled modeling the S1 state of the OEC, including the ligation proposed by the most recent X-ray data where D170 is bridging Ca and the Mn center outside the CaMn3 core. Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations have explored the structural/functional roles of chloride, suggesting that it regulates the electrostatic interactions between D61 and K317 that might be critical for proton abstraction. Furthermore, structural studies of synthetic oxomanganese complexes, including the [H2O(terpy)MnIII(μ-O)2MnIV(terpy)OH2]3+ (1, terpy=2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) complex, provided valuable insights on the mechanistic influence of carboxylate moieties in close contact with the Mn catalyst during oxygen evolution. Covalent attachment of 1 to TiO2 has been achieved via direct deposition and by using organic chromophoric linkers. The (III,IV) oxidation state of 1 attached to TiO2 can be advanced to (IV,IV) by visible-light photoexcitation, leading to photoinduced interfacial electron transfer. These studies are particularly relevant to the development of artificial photosynthetic devices based on inexpensive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rivalta
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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33
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Dubois KD, Petushkov A, Garcia Cardona E, Larsen SC, Li G. Adsorption and Photochemical Properties of a Molecular CO2 Reduction Catalyst in Hierarchical Mesoporous ZSM-5: An In Situ FTIR Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:486-92. [PMID: 26286052 DOI: 10.1021/jz201701y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As part of our recent effort to attach well-defined molecular photocatalysts to solid-state surfaces, this present study investigates adsorption and photochemical properties of a tricarbonyl rhenium(I) compound, Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), in hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5. The molecular Re(I) catalyst, a Ru(bpy)3(2+) photosensitizer, and an amine-based electron donor were coadsorbed in the mesopores of the hierarchical ZSM-5 through simple liquid-phase adsorption. The functionalized ZSM-5 was then characterized with infrared and UV-visible spectroscopies and was tested in CO2 reduction photocatalysis at the gas-surface interface. In the mesoporous ZSM-5, CO2 molecules were adsorbed on the amine electron-donor molecules as bicarbonate, which would release CO2 upon light irradiation to react with the Re(I) catalyst. The formation of important reaction intermediates, particularly a Re-carboxylato species, was revealed with in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in combination with isotopic labeling. The experimental results indicate that hierarchical mesoporous zeolites are promising host materials for molecular photocatalysts and that zeolite mesopores are potential "reaction vessels" for CO2 reduction photocatalysis at the gas-solid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Dubois
- †Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Anton Petushkov
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Elizabeth Garcia Cardona
- †Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Sarah C Larsen
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gonghu Li
- †Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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34
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Zhu G, Glass EN, Zhao C, Lv H, Vickers JW, Geletii YV, Musaev DG, Song J, Hill CL. A nickel containing polyoxometalate water oxidation catalyst. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:13043-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30331k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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35
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Vallés-Pardo JL, de Groot HJM, Buda F. Structural rearrangements and reaction intermediates in a di-Mn water oxidation catalyst. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15502-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42466e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Winter A, Hager MD, Newkome GR, Schubert US. The marriage of terpyridines and inorganic nanoparticles: synthetic aspects, characterization techniques, and potential applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:5728-5748. [PMID: 22109682 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of supramolecular chemistry, i.e., metal-to-ligand coordination, in the field of nanotechnology is evaluated with respect to 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, as tridentate metal binding site. Stabilization as well as directed self-assembly of nanometer-sized materials into ordered arrays are the most widely studied targets of current research. Moreover, energy- and/or electron-transfer processes are enabled when redox-active terpyridine complexes are bound to (semi)conducting species (e.g., fullerenes, polyoxometalates)-thus, applications in nanoelectronics and catalysis are currently arising from these hybrid materials. Progress made in these fields, resulting from the marriage of terpyridines (as well as their metal complexes) and nanostructures, is summarized in this Review Article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
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Manganese-based Materials Inspired by Photosynthesis for Water-Splitting. MATERIALS 2011; 4:1693-1704. [PMID: 28824102 PMCID: PMC5448874 DOI: 10.3390/ma4101693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In nature, the water-splitting reaction via photosynthesis driven by sunlight in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria stores the vast solar energy and provides vital oxygen to life on earth. The recent advances in elucidating the structures and functions of natural photosynthesis has provided firm framework and solid foundation in applying the knowledge to transform the carbon-based energy to renewable solar energy into our energy systems. In this review, inspired by photosynthesis robust photo water-splitting systems using manganese-containing materials including Mn-terpy dimer/titanium oxide, Mn-oxo tetramer/Nafion, and Mn-terpy oligomer/tungsten oxide, in solar fuel production are summarized and evaluated. Potential problems and future endeavors are also discussed.
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Najafpour MM. Calcium-manganese oxides as structural and functional models for active site in oxygen evolving complex in photosystem II: Lessons from simple models. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:111-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hughes TF, Friesner RA. Systematic Investigation of the Catalytic Cycle of a Single Site Ruthenium Oxygen Evolving Complex Using Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9280-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2026576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Richard A. Friesner
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Le Bahers T, Pauporté T, Labat F, Lefèvre G, Ciofini I. Acetylacetone, an interesting anchoring group for ZnO-based organic-inorganic hybrid materials: a combined experimental and theoretical study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3442-3450. [PMID: 21341787 DOI: 10.1021/la103634v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Acetylacetone (acacH) adsorption on ZnO (10-10) surface has been studied by a theoretical periodic approach using density functional theory. Two dissociative adsorption modes were investigated and compared to the most stable adsorption mode of formic acid. Acetylacetone appears as a suitable anchoring group for hybrid materials, with adsorption energies of the same order of magnitude as formic acid. IR spectra of the acac/ZnO systems were computed in order to determine the spectral signature of adsorption and, possibly, of each adsorption mode to follow the coordination of acac on ZnO at the experimental level. The results have been compared to Fourier transform infrared (attenuated total reflection-IR) experimental spectra. The present investigation points out the interest of acetylacetone as an anchoring group for the development of new ZnO-based functionalized hybrid layers for corrosion protection, light emitting diodes, photocatalytic systems, and dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangui Le Bahers
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l'Energie, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Najafpour MM. A soluble form of nano-sized colloidal manganese(iv) oxide as an efficient catalyst for water oxidation. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:3805-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt00006c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Najafpour MM, Govindjee. Oxygen evolving complex in Photosystem II: Better than excellent. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:9076-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Puntoriero F, La Ganga G, Sartorel A, Carraro M, Scorrano G, Bonchio M, Campagna S. Photo-induced water oxidation with tetra-nuclear ruthenium sensitizer and catalyst: A unique 4 × 4 ruthenium interplay triggering high efficiency with low-energy visible light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:4725-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00444h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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