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Fortino M, Cozza C, Bonomi M, Pietropaolo A. Multi-replica biased sampling for photoswitchable π-conjugated polymers. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:174108. [PMID: 34241080 DOI: 10.1063/5.0045944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, π-conjugated polymers are attracting considerable interest in view of their light-dependent torsional reorganization around the π-conjugated backbone, which determines peculiar light-emitting properties. Motivated by the interest in designing conjugated polymers with tunable photoswitchable pathways, we devised a computational framework to enhance the sampling of the torsional conformational space and, at the same time, estimate ground- to excited-state free-energy differences. This scheme is based on a combination of Hamiltonian Replica Exchange Method (REM), parallel bias metadynamics, and free-energy perturbation theory. In our scheme, each REM samples an intermediate unphysical state between the ground and the first two excited states, which are characterized by time-dependent density functional theory simulations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. We applied the method to a 5-mer of 9,9-dioctylfluorene and found that upon irradiation, this system can undergo a dihedral inversion from -155° to 155°, crossing a barrier that decreases from 0.1 eV in the ground state (S0) to 0.05 eV and 0.04 eV in the first (S1) and second (S2) excited states. Furthermore, S1 and even more S2 were predicted to stabilize coplanar dihedrals, with a local free-energy minimum located at ±44°. The presence of a free-energy barrier of 0.08 eV for the S1 state and 0.12 eV for the S2 state can trap this conformation in a basin far from the global free-energy minimum located at 155°. The simulation results were compared with the experimental emission spectrum, showing a quantitative agreement with the predictions provided by our framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Fortino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Concetta Cozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bonomi
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry; CNRS UMR 3528; C3BI, CNRS USR 3756; Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adriana Pietropaolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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2
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Liu T, Ge Y, Sun B, Fowler B, Li H, Nuckolls C, Xiao S. Synthesis, Regioselective Bromination, and Functionalization of Coronene Tetracarboxydiimide. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2713-2720. [PMID: 30734564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the effective synthesis of coronene tetracarboxydiimide (CDI) was developed by utilizing inexpensive and nontoxic potassium vinyltrifluoroborate. Controllable brominations of CDI were accomplished to yield CDI mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-bromides, which could be used as synthon and functionalized by aromatic nucleophilic substitution and the Sonogashira coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taifeng Liu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab and International Joint Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Optoelectronic Nano Materials and Devices Institute , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234 , China.,Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United State
| | - Yongchao Ge
- The Education Ministry Key Lab and International Joint Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Optoelectronic Nano Materials and Devices Institute , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Baolai Sun
- The Education Ministry Key Lab and International Joint Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Optoelectronic Nano Materials and Devices Institute , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Brandon Fowler
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United State
| | - Hexing Li
- The Education Ministry Key Lab and International Joint Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Optoelectronic Nano Materials and Devices Institute , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- The Education Ministry Key Lab and International Joint Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Optoelectronic Nano Materials and Devices Institute , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234 , China.,Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United State
| | - Shengxiong Xiao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab and International Joint Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Optoelectronic Nano Materials and Devices Institute , Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234 , China
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Cozza C, Bonomi M, Pietropaolo A. A Versatile Computational Strategy To Characterize the Free-Energy Landscape of Excited States in Oligofluorenes. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:5441-5445. [PMID: 30365313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The π-rich rings of conjugated polymers and molecular rotors shape their typical properties, allowing a variety of chemical and photoresponsive phenomena. Herein, we present a computational method in the framework of classical simulations to estimate the free-energy gap between ground and excited states of oligofluorenes, which is a class of molecular rotors widely used in optoelectronic devices, because of the inner torsional rotation triggered by light irradiation. We devised multiple sets of free-energy simulations in combination with free-energy perturbation theory to predict the free-energy gap between the ground state and the first excited state. The computed excitation energies show good agreement with experiments. The approach presented herein allows one to achieve comprehensive sampling of the conformational landscape and accurate estimates of the excited state free-energy landscapes at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Cozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute , Università di Catanzaro , Viale Europa , 88100 Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bonomi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Pietropaolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute , Università di Catanzaro , Viale Europa , 88100 Catanzaro , Italy
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4
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Myahkostupov M, Castellano FN. Tetrahedral rigid core antenna chromophores bearing bay-substituted perylenediimides. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Haedler AT, Beyer SR, Hammer N, Hildner R, Kivala M, Köhler J, Schmidt HW. Synthesis and photophysical properties of multichromophoric carbonyl-bridged triarylamines. Chemistry 2014; 20:11708-18. [PMID: 25147099 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical properties of two novel multichromophoric compounds is presented. Their molecular design comprises a carbonyl-bridged triarylamine core and either naphthalimides or 4-(5-hexyl-2,2'-bithiophene)naphthalimides as second chromophore in the periphery. The lateral chromophores are attached to the core via an amide linkage and a short alkyl spacer. The synthetic approach demonstrates a straightforward functionalization strategy for carbonyl-bridged triarylamines. Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic investigations of these compounds, in combination with three reference compounds, provide clear evidence for energy transfer in both multichromophoric compounds. The direction of the energy transfer depends on the lateral chromophore used. Furthermore, the compound bearing the lateral 4-(bithiophene)naphthaimides is capable of forming fluorescent gels at very low concentrations in the sub-millimolar regime whilst retaining its energy transfer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas T Haedler
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, Bayreuther Institut für Makromolekülforschung (BIMF) and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth (Germany), Fax: (+49) 921-55-3206
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Huo MM, Liang R, Xing YD, Hu R, Zhao NJ, Zhang W, Fu LM, Ai XC, Zhang JP, Hou JH. Side-chain effects on the solution-phase conformations and charge photogeneration dynamics of low-bandgap copolymers. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:124904. [PMID: 24089801 DOI: 10.1063/1.4821751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution-phase conformations and charge photogeneration dynamics of a pair of low-bandgap copolymers based on benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b(')]dithiophene (BDT) and thieno[3,4-b]thiophene (TT), differed by the respective carbonyl (-C) and ester (-E) substituents at the TT units, were comparatively investigated by using near-infrared time-resolved absorption (TA) spectroscopy at 25 °C and 120 °C. Steady-state and TA spectroscopic results corroborated by quantum chemical analyses prove that both PBDTTT-C and PBDTTT-E in chlorobenzene solutions are self-aggregated; however, the former bears a relatively higher packing order. Specifically, PBDTTT-C aggregates with more π-π stacked domains, whereas PBDTTT-E does with more random coils interacting strongly at the chain intersections. At 25 °C, the copolymers exhibit comparable exciton lifetimes (~1 ns) and fluorescence quantum yields (~2%), but distinctly different charge photogeneration dynamics: PBDTTT-C on photoexcitation gives rise to a branching ratio of charge separated (CS) over charge transfer (CT) states more than 20% higher than PBDTTT-E does, correlating with their photovoltaic performance. Temperature and excitation-wavelength dependent exciton∕charge dynamics suggest that the CT states localize at the chain intersections that are survivable up to 120 °C, and that the excitons and the CS states inhabit the stretched strands and the also thermally robust orderly stacked domains. The stable self-aggregation structures and the associated primary charge dynamics of the PBDTTT copolymers in solutions are suggested to impact intimately on the morphologies and the charge photogeneration efficiency of the solid-state photoactive layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Huo
- Center for Condensed Matter Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Chakraborty C, Layek A, Ray PP, Malik S. Star-shaped polyfluorene: Design, synthesis, characterization and application towards solar cells. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Pan X, Liu S, Yan H. Synthesis and properties of fluorenyl-pyridinyl alternatingcopolymers for light-emitting diodes. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Pan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); 3 Research Link 117602 Singapore
| | - Shouping Liu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute; 168751 Singapore
| | - Hong Yan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); 3 Research Link 117602 Singapore
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Myahkostupov M, Prusakova V, Oblinsky DG, Scholes GD, Castellano FN. Structural Refinement of Ladder-Type Perylenediimide Dimers: A Classical Tale of Conformational Dynamics. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8634-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401348w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo Myahkostupov
- Center for Photochemical
Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Valentina Prusakova
- Center for Photochemical
Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Daniel G. Oblinsky
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Optical Sciences, and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Optical Sciences, and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Center for Photochemical
Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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Kong F, Tang B, Zhang X, Lin B, Qiu T. Solvent inducing aggregates of perylene tetracarboxylic diimide in polymer backbone. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing; 211189; People's Republic of China
| | - Buwei Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing; 211189; People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing; 211189; People's Republic of China
| | - Baoping Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing; 211189; People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Qiu
- Department of Physics; Southeast University; Nanjing; 211189; People's Republic of China
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Marques AT, Burrows HD, Seixas de Melo JS, Valente AJM, Justino LLG, Scherf U, Fron E, Rocha S, Hofkens J, Snedden EW, Monkman AP. Spectroscopic properties, excitation, and electron transfer in an anionic water-soluble poly(fluorene-alt-phenylene)-perylenediimide copolymer. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:7548-59. [PMID: 22554070 DOI: 10.1021/jp3000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An anionic fluorene-phenylene poly{1,4-phenylene-[9,9-bis(4-phenoxy-butylsulfonate)]fluorene-2,7-diyl}-based copolymer containing on-chain perylenediimine (PDI) chromophoric units, PBS-PFP-PDI, was synthesized and its photophysical properties studied as aggregates and isolated chains in water and dioxane/water (1:1) solution. UV-vis and emission spectroscopy measurements, time-correlated single photon counting, and wide field imaging have been employed to investigate the excited-state behavior of the PBS-PFP-PDI copolymer, including the effect of environment on the energy and electron transfer to the on-chain PDI chromophore. Although the Förster overlap integral is favorable, no evidence is found for intramolecular singlet excitation energy transfer in isolated copolymer chains in solution. Fluorescence is suggested to involve an interchain process, thus revealing that isolated copolymer chains in solution do not undergo efficient intramolecular energy transfer. However, quenching of the PBS-PFP excited state by PDI is observed in aqueous media and ultrafast pump-probe studies in water or dioxane-water solutions show that electron transfer occurs from the phenylene-fluorene units to the PDI. The extent of electron transfer increases with aggregation, suggesting it is largely an interchain process. The interaction of the negatively charged PBS-PFP-PDI copolymer with the positively charged surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in solution has also been studied. The copolymer PBS-PFP-PDI aggregates with the surfactant already at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and the nonpolar environment allows intermolecular energy transfer, observed by the weak emission band located at 630 nm that is associated with the emission of the PDI chromophore. However, the fact that the PDI photoluminescence (PL) lifetime (~1.4 ns) obtained in the presence of CTAB is considerably shorter than that of the nonaggregated chromophore (~5.4 ns) suggests that even in this case there is considerable PL quenching, possibly through some charge transfer route. The increase of the PBS-PFP-PDI photoluminescence intensity at surfactant concentrations above the cmc indicates deaggregation of polyelectrolyte within the initially formed polyelectrolyte-surfactant aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T Marques
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Habuchi S, Fujita H, Michinobu T, Vacha M. Twist Angle Plays an Important Role in Photophysical Properties of a Donor–Acceptor-Type Conjugated Polymer: A Combined Ensemble and Single-Molecule Study. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:14404-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp209405k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Habuchi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujita
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Global Edge Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Martin Vacha
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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