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García-Jareño JJ, Agrisuelas J, Vicente F. Overview and Recent Advances in Hyphenated Electrochemical Techniques for the Characterization of Electroactive Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4226. [PMID: 37374409 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A hyphenated electrochemical technique consists of the combination of the coupling of an electrochemical technique with a non-electrochemical technique, such as spectroscopical and optical techniques, electrogravimetric techniques, and electromechanical techniques, among others. This review highlights the development of the use of this kind of technique to appreciate the useful information which can be extracted for the characterization of electroactive materials. The use of time derivatives and the acquisition of simultaneous signals from different techniques allow extra information from the crossed derivative functions in the dc-regime to be obtained. This strategy has also been effectively used in the ac-regime, reaching valuable information about the kinetics of the electrochemical processes taking place. Among others, molar masses of exchanged species or apparent molar absorptivities at different wavelengths have been estimated, increasing the knowledge of the mechanisms for different electrode processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan García-Jareño
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Agrisuelas
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco Vicente
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Guillén E, Agrisuelas J, García-Jareño J, Vicente F. The role of lithium, perchlorate and water during electrochemical processes in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films in LiClO4 aqueous solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Macher S, Sassi M, Beverina L, Posset U, Schott M, Giffin GA, Löbmann P. Electrochromic Polymer Ink Derived from a Sidechain‐Modified EDOT for Electrochromic Devices with Colorless Bright State. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Macher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC Neunerplatz 2 D-97082 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Department of Materials Science University of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 I-20125 Milano Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science University of Milano-Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 I-20125 Milano Italy
| | - Uwe Posset
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC Neunerplatz 2 D-97082 Würzburg Germany
| | - Marco Schott
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC Neunerplatz 2 D-97082 Würzburg Germany
| | - Guinevere A. Giffin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC Neunerplatz 2 D-97082 Würzburg Germany
| | - Peer Löbmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC Neunerplatz 2 D-97082 Würzburg Germany
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Macher S, Rumpel M, Schott M, Posset U, Giffin GA, Löbmann P. Avoiding Voltage-Induced Degradation in PET-ITO-Based Flexible Electrochromic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:36695-36705. [PMID: 32664716 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cycling stability of flexible electrochromic devices (ECDs) under humid atmospheres is limited by irreversible indium tin oxide (ITO) reduction. A strategy to limit this degradation was developed and tested for model ECDs based on a sidechain-modified poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) derivative and Prussian blue (PB). This work reveals that the cycling stability is reduced by dissolution of the ITO thin films and formation of metallic indium particles on the surface of the ITO layers. The ITO degradation strongly depends on the applied electrode potentials in combination with moisture ingress into the ECDs. To avoid ITO reduction in ECDs, efforts were made to adjust the electrode potentials. ECDs equipped with an auxiliary reference electrode were set up to gather knowledge on the actual electrode potentials. By adjusting the electrode charge density ratio, it was possible to narrow the overall cell voltage window to an extent in which irreversible ITO reduction no longer occurs. Detailed investigation of ECDs with the optimized cell configuration (charge density ratio) showed that the overall device performance with regard to visible light transmittance change and response time is not impaired and that the cycling stability under humid atmosphere (90% rH) is dramatically improved. Thus, the proposed strategy offers an excellent perspective for the commercialization of flexible ECDs upon their enhanced durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Macher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Fraunhofer R&D Center Electromobility, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Rumpel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Fraunhofer R&D Center Electromobility, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Schott
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Fraunhofer R&D Center Electromobility, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Posset
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Fraunhofer R&D Center Electromobility, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Guinevere A Giffin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Fraunhofer R&D Center Electromobility, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peer Löbmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Fraunhofer R&D Center Electromobility, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Singhal S, Patra A. Layer-by-layer versus copolymer: Opto-electrochemical properties of 1,3,5-Tris(N-carbazolyl)benzene and EDOT based polymers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Suominen M, Damlin P, Kvarnström C. Electrolyte effects on formation and properties of PEDOT-graphene oxide composites. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sandoval-Rojas AP, Cortés MT, Hurtado J. Electrochemical synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with a new bis(pyrazolyl)methane disulfonate and its behavior towards dopamine detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Electrosynthesized alkyl-modified poly(3,4‑propylenedioxyselenophene) with superior electrochromic performances in an ionic liquid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Faure C, Guerfi A, Dontigny M, Clément D, Hovington P, Posset U, Zaghib K. High Cycling Stability of Electrochromic Devices Using a Metallic Counter Electrode. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dong L, Lu B, Duan X, Xu J, Hu D, Zhang K, Zhu X, Sun H, Ming S, Wang Z, Zhen S. Novel chiral PEDOTs for selective recognition of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine enantiomers: Synthesis and characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Dong
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Baoyang Lu
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Xuemin Duan
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Dufen Hu
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Xiaofei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Shouli Ming
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Shijie Zhen
- School of Pharmacy; Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University; Nanchang 330013 China
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Wang Z, Xu J, Lu B, Zhang S, Qin L, Mo D, Zhen S. Poly(thieno[3,4-b]-1,4-oxathiane): medium effect on electropolymerization and electrochromic performance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:15581-15589. [PMID: 25469424 DOI: 10.1021/la503948f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetrical sulfur analog of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), thieno[3,4-b]-1,4-oxathiane (EOTT), was synthesized, and its electropolymerization was comparatively investigated by employing different solvent-electrolyte systems (room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BmimPF6), CH2Cl2-Bu4NPF6, and CH2Cl2-BmimPF6). Further, the effect of solvents and supporting electrolytes on the structure, morphology, electrochemical, electronic, and optical properties and electrochromic performance of the obtained poly(thieno[3,4-b]-1,4-oxathiane) (PEOTT) films were minutely studied. PEOTT film with a band gap (Eg) of about 1.6 eV could be facilely electrodeposited in all the solvent-electrolytes and displayed excellent electroactivity, outstanding redox stability in a wide potential window, and improved thermal stability. Cyclic voltammetry showed that EOTT could be electropolymerized at a lower oxidation potential in BmimPF6 (∼1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl) due to several advantanges of RTIL BmimPF6 itself, such as high intrinsic conductivity and mild chemical conditions, etc., and the resulting PEOTT film exhibited compact morphology with better electroactivity and stability and higher electrical conductivity. On the other hand, PEOTT films from all the sovent-electrolytes also showed the electrochromic nature by color changing from gray blue to green, and further kinetic studies revealed that PEOTT had decent contrast ratios (36%), higher coloration efficiencies (212 cm(2)/C in BmimPF6), low switching voltages, moderate response time (1.2 s), excellent stability, and color persistence. From these results, PEOTT provides more plentiful electrochromic colors and holds promise for display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University , Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
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Atifi A, Ryan MD. Electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry of 1,4-dinitrobenzene in acetonitrile and room-temperature ionic liquids: ion-pairing effects in mixed solvents. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6617-25. [PMID: 24884098 DOI: 10.1021/ac5012987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have been shown to have a significant effect on the redox potentials of compounds such as 1,4-dinitrobenzene (DNB), which can be reduced in two one-electron steps. The most noticeable effect is that the two one-electron waves in acetonitrile collapsed to a single two-electron wave in a RTIL such as butylmethyl imidazolium-BF4 (BMImBF4). In order to probe this effect over a wider range of mixed-molecular-solvent/RTIL solutions, the reduction process was studied using UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry. With the use of spectroelectrochemistry, it was possible to calculate readily the difference in E°'s between the first and second electron transfer (ΔE12° = E1° - E2°) even when the two one-electron waves collapsed into a single two-electron wave. The spectra of the radical anion and dianion in BMImPF6 were obtained using evolving factor analysis (EFA). Using these spectra, the concentrations of DNB, DNB(-•), and DNB(2-) were calculated, and from these concentrations, the ΔE12° values were calculated. Significant differences were observed when the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) anion replaced the PF6(-) anion, leading to an irreversible reduction of DNB in BMImNTf2. The results were consistent with the protonation of DNB(2-), most likely by an ion pair between DNB(2-) and BMIm(+), which has been proposed by Minami and Fry. The differences in reactivity between the PF6(-) and NTf2(-) ionic liquids were interpreted in terms of the tight versus loose ion pairing in RTILs. The results indicated that nanostructural domains of RTILs were present in a mixed-solvent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahman Atifi
- Chemistry Department, Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
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Mumtaz M, Ouvrard B, Maillaud L, Labrugere C, Cloutet E, Cramail H, Delville M. Hybrid PEDOT–Metal Nanoparticles – New Substitutes for PEDOT:PSS in Electrochromic Layers – Towards Improved Performance. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mumtaz
- Universite de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Blanche Ouvrard
- CNRS, Universite de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France, Fax: +33‐5‐40002761, http://www.icmcb‐bordeaux.cnrs.fr
| | - Laurent Maillaud
- CNRS, Universite de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France, Fax: +33‐5‐40002761, http://www.icmcb‐bordeaux.cnrs.fr
| | | | - Eric Cloutet
- Universite de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Universite de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Marie‐Helene Delville
- CNRS, Universite de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 avenue du Dr. A. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France, Fax: +33‐5‐40002761, http://www.icmcb‐bordeaux.cnrs.fr
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Taggart DK, Yang Y, Kung SC, McIntire TM, Penner RM. Enhanced thermoelectric metrics in ultra-long electrodeposited PEDOT nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:125-131. [PMID: 21133353 DOI: 10.1021/nl103003d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Seebeck coefficient, S, and the electrical conductivity, σ, of electrodeposited poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanowires and thin films are reported. PEDOT nanowires were prepared by electropolymerizing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in aqueous LiClO(4) within a template prepared using the lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) process. These nanowires were 40-90 nm in thickness, 150-580 nm in width, and 200 μm in length. σ and S were measured from 190 K to 310 K by fabricating heaters and thermocouples on top of arrays of 750 PEDOT nanowires. Such PEDOT nanowire arrays consistently produced S values that were higher than those for PEDOT films: up to -122 μV/K (310 K) for nanowires and up to -57 μV/K (310 K) for films. The sample-to-sample variation in S for 14 samples of PEDOT nanowires and films, across a wide range of critical dimensions, is fully explained by variations in the carrier concentrations in accordance with the Mott equation. In spite of their higher |S| values, PEDOT nanowires also had higher σ than films, on average, because electron mobilities were greater in nanowires by a factor of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Taggart
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Duluard S, Celik-Cochet A, Saadeddin I, Labouret A, Campet G, Schottner G, Posset U, Delville MH. Electrochromic devices based on in situ polymerised EDOT and Prussian Blue: influence of transparent conducting oxide and electrolyte composition—towards up-scaling. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20231f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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