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Schrage BR, Ermilov E, Nemykin VN. Transient Absorption Spectra of Metal‐Free and Transition‐Metal 5,10,15,20‐Tetraferrocene Porphyrins: Influence of the Central Metal Ion, Solvent Polarity, and the Axial Ferrocene Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Schrage
- University of Tennessee System: The University of Tennessee System Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Victor N. Nemykin
- University of Tennessee System: The University of Tennessee System Department of Chemistry 1420 Circle Drive 37996 Knoxville UNITED STATES
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2
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Harvey SM, Wasielewski MR. Photogenerated Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs: From Photosynthetic Energy Transduction to Quantum Information Science. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15508-15529. [PMID: 34533930 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
More than a half century ago, the NMR spectra of diamagnetic products resulting from radical pair reactions were observed to have strongly enhanced absorptive and emissive resonances. At the same time, photogenerated radical pairs were discovered to exhibit unusual electron paramagnetic resonance spectra that also had such resonances. These non-Boltzmann, spin-polarized spectra were observed in both chemical systems as well as in photosynthetic reaction center proteins following photodriven charge separation. Subsequent studies of these phenomena led to a variety of chemical electron donor-acceptor model systems that provided a broad understanding of the spin dynamics responsible for these spectra. When the distance between the two radicals is restricted, these observations result from the formation of spin-correlated radical pairs (SCRPs) in which the spin-spin exchange and dipolar interactions between the two unpaired spins play an important role in the spin dynamics. Early on, it was recognized that SCRPs photogenerated by ultrafast electron transfer are entangled spin pairs created in a well-defined spin state. These SCRPs can serve as spin qubit pairs (SQPs), whose spin dynamics can be manipulated to study a wide variety of quantum phenomena intrinsic to the field of quantum information science. This Perspective highlights the role of SCRPs as SQPs, gives examples of possible quantum manipulations using SQPs, and provides some thoughts on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Photo-induced energy and electron transfer in carboxylic acid functionalized bis(4′-tert-butylbiphenyl-4-yl)aniline (BBA)-substituted A3B zinc porphyrins. J CHEM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-01958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vecchi A, Sabin JR, Sabuzi F, Conte V, Cicero DO, Floris B, Galloni P, Nemykin VN. Similar, Yet Different: Long-Range Metal-Metal Coupling and Electron-Transfer Processes in Metal-Free 5,10,15,20-Tetra(ruthenocenyl)porphyrin. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8227-8241. [PMID: 34033715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure, redox properties, and long-range metal-metal coupling in metal-free 5,10,15,20-tetra(ruthenocenyl)porphyrin (H2TRcP) were probed by spectroscopic (NMR, UV-vis, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)), electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry, CV, and differential pulse voltammetry, DPV), spectroelectrochemical, and chemical oxidation methods, as well as theoretical (density functional theory, DFT, and time-dependent DFT, TDDFT) approaches. It was demonstrated that the spectroscopic properties of H2TRcP are significantly different from those in H2TFcP (metal-free 5,10,15,20-tetra(ferrocenyl)porphyrin). Ruthenocenyl fragments in H2TRcP have higher oxidation potentials than the ferrocene groups in the H2TFcP complex. Similar to H2TFcP, we were able to access and spectroscopically characterize the one- and two-electron oxidized mixed-valence states in the H2TRcP system. DFT predicts that the porphyrin π-system stabilizes the [H2TRcP]+ mixed-valence cation and prevents its dimerization, which is characteristic for ruthenocenyl systems. However, formation of the mixed-valence [H2TRcP]2+ is significantly less reproducible than the formation of [H2TRcP]+. DFT and TDDFT calculations suggest the ruthenocenyl fragment dominance in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy region and the presence of the low-energy MLCT (Rc → porphyrin (π*)) transitions in the visible region with energies higher than the predominantly porphyrin-centered Q-bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vecchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Jared R Sabin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Daniel Oscar Cicero
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Barbara Floris
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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Mayländer M, Chen S, Lorenzo ER, Wasielewski MR, Richert S. Exploring Photogenerated Molecular Quartet States as Spin Qubits and Qudits. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7050-7058. [PMID: 33929834 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photogenerated molecular spin systems hold great promise for applications in quantum information science because they can be prepared in well-defined spin states at modest temperatures, they often exhibit long coherence times, and their properties can be tuned by chemical synthesis. Here, we investigate a molecular spin system composed of a 1,6,7,12-tetra(4-tert-butylphenoxy)perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) chromophore covalently linked to a stable nitroxide radical (TEMPO) by optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Upon photoexcitation of the spin system, a quartet state is formed as confirmed by transient nutation experiments. This quartet state has spin polarization lifetimes longer than 0.1 ms and is characterized by relatively long coherence times of ∼1.8 μs even at 80 K. Rabi oscillation experiments reveal that more than 60 single-qubit logic operations can be performed with this system at 80 K. The large magnitude of the nitroxide 14N hyperfine coupling in the quartet state of PDI-TEMPO is resolved in the transient EPR spectra and leads to a further splitting of the quartet state electron spin sublevels. We discuss the properties of this photogenerated multilevel system, comprising 12 electron-nuclear spin states, in the context of its viability as a qubit for applications in quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mayländer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Su Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emmaline R Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Subedi DR, Jang Y, Ganesan A, Schoellhorn S, Reid R, Verbeck GF, D’Souza F. Donor-acceptor conjugates derived from cobalt porphyrin and fullerene via metal-ligand axial coordination: Formation and excited state charge separation. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two types of cobalt porphyrins, viz., meso-tetrakis(tolylporphyrinato)cobalt(II), (TTP)Co (1), and meso-tetrakis(triphenylamino porphyrinato)cobalt(II), [(TPA)4P]Co, (2) were self-assembled via metal-ligand axial coordination of phenyl imidazole functionalized fulleropyrrolidine, ImC[Formula: see text] to form a new series of donor–acceptor constructs. A 1:2 complex formation with ImC[Formula: see text] was established in the case of (TTP)Co while for [(TPA)4P]Co only a 1:1 complex was possible to positively identify. The binding constants [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for step-wise addition of ImC[Formula: see text] to (TTP)Co were found to be 1.07 × 105 and 3.20 × 104 M[Formula: see text], respectively. For [(TPA)4P]Co:ImC[Formula: see text], the measured [Formula: see text] values was found to be 6.48 × 104 M[Formula: see text], slightly smaller than that observed for (TTP)Co. Although both cobalt porphyrins were non-fluorescent, they were able to quench the fluorescence of ImC[Formula: see text] indicating occurrence of excited state events in the supramolecular donor-acceptor complexes. Electrochemistry coupled with spectroelectrochemistry, revealed the formation of cobalt(III) porphyrin cation instead of a cobalt(II) porphyrin radical cation, as the main product, during oxidation of phenyl imidazole coordinated cobalt porphyrin. With the help of computational and electrochemical results, an energy level diagram was constructed to witness excited state photo-events. Competitive energy and electron transfer from excited CoP to coordinated ImC[Formula: see text], and electron transfer from Im1C[Formula: see text]* to cobalt(II) porphyrin resulting into the formation of PCo[Formula: see text]:ImC[Formula: see text] charge separated state was possible to envision from the energy diagram. Finally, using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and data analysis by Glotaran, it was possible to establish sequential occurrence of energy transfer and charge separation processes. The lifetime of the final charge separated state was [Formula: see text] 2 ns. A slightly better charge stabilization was observed in the case of [(TPA)4P]Co:ImC[Formula: see text] due to the presence of electron rich, peripheral triphenylamine substituents on the cobalt porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dili R. Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Ashwin Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Sydney Schoellhorn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Ryan Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Guido F. Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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Zarrabi N, Holzer N, Bayard BJ, Seetharaman S, Boe BG, D’Souza F, Poddutoori PK. Fluorinated aluminum(III) porphyrins: Synthesis, spectroscopy, electrochemistry and photochemistry. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of fluorinated free-base porphyrins (H2TPPF[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] = 0, 8, 12, 20, 24) and the corresponding aluminum(III) porphyrin (AlTPPF[Formula: see text]-Ph, [Formula: see text] = 0, 8, 12, 20, 24) derivatives have been synthesized and their spectroscopic, redox and optical properties were investigated. The absorption studies show that the spectral shapes of investigated porphyrins are sensitive to the degree of fluorination on the meso-phenyl units. Analogously, the fluorescence quantum yields and singlet-state lifetimes depend on the number of fluorine atoms, and decrease by increasing the number of fluorine atoms. The H2TPPF[Formula: see text] and AlTPPF[Formula: see text]-Ph ([Formula: see text] = 8, 12, 20, 24) derivatives exhibited lower fluorescence intensities compared to the H2TPP and AlTPP, respectively. However, the AlTPPF[Formula: see text]-Ph ([Formula: see text] = 0, 8, 12, 20, 24) derivatives yield relatively a strong fluorescence compared to the well-known ZnTPP. As predicted, the redox potentials are shifted to the more positive side by increasing the fluorine atoms. The Lewis acidity of AlTPPF[Formula: see text]-Ph was quantified by using the absorption and fluorescence titrations with the Lewis base [Formula: see text]-methylimidazole (Me-Im). The titration data suggests that the Lewis acidity of the Al center rises when increasing the number of fluorine atoms on the porphyrin. Together, the high fluorescence quantum yields, high-potentials, unique optical and redox properties suggest that the investigated porphyrins could be potential sensitizers to mimic various components of artificial photosynthetic systems for the production of solar fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Zarrabi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Noah Holzer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Brandon J. Bayard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Benjamin G. Boe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Prashanth K. Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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Covalent and non-covalent systems based on s-, p-, and d-metal macroheterocyclic complexes and fullerenes. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Zarrabi N, Poddutoori PK. Aluminum(III) porphyrin: A unique building block for artificial photosynthetic systems. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shinozaki Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Tamiaki H. A Synthetic Chlorophyll Dimer Appending Fullerene: Effect of Chlorophyll Pairing on (Photo)redox Properties. Chemistry 2020; 26:8897-8906. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Shinozaki
- Graduate School of Life SciencesRitsumeikan University Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- School of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin University Gakuen 2-1 Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- School of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin University Gakuen 2-1 Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life SciencesRitsumeikan University Noji-higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
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Zarrabi N, Seetharaman S, Chaudhuri S, Holzer N, Batista VS, van der Est A, D'Souza F, Poddutoori PK. Decelerating Charge Recombination Using Fluorinated Porphyrins in N,N-Bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)aniline-Aluminum(III) Porphyrin-Fullerene Reaction Center Models. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10008-10024. [PMID: 32343561 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In supramolecular reaction center models, the lifetime of the charge-separated state depends on many factors. However, little attention has been paid to the redox potential of the species that lie between the donor and acceptor in the final charge separated state. Here, we report on a series of self-assembled aluminum porphyrin-based triads that provide a unique opportunity to study the influence of the porphyrin redox potential independently of other factors. The triads, BTMPA-Im→AlPorFn-Ph-C60 (n = 0, 3, 5), were constructed by linking the fullerene (C60) and bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)aniline (BTMPA) to the aluminum(III) porphyrin. The porphyrin (AlPor, AlPorF3, or AlPorF5) redox potentials are tuned by the substitution of phenyl (Ph), 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl (PhF3), or 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl (PhF5) groups in its meso positions. The C60 and BTMPA units are bound axially to opposite faces of the porphyrin plane via covalent and coordination bonds, respectively. Excitation of all of the triads results in sequential electron transfer that generates the identical final charge separated state, BTMPA•+-Im→AlPorFn-Ph-C60•-, which lies energetically 1.50 eV above the ground state. Despite the fact that the radical pair is identical in all of the triads, remarkably, the lifetime of the BTMPA•+-Im→AlPorFn-Ph-C60•- radical pair was found to be very different in each of them, that is, 1240, 740, and 56 ns for BTMPA-Im→AlPorF5-Ph-C60, BTMPA-Im→AlPorF3-Ph-C60, and BTMPA-Im→AlPor-Ph-C60, respectively. These results clearly suggest that the charge recombination is an activated process that depends on the midpoint potential of the central aluminum(III) porphyrin (AlPorFn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Zarrabi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Subhajyoti Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Noah Holzer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Prashanth K Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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Poddutoori PK, Kandrashkin YE, Karr P, van der Est A. Electron spin polarization in an Al(III) porphyrin complex with an axially bound nitroxide radical. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:204303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5127760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth K. Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - Yuri E. Kandrashkin
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Paul Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, USA
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry Brock University, St. Catharines Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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Zarrabi N, Lim GN, Bayard BJ, D'Souza F, Poddutoori PK. Surface anchored self-assembled reaction centre mimics as photoanodes consisting of a secondary electron donor, aluminium(iii) porphyrin and TiO2 semiconductor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19612-19622. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03400e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vertically assembled photoanodes, consisting of aluminum(iii) porphyrin, an electron donor, and semiconductor TiO2, have been fabricated and their photophysical properties investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Zarrabi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Minnesota Duluth
- Duluth
- USA
| | - Gary N. Lim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Texas
- Denton
- USA
| | - Brandon J. Bayard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Minnesota Duluth
- Duluth
- USA
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Zarrabi N, Obondi CO, Lim GN, Seetharaman S, Boe BG, D'Souza F, Poddutoori PK. Charge-separation in panchromatic, vertically positioned bis(donor styryl)BODIPY-aluminum(iii) porphyrin-fullerene supramolecular triads. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:20723-20739. [PMID: 30398274 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three, broad band capturing, vertically aligned supramolecular triads, R2-BDP-AlPorF3←Im-C60 [R = H, styryl (C2H2-Ph), C2H2-TPA (TPA = triphenylamine); ← = coordinate bond], have been constructed using BODIPY derivative (BDP, BDP-Ph2 or BDP-TPA2), 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)aluminum(iii) porphyrin (AlPorF3) and fullerene (C60) entities. The C60 and BDP units are bound to the Al center on the opposite faces of the porphyrin: the BDP derivative through a covalent axial bond using a benzoate spacer and the C60 through a coordination bond via an appended imidazole. Owing to the bis-styryl functionality on BDP, the constructed dyads and triads exhibited panchromatic light capture. Due to the diverse absorption and redox properties of the selected entities, it was possible to demonstrate excitation wavelength dependent photochemical events. In the case of the BDP-AlPorF3 dyad, selective excitation of BDP resulted in singlet-singlet energy transfer to AlPorF3 (kEnT = 1.0 × 1010 s-1). On the other hand, excitation of the AlPorF3 entity in the BDP-AlPorF3←Im-C60 triad revealed charge separation leading to the BDP-(AlPorF3)˙+-(C60)˙- charge separated state (kCS = 2.43 × 109 s-1). In the case of the Ph2-BDP-AlPorF3 dyad, energy transfer from 1AlPorF3* to 1(Ph2-BDP)* was witnessed (kEnT = 1.0 × 1010 s-1); however, upon assembling the supramolecular triad, (Ph2-BDP)-AlPorF3←Im-C60, electron transfer from 1AlPorF3* to C60 (kCS = 3.35 × 109 s-1), followed by hole shift (kHS = 1.00 × 109 s-1) to Ph2-BDP, was witnessed. Finally, in the case of the TPA2-BDP-AlPorF3←Im-C60 triad, only electron transfer leading to the (TPA2-BDP)˙+-AlPorF3←Im-(C60)˙- charge separated state, and no energy transfer, was observed. The facile oxidation of Ph2-BDP and TPA2-BDP compared to AlPorF3 in the latter two triads facilitated charge separation through either an electron migration or hole transfer mechanism depending on the initial excitation. The charge-separated states in these triads persisted for about 20 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Zarrabi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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Huang L, Bhayana B, Xuan W, Sanchez RP, McCulloch BJ, Lalwani S, Hamblin MR. Comparison of two functionalized fullerenes for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation: Potentiation by potassium iodide and photochemical mechanisms. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2018; 186:197-206. [PMID: 30075425 PMCID: PMC6118214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new fullerene (BB4-PPBA) functionalized with a tertiary amine and carboxylic acid was prepared and compared with BB4 (cationic quaternary group) for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI). BB4 was highly active against Gram-positive methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and BB4-PPBA was moderately active when activated by blue light. Neither compound showed much activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli or fungus Candida albicans. Therefore, we examined potentiation by addition of potassium iodide. Both compounds were highly potentiated by KI (1-6 extra logs of killing). BB4-PPBA was potentiated more than BB4 against MRSA and E. coli, while for C. albicans the reverse was the case. Addition of azide potentiated aPDI mediated by BB4 against MRSA, but abolished the potentiation caused by KI with both compounds. The killing ability after light decayed after 24 h in the case of BB4, implying a contribution from hypoiodite as well as free iodine. Tyrosine was readily iodinated with BB4-PPBA plus KI, but less so with BB4. We conclude that the photochemical mechanisms of these two fullerenes are different. BB4-PPBA is more Type 2 (singlet oxygen) while BB4 is more Type 1 (electron transfer). There is also a possibility of direct bacterial killing by electron transfer, but this will require more study to prove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brijesh Bhayana
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weijun Xuan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Clinical Medical College and Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | | | | | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Flores J, Pérez F, Jiménez-Barrera R, Arias E, Moggio I, Torres R, Rodríguez G, Ottonelli M, Ziolo R. Synthesis and photophysical properties of ferrocene -oligo(benzoateethynylene)- fulleropyrrolidines dyads and triads. Implications in photovoltaic cells. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Lauck M, Förster C, Heinze K. N-Cobaltocenium Amide as Reactive Nucleophilic Reagent for Donor–Acceptor Bimetallocenes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lauck
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and
Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and
Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and
Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Bagaki A, Gobeze HB, Charalambidis G, Charisiadis A, Stangel C, Nikolaou V, Stergiou A, Tagmatarchis N, D’Souza F, Coutsolelos AG. Axially Assembled Photosynthetic Antenna-Reaction Center Mimics Composed of Boron Dipyrromethenes, Aluminum Porphyrin, and Fullerene Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:10268-10280. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Bagaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Habtom B. Gobeze
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union
Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Asterios Charisiadis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Stangel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Contantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Vasilis Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Anastasios Stergiou
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Contantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Contantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union
Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
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20
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Amati A, Cavigli P, Kahnt A, Indelli MT, Iengo E. Self-Assembled Ruthenium(II)Porphyrin-Aluminium(III)Porphyrin-Fullerene Triad for Long-Lived Photoinduced Charge Separation. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4242-4252. [PMID: 28498660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A very efficient metal-mediated strategy led, in a single step, to a quantitative construction of a new three-component multichromophoric system containing one fullerene monoadduct, one aluminium(III) monopyridylporphyrin, and one ruthenium(II) tetraphenylporphyrin. The Al(III) monopyridylporphyrin component plays the pivotal role in directing the correct self-assembly process and behaves as the antenna unit for the photoinduced processes of interest. A detailed study of the photophysical behavior of the triad was carried out in different solvents (CH2Cl2, THF, and toluene) by stationary and time-resolved emission and absorption spectroscopy in the pico- and nanosecond time domains. Following excitation of the Al-porphyrin, the strong fluorescence typical of this unit was strongly quenched. The time-resolved absorption experiments provided evidence for the occurrence of stepwise photoinduced electron and hole transfer processes, leading to a charge-separated state with reduced fullerene acceptor and oxidized ruthenium porphyrin donor. The time constant values measured in CH2Cl2 for the formation of charge-separated state Ru-Al+-C60- (10 ps), the charge shift process (Ru-Al+-C60- → Ru+-Al-C60-), where a hole is transferred from Al-based to Ru-based unit (75 ps), and the charge recombination process to ground state (>5 ns), can be rationalized within the Marcus theory. Although the charge-separating performance of this triad is not outstanding, this study demonstrates that, using the self-assembling strategy, improvements can be obtained by appropriate chemical modifications of the individual molecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Amati
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Cavigli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Teresa Indelli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare, sezione di Ferrara , via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iengo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Nelson JN, Krzyaniak MD, Horwitz NE, Rugg BK, Phelan BT, Wasielewski MR. Zero Quantum Coherence in a Series of Covalent Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2241-2252. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Noah E. Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brandon K. Rugg
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and
Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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22
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Sethi S, Das PK, Behera N. The chemistry of aminoferrocene, Fe{(η5-C5H4NH2)(η5-Cp)}: Synthesis, reactivity and applications. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Karmova FM, Lebedeva VS, Mironov AF. Fullerene-containing porphyrins: Synthesis and potential practical applications. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216090322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Barthelmes K, Winter A, Schubert US. Dyads and Triads Based on Phenothiazine, Bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(II) Complexes, and Fullerene. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Barthelmes
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
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25
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Ito O. Photosensitizing Electron Transfer Processes of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanohorns. CHEM REC 2016; 17:326-362. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ito
- Kita-Nakayama 2; Izumi-Ku Sendai 981-3215 Japan
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26
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Poddutoori PK, Kandrashkin YE, Est AVD. A Transient EPR Study of Electron Transfer in Tetrathiafulvalene-Aluminum(III) Porphyrin-Anthraquinone Supramolecular Triads. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The stabilization of light-induced charge separation in two axially bound triads based on aluminum(III) porphyrin (AlPor) are investigated using the electron spin polarization patterns of the final radical pair state. In the triads, TTF-(Ph)n-py-AlPor-AQ, (n=0, 1) anthraquinone (AQ) is attached covalently to the Al(III) center, while the donor tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) coordinates to Al(III) on the opposite face of the porphyrin ring via the appended pyridine (py). The dyad AlPor-AQ has been studied previously (M. Kanematsu, P. Naumov, T. Kojima, S. Fukuzumi, Chem. Eur. J. 17 (2011) 12372.) and shown to undergo fast light-induced charge separation and triplet recombination. Here, it is shown that by coordinating pyridine-appended TTF to the porphyrin, the charge separation can be stabilized. The spin polarized transient EPR spectra of the state TTF·+AQ·− can be observed in both the glass phase and in liquid solution and show that the state is formed from a singlet precursor on a timescale of less than ~0.5 ns. Using structural models to fix the geometry of the radical pair and the strength of the dipolar coupling, it is possible to determine the sign and approximate magnitude of the exchange coupling between TTF·+ and AQ·−. In contrast, other similar triads, which display relatively large ferromagnetic coupling, the exchange coupling is found to be small and antiferromagnetic. This difference can be rationalized as a result of differences in the structure of the bridge between the porphyrin and the acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth K. Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Yuri E. Kandrashkin
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Art van der Est
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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27
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Krasnov PO, Kuzubov AA, Kholtobina AS, Kovaleva EA, Kuzubova MV. Optical charge transfer transitions in supramolecular fullerene and porphyrin compounds. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476616040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Jain K, Duvva N, Badgurjar D, Giribabu L, Chitta R. Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of axially bound tetra(phenothiazinyl)/tetra(bis(4′-tert-butylbiphenyl-4-yl)aniline)-zinc(II)porphyrin-fullero[C60 & C70]pyrrolidine donor–acceptor triads. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lebedeva MA, Chamberlain TW, Khlobystov AN. Harnessing the Synergistic and Complementary Properties of Fullerene and Transition-Metal Compounds for Nanomaterial Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:11301-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Lebedeva
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrei N. Khlobystov
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Nanotechnology & Nanoscience Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Poddutoori PK, Bregles LP, Lim GN, Boland P, Kerr RG, D’Souza F. Modulation of Energy Transfer into Sequential Electron Transfer upon Axial Coordination of Tetrathiafulvalene in an Aluminum(III) Porphyrin–Free-Base Porphyrin Dyad. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:8482-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth K. Poddutoori
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University
Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Lucas P. Bregles
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University
Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Gary N. Lim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Patricia Boland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University
Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Russ G. Kerr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University
Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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Poddutoori PK, Lim GN, Sandanayaka ASD, Karr PA, Ito O, D'Souza F, Pilkington M, van der Est A. Axially assembled photosynthetic reaction center mimics composed of tetrathiafulvalene, aluminum(III) porphyrin and fullerene entities. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:12151-12165. [PMID: 26126984 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01675d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The distance dependence of sequential electron transfer has been studied in six, vertical, linear supramolecular triads, (TTF-Ph(n)-py → AlPor-Ph(m)-C60, n = 0, 1 and m = 1, 2, 3), constructed using tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), aluminum(III) porphyrin (AlPor) and fullerene (C60) entities. The C60 and TTF units are bound to the Al center on opposite faces of the porphyrin; the C60 through a covalent axial bond using a benzoate spacer, and the TTF through a coordination bond via an appended pyridine. Time-resolved optical and EPR spectroscopic methods and computational studies are used to demonstrate that excitation of the porphyrin leads to step-wise, sequential electron transfer (ET) between TTF and C60, and to study the electron transfer rates and exchange coupling between the components of the triads as a function of the bridge lengths. Femtosecond transient absorption studies show that the rates of charge separation, k(CS) are in the range of 10(9)-10(11) s(-1), depending on the length of the bridges. The lifetimes of the charge-separated state TTF˙(+)-C₆₀˙⁻ obtained from transient absorbance experiments and the singlet lifetimes of the radical pairs obtained by time-resolved EPR are in good agreement with each other and range from 60-130 ns in the triads. The time-resolved EPR data also show that population of the triplet sublevels of the charge-separated state in the presence of a magnetic field leads to much longer lifetimes of >1 μs. The data show that a modest stabilization of the charge separation lifetime occurs in the triads. The attenuation factor β = 0.36 Å(-1) obtained from the exchange coupling values between TTF˙(+) and C₆₀˙⁻ is consistent with values reported in the literature for oligophenylene bridged TTF-C60 conjugates. The singlet charge recombination lifetime shows a much weaker dependence on the distance between the donor and acceptor, suggesting that a simple superexchange model is not sufficient to describe the back reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth K Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave., St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1.
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Poddutoori PK, Lim GN, Vassiliev S, D'Souza F. Ultrafast charge separation and charge stabilization in axially linked ‘tetrathiafulvalene–aluminum(iii) porphyrin–gold(iii) porphyrin’ reaction center mimics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:26346-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04818d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sequential electron transfer leading to charge stabilization in newly synthesized vertically aligned ‘tetrathiafulvalene–aluminum(iii) porphyrin–gold(iii) porphyrin’ supramolecular triads is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary N. Lim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Texas
- Denton
- USA
| | - Serguei Vassiliev
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Brock University
- St. Catharines
- Canada
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Kawashima Y, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S. Efficient Charge Separation in Li+@C60Supramolecular Complexes with Electron Donors. Chem Asian J 2014; 10:44-54. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201403075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Melomedov J, Ochsmann JR, Meister M, Laquai F, Heinze K. Aminoferrocene and Ferrocene Amino Acid as Electron Donors in Modular Porphyrin-Ferrocene and Porphyrin-Ferrocene-Porphyrin Conjugates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Hasobe T. Photo- and electro-functional self-assembled architectures of porphyrins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 14:15975-87. [PMID: 23093225 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42957h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in supramolecular strategies have enabled us to construct novel well-defined assemblies of dye molecules. These fundamental researches of such organic materials also entail the synthetic and photophysical processes of molecular aggregates at the nano- and micro-meter scale, since their optical properties significantly differ from those of monomeric species. One of the promising candidates for such functional molecules is a porphyrin dye, which acts as an electron donor as well as a sensitizer. In this perspective, the focus is on the recent advances in the construction of optically and electronically functionalized molecular architectures of porphyrins for light energy conversion and electronics. First, porphyrin aggregates with morphologies such as cube, rod and fiber, which are prepared by three different supramolecular techniques, are reported. Then, we discuss composite molecular nanoarchitectures of porphyrins and carbon nanotubes such as single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), stacked-cup carbon nanotubes (SCCNTs) and carbon nanohorns (CNHs). Finally, the structural and photophysical properties of the composite assemblies of porphyrins and graphenes including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Hosseini M, Rivera-Nazario DM, Echegoyen LA. Self-assembled monolayers of C60-triphenylamine dyads as photo-switched interfacial layers for potential application in photovoltaic cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:3712-3720. [PMID: 24524362 DOI: 10.1021/am500049q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
C60-Triphenylamine dyads were synthesized for incorporation as photoswitched interfacial layers in organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of these dyads on gold (through S-Au and C60-Au interactions) were prepared through one or two adsorption processes, and their packing densities were fully characterized. Analysis using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements indicated that all SAMs exhibit dense coverage on the gold surfaces. Electrochemical desorption in KOH confirmed that the cis-1 dyad is anchored to the gold surface through its thiol group. Impedance measurements in the absence and presence of UV irradiation were performed to observe the photoswitched properties of these surface confined dyads. Upon UV light exposure of the SAMs, the charge-transfer resistance decreased when Fe(CN)6(3-/4-) was used as the probe redox couple and increased with Ru(NH3)6(3+/2+), confirming the generation of positive charges on the surface upon UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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38
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Sirbu D, Turta C, Benniston AC, Abou-Chahine F, Lemmetyinen H, Tkachenko NV, Wood C, Gibson E. Synthesis and properties of a meso- tris–ferrocene appended zinc(ii) porphyrin and a critical evaluation of its dye sensitised solar cell (DSSC) performance. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A zinc(ii) porphyrin derivative, F3P, was prepared containing a single ferrocene group appended at three of the meso positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Sirbu
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academy of Sciences of Moldova
- Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - C. Turta
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - A. C. Benniston
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - F. Abou-Chahine
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering
- Tampere University
- Tampere, Finland
| | - H. Lemmetyinen
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering
- Tampere University
- Tampere, Finland
| | - N. V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering
- Tampere University
- Tampere, Finland
| | - C. Wood
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- Nottingham, UK
| | - E. Gibson
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- Nottingham, UK
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39
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D'souza F, Ito O. Photoinduced Electron Transfer Processes of Functionalized Nanocarbons; Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Graphene. Sci Prog 2013. [DOI: 10.3184/003685013x13818510064403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To solve the energy demands for a sustainable society, it is crucial to use clean solar energy. Thus, finding methods for efficient light energy conversion is an important scientific goal. For this aim, molecular devices employing composites of nanocarbons such as fullerenes, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and graphene are promising. In this review, we survey light-induced electron-transfer processes of these nanocarbons hybridized with photosensitizers, which have proved to be more favorable than ordinary molecules. Fullerenes connected with suitable electron donors yield characteristic long-lived radical ion pairs, suitable for constructing artificial photosynthetic systems. For SWCNTs, a combination of photosensitizers is also crucial to achieve efficient photo-induced electron transfer processes. Furthermore, in the case of diameter-sorted semi-conductive SWCNTs, each tube can be treated as a “molecule”, thus, allowing molecular orbital calculations to probe the geometry as well as the electronic structures of the photosensitizernanotube hybrids. The two-dimensional graphene has afforded a new reaction field with a wide π-system for the attached molecules. For the confirmation of electron transfer processes, transient absorption methods in the wide wavelength regions have been used effectively. The kinetic data obtained in solution are quite useful to understand the electron transfer mechanisms, which afford useful guiding principles to construct efficient light-energy harvesting devices such as photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic solar cells.
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40
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Iengo E, Cavigli P, Gamberoni M, Indelli MT. A Selective Metal-Mediated Approach for the Efficient Self-Assembling of Multi-Component Photoactive Systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Dammer SJ, Solntsev PV, Sabin JR, Nemykin VN. Synthesis, Characterization, and Electron-Transfer Processes in Indium Ferrocenyl-Containing Porphyrins and Their Fullerene Adducts. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9496-510. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401163y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Dammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive,
Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Pavlo V. Solntsev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive,
Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Jared R. Sabin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive,
Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive,
Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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42
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Hasobe T. Porphyrin-Based Supramolecular Nanoarchitectures for Solar Energy Conversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1771-1780. [PMID: 26283108 DOI: 10.1021/jz4005152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photofunctional molecular architectures with well-defined shapes and sizes are of great interest because of various applications such as photovoltaics, photocatalysis, and electronics. Porphyrins are promising building blocks for organized nanoscale superstructures, which perform many of the essential light-harvesting and photoinduced electron/energy transfer reaction. In this Perspective, we present the recent advances in supramolecular architectures of porphyrins for solar energy conversion. First, we state preparation and light energy conversion properties of porphyrin (donor: D) and fullerene (acceptor: A)-based composite spherical nanoassemblies. The interfacial control of D/A molecules based on our supramolecular strategy successfully demonstrates the drastic enhancement of light energy conversion properties as compared to the corresponding nonorganized systems. Then, bar-shaped structures composed of two different D and A molecules with separated inside and outside layers are discussed. This unusual rod formation shows a possibility for a novel zeolite-like photoreaction cavity with efficient visible light absorption. Finally, photophysical and phoelectrochemical properties of supramolecular composites between porphyrins and carbon naotubes/graphenes are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
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43
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Vecchi A, Galloni P, Floris B, Nemykin VN. New developments in chemistry of organometallic porphyrins and their analogs. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this mini-review, new developments in chemistry of organometallic porphyrins and their analogs reported between 2007 and mid 2012 have been discussed. Synthetic strategies for preparation, as well as properties of metallocenyl-type compounds in which organometallic substituents connected to the porphyrinoid via (i) axial coordination; (ii) covalent bond to meso- or β-pyrrolic position; or (iii) β,β′-fused into the aromatic system as well as porphyrinoids with organometallic fragments σ-bonded in η1-fashion were overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Floris
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 1039 University Drive, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
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44
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Han J, Zhuo Y, Chai Y, Yuan R, Xiang Y, Zhu Q, Liao N. Multi-labeled functionalized C₆₀ nanohybrid as tracing tag for ultrasensitive electrochemical aptasensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 46:74-9. [PMID: 23506946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a new supramolecular method for the synthesis of the amino and thiol groups functionalized C₆₀ nanoparticles (FC60NPs) with the large surface active sites and good water solubility. First, Prussian blue carried gold nanoparticles were decorated onto the surface of the obtained FC₆₀NPs (abbreviated as Au@PB/FC₆₀). Subsequently, the Au@PB/FC₆₀ was labeled by detection aptamers and alkaline phosphatase to act as tracer. On the other hand, onion-like mesoporous graphene sheets and gold nanoparticles were utilized as the biosensor platform to immobilize a large amount of capture aptamers, owing to theirs porous structure and high surface-to-volume ratio. Based on the sandwich format, a dual signal amplification strategy based on multi-labeled functionalized C₆₀ nanohybrid as tracing tag has been successfully developed for platelet-derived growth factor B-chain electrochemical detection with a wide linear response in the range of 0.002-40 nM and a limit of detection of 0.6 pM (S/N=3). The proposed aptasensor demonstrated good specificity and high sensitivity, implying potential applications in bioanalysis and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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45
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Poddutoori PK, Zarrabi N, Moiseev AG, Gumbau-Brisa R, Vassiliev S, van der Est A. Long-Lived Charge Separation in Novel Axial Donor-Porphyrin-Acceptor Triads Based on Tetrathiafulvalene, Aluminum(III) Porphyrin and Naphthalenediimide. Chemistry 2013; 19:3148-61. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Ghosh A, Maity DK, Ravikanth M. Aluminium(iii) porphyrin based axial-bonding type dyads containing thiaporphyrins and expanded thiaporphyrins as axial ligands. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40631d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Nath M, Pink M, Zaleski JM. PtCl2-catalyzed benzannulation of nickel(II) 2,3-dialkynylporphyrins to form unusual phenanthroporphyrins. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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D'Souza F, Ito O. Photosensitized electron transfer processes of nanocarbons applicable to solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:86-96. [PMID: 21975532 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15201g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitized electron-transfer processes of nanocarbon materials hybridized with electron donating or electron accepting molecules have been surveyed in this tutorial review on the basis of the recent results reported mainly from our laboratories. As nano-carbon materials, fullerenes and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been employed. Fullerenes act as photo-sensitizing electron acceptors with respect to a wide variety of electron donors; in addition, the fullerenes act as good ground state electron acceptors in the presence of light-absorbing electron donors such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines. In the case of SWCNTs, their ground states act as electron acceptor and electron donors, depending on the photosensitizers. For example, with respect to the photoexcited porphyrins and phthalocyanines, SWCNTs usually act as electron acceptors, whereas for the photoexcited fullerenes, SWCNTs act as electron donors. The diameter sorted semi-conductive SWCNTs have been used to verify the size-dependent electron transfer rates. For the confirmation of the electron transfer processes, the transient absorption methods have been widely used, in addition to the time-resolved fluorescence spectral measurements. The kinetic data thus obtained in solution are found to be quite useful to predict the efficiencies of photovoltaic cells constructed on semiconductor nanoparticle modified electrodes and their photocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
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49
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Kanematsu M, Naumov P, Kojima T, Fukuzumi S. Intermolecular and Intracomplex Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Planar and Nonplanar Metalloporphyrins to p-Quinones. Chemistry 2011; 17:12372-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Iengo E, Pantoş GD, Sanders JKM, Orlandi M, Chiorboli C, Fracasso S, Scandola F. A fully self-assembled non-symmetric triad for photoinduced charge separation. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00520g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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