1
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Beckwith JS, Aster A, Vauthey E. The excited-state dynamics of the radical anions of cyanoanthracenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:568-577. [PMID: 34904984 PMCID: PMC8694058 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04014f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The radical anion of 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) has been suggested to be a promising chromophore for photoredox chemistry, due to its nanosecond excited-state lifetime determined from indirect measurements. Here, we investigate the excited-state dynamics of the radical anion of three cyanoanthracenes, including DCA˙-, produced by photoinduced electron transfer in liquid using both pump-probe and pump-pump probe transient electronic absorption spectroscopy. All three excited radical ions are characterised by a 3-5 ps lifetime, due to efficient non-radiative deactivation to the ground state. The decay pathway most probably involves D1/D0 conical intersection(s), whose presence is favoured by the enhanced flexibility of the radical anions relative to their neutral counterparts. The origin of the discrepancy with the nanosecond lifetime of DCA˙-* reported previously is discussed. These very short lifetimes limit, but do not preclude, photochemical applications of the cyanoanthracene anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Beckwith
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander Aster
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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2
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Grilj J, Beckwith JS, Vauthey E. Excited-state Dynamics of Radical Ions in Liquids. Chimia (Aarau) 2021; 75:856-861. [PMID: 34728012 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2021.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thomas Bally has acquired international recognition for his work on the photochemistry of reactive intermediates, which include radical ions. Here, we present a brief overview of our investigations of the excited-state dynamics of radical ions in liquids at room temperature, which are still poorly documented. A better understanding of these dynamics is most relevant, as open-shell ions in the excited state are being increasingly used in redox photochemistry and have been proposed to play a key role in highly exergonic photoinduced electron transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Grilj
- Dept. of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1220 Geneva; Present address: AWK Group AG, Leutschenbachstrasse 45, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joseph S Beckwith
- Dept. of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1220 Geneva; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Dept. of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1220 Geneva;,
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3
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Liu M, Kawauchi T, Iyoda T, Piotrowiak P. Vibrational Cooling in Oligomeric Viologens of Different Sizes and Topologies. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:1847-1854. [PMID: 30724560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational cooling was investigated in a set of homologous dimers and trimers with methyl viologen repeat units (MV2+). The rapid, <500 fs decay of the D1 excited state of monoreduced viologen (MV+•) via a conical intersection allows the preparation of a vibrationally hot D0 ground state with a large excess energy of 1.7 eV, which is equivalent to the initial effective temperature of ∼800 K. Pump-probe spectroscopy was used to monitor the disappearance of the characteristic D0 → D1 hot absorption band, which appears at longer wavelengths than the steady-state spectrum of "cold" MV+• in equilibrium with the solvent. It is assumed that the vibrational excitation of the ground is initially confined to the same monoreduced viologen repeat unit, which was optically excited to the localized electronic D1 state, although some degree of redistribution may occur already in the excited state. The observed cooling rates depend on the size and topology of the oligomer, with the linear trimer exhibiting significantly faster thermalization than the branched one. The experimental results were corroborated by molecular dynamics simulations carried out in the harmonic approximation. The dynamics of the thermal equilibration in these systems appears to be consistent with primarily ballistic initial propagation of the vibrational excess energy over distances as large as ∼4 nm and suggests the presence of interference between the equivalent pathways in the branched trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Rutgers University-Newark , 73 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07102 , United States
| | - Takehiro Kawauchi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Ryukoku University , 1-5 Yokotani , Oe-cho, Seta, Otsu , Shiga 520-2194 , Japan
| | - Tomokazu Iyoda
- Harris Science Research Institute , Doshisha University , 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani , Kyotanabe , Kyoto 610-0394 , Japan
| | - Piotr Piotrowiak
- Department of Chemistry , Rutgers University-Newark , 73 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07102 , United States
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4
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Cook SK, Horrocks BR. Heterogeneous Electron-Transfer Rates for the Reduction of Viologen Derivatives at Platinum and Bismuth Electrodes in Acetonitrile. ChemElectroChem 2016; 4:320-331. [PMID: 28660115 PMCID: PMC5467523 DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The standard heterogeneous rate constants for the reduction of a series of viologen derivatives with a range of inter‐ring torsion angles were measured at Bi and Pt electrodes. The electrode potentials for the first one‐electron reduction of the viologens vary from −684 mV to −1070 mV vs. Ag/0.01 m Ag+; this enabled a comparison of the behaviour of metallic (Pt) and semi‐metallic (Bi) electrodes over a wide range of applied potentials. The differential capacitance (6.5 μF cm−2) of Bi/MeCN,TBAPF6 interfaces at the potential of zero charge (pzc=−0.60 V) is at least an order of magnitude greater than that calculated on the basis of the bulk Bi carrier density (3×1017 cm−3) and the differential capacitance (9.5 μF cm−2) of Pt/MeCN interfaces at their pzc (−0.43 V) is of the same order. The series of viologen derivatives exhibited simple one‐electron redox behaviour and showed similar rate constants at Pt (1.8×10−4–1.6×10−3 cm s−1) and Bi electrodes (1.1×10−4–1.9×10−3 cm s−1) after application of the Frumkin correction. These results demonstrate that the density of states at the Bi surface is much higher than in bulk. Finally, the Frumkin‐corrected standard rate constants were observed to be inversely correlated with the inter‐ring torsion angle of the viologens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun K Cook
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory School of Chemistry, Bedson Building Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Benjamin R Horrocks
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory School of Chemistry, Bedson Building Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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5
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Weinert C, Wezisla B, Lindner J, Vöhringer P. Ultrafast primary processes of the stable neutral organic radical, 1,3,5-triphenylverdazyl, in liquid solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:13659-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01383f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy reveals ultrafast photochemical processes of a stable neutral organic radical in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Weinert
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Boris Wezisla
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Jörg Lindner
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- 53115 Bonn
- Germany
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6
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Fujitsuka M, Ohsaka T, Majima T. Dual electron transfer pathways from the excited C60 radical anion: enhanced reactivities due to the photoexcitation of reaction intermediates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:31030-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The excited C60 radical anion showed enhanced electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Fujitsuka
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN)
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohsaka
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN)
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | - Tetsuro Majima
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN)
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki
- Japan
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7
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Grilj J, Buchgraber P, Vauthey E. Excited-State Dynamics of Wurster’s Salts. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:7516-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3045548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Grilj
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211
Geneva 4
| | - Philipp Buchgraber
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211
Geneva 4
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211
Geneva 4
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8
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Swinburne A, Paterson M, Fischer K, Dickson S, Wallace E, Belcher W, Beeby A, Steed J. Colourimetric Carboxylate Anion Sensors Derived from Viologen-Based Receptors. Chemistry 2010; 16:1480-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Benniston AC, Harriman A, Li P, Rostron JP, Harrington RW, Clegg W. A Spectroscopic Study of the Reduction of Geometrically Restrained Viologens. Chemistry 2007; 13:7838-51. [PMID: 17721887 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A small series of N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dication derivatives (commonly known as viologens) has been synthesized and fully characterized; a short dialkoxy tether attached at the 3,3'-positions is used to alter the central dihedral angle. These angles were determined by both single-crystal X-ray diffraction and by computational studies made for the dication, radical cation, and neutral species in a solvent reservoir. The dihedral angle derived for the dication controls the first reduction potential, whereas the geometry of the resultant pi-radical cation determines the magnitude of the second reduction potential. The optical absorption spectra recorded for the various species, and especially those of the radical cations, and the EPR spectral parameters of the pi-radical cations also depend on the molecular geometry. In particular, the central dihedral angle influences the spin density distribution around the aromatic nucleus and, by way of comparison to the parent viologen, it has been possible to resolve the angle dependence from the inherent inductive effect of the strap. These results are considered in terms of the degree of electronic communication between the two aromatic rings, as controlled by the length of the tether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Benniston
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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Gunaratne TC, Milliken M, Challa JR, Simpson MC. Tunable ultrafast infrared/visible laser to probe vibrational dynamics. APPLIED OPTICS 2006; 45:558-64. [PMID: 16463742 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A tunable, ultrafast (approximately 100 fs-approximately 1 ps) laser system generating mid-IR (3-10 microm) and UV/visible (392-417 nm, 785-835 nm) radiation is described and its output characterized. The system is designed to explore vibrational dynamics in the condensed phase in a direct, two-pulse, time-resolved manner, using Raman spectroscopy as the probe. To produce vibrational resolution, probe pulses are spectrally narrowed by use of a long doubling crystal. Frequency-resolved optical gating is used to evaluate beam characteristics. An effective method for determining the temporal overlap of the pump and probe pulses for a one-color, 400 nm configuration is illustrated. Representative results from studies of heme and paranitroaniline vibrational dynamics illustrate the effectiveness of the visible pump-visible probe portion of the system in illuminating fast structure and energy dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tissa C Gunaratne
- Center for Chemical Dynamics, Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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11
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Yasui S, Itoh K, Ohno A, Tokitoh N. Effect of structural change in viologen acceptors on the rate of single electron transfer from tributylphosphine. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:2928-31. [PMID: 16855741 DOI: 10.1039/b605362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The "flexible" 3 and "rigid" cyclic viologens 4, diquarternary salts of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline, respectively, were treated with tributylphosphine (1) in acetonitrile containing a large amount of methanol under an argon atmosphere. A single electron transfer (SET) easily occurred from the latter to the former, the SET to 4 being 10(5)-10(6) times faster than the SET to 3. The reorganization energy lambda for the latter SET is thought to be larger than that for the former SET, because 3 undergoes a structural change upon the one-electron reduction to its radical cation, whereas the one-electron reduction of 4 takes place without a structural change. Taking into account the difference in lambda, and also taking into account the bond formation energy brought about by the follow-up reaction of the phosphine radical cation 1*(+) with methanol, the observed kinetics were well interpreted in terms of the Marcus theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinro Yasui
- Tezukayama University, Gakuen-Minami, Nara, Japan.
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12
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Zhao L, Lian R, Shkrob IA, Crowell RA, Pommeret S, Chronister EL, Liu AD, Trifunac AD. Ultrafast Studies on the Photophysics of Matrix-Isolated Radical Cations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021832h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Chemistry Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and CEA/Saclay, DSM/DRECAM/SCM/URA 331 CNRS 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Rui Lian
- Chemistry Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and CEA/Saclay, DSM/DRECAM/SCM/URA 331 CNRS 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Ilya A. Shkrob
- Chemistry Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and CEA/Saclay, DSM/DRECAM/SCM/URA 331 CNRS 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Robert A. Crowell
- Chemistry Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and CEA/Saclay, DSM/DRECAM/SCM/URA 331 CNRS 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Stanislas Pommeret
- Chemistry Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and CEA/Saclay, DSM/DRECAM/SCM/URA 331 CNRS 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Eric L. Chronister
- Chemistry Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and CEA/Saclay, DSM/DRECAM/SCM/URA 331 CNRS 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - An Dong Liu
- Chemistry Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and CEA/Saclay, DSM/DRECAM/SCM/URA 331 CNRS 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Alexander D. Trifunac
- Chemistry Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and CEA/Saclay, DSM/DRECAM/SCM/URA 331 CNRS 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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13
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Häupl T, Lomoth R, Hammarström L. Femtosecond Dynamics of the Photoexcited Methyl Viologen Radical Cation. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0216023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Häupl
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 532, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Reiner Lomoth
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 532, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 532, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Yoshizawa M, Aoki H, Hashimoto H. Femtosecond Time-Resolved Raman Signals on Ultrafast Dynamics in All-trans-β-Carotene. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.75.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lomoth R, Häupl T, Johansson O, Hammarström L. Redox-switchable direction of photoinduced electron transfer in an Ru(bpy)3(2+)-viologen dyad. Chemistry 2002; 8:102-10. [PMID: 11822443 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20020104)8:1<102::aid-chem102>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quenching of the 3MLCT excited state of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=bipyridine) by the reduction products (MV*+ and MV0) of methyl viologen (MV2+) was studied by a combination of electrochemistry with laser flash photolysis or femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. Both for the bimolecular reactions and for the reactions in an Ru(bpy)3(2+)-MVn+ dyad, quenching by MV*+ and MV0 is reductive and gives the reduced ruthenium complex [Ru(bpy)3]+, in contrast to the oxidative quenching by MV2+. Rate constants of quenching (kq), and thermal charge recombination (krec) and cage escape yields (phi(ce)) were determined for the bimolecular reactions, and rates of forward (kf) and backward (kb) electron transfer in the dyad were measured for quenching by MV2+, MV*+, and MV0. The reactions in the dyad are very rapid, with values up to kf = 1.3 x 10(12) s(-1) for *Ru(bpy)3(2+)-MV*+. In addition, a long-lived (tau = 15 ps) vibrationally excited state of MV*+ with a characteristically structured absorption spectrum was detected; this was generated by direct excitation of the MV*+ moiety both at 460 and 600 nm. The results show that the direction of photoinduced electron transfer in a Ru(bpy)3-MV molecule can be switched by an externally applied bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Lomoth
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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16
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Nakabayashi T, Okamoto H, Tasumi M. Vibrational Relaxation Dynamics of trans-Stilbene in the Lowest Excited Singlet State. Pump and Probe Wavelength Dependencies of the Picosecond Time-Resolved Anti-Stokes Raman Spectrum. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Nakabayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Spectrochemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Urawa, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hiromi Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Spectrochemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Urawa, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Tasumi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Spectrochemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Urawa, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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17
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Nakabayashi T, Okamoto H, Tasumi M. Probe-Wavelength Dependency of Picosecond Anti-Stokes Raman Spectra of trans-Stilbene in the S1 State. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp971495q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Nakabayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Spectrochemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Urawa, Saitama 338, Japan
| | - Hiromi Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Spectrochemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Urawa, Saitama 338, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Tasumi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Spectrochemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Urawa, Saitama 338, Japan
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