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Photochemically-induced anti-syn isomerization of quinazolinone-derived Schiff's bases: EPR, NMR and DFT analysis. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Baggerman J, Jagesar DC, Vallée RAL, Hofkens J, De Schryver FC, Schelhase F, Vögtle F, Brouwer AM. Fluorescent Perylene Diimide Rotaxanes: Spectroscopic Signatures of Wheel–Chromophore Interactions. Chemistry 2007; 13:1291-9. [PMID: 17066497 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
[2]- and [3]-rotaxanes with a tetraphenoxy perylene diimide core were synthesized. Hydrogen bonding between the wheel and the imide changes the optical properties of the perylene chromophore: the absorption and fluorescence spectra are red-shifted. The decay times of the rotaxanes are shorter in comparison with that of the axle. Single molecule fluorescence measurements reveal relatively narrow distributions of emission maxima and decay times. The averages are in agreement with ensemble measurements. The observed red shifts make the perylene diimide a suitable chromophore for sensing the position of the wheel on the axle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Baggerman
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ramesdonk HJV, Bakker BH, Groeneveld MM, Verhoeven JW, Allen BD, Rostron JP, Harriman A. Ultrafast Intersystem Crossing in 9,10-Anthraquinones and Intramolecular Charge Separation in an Anthraquinone-Based Dyad. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:13145-50. [PMID: 17149827 DOI: 10.1021/jp0663098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy was employed to determine quantitatively the ultrafast S1-T1 intersystem crossing in a 2-substituted 9,10-anthraquinone derivative (3), kisc = 2.5 x 10(12) s-1. Notwithstanding this rapid process, photoexcitation of dyad 1 is followed by competition between intersystem crossing and intramolecular charge separation, the latter leading to a short-lived (2 ps) singlet charge-transfer (CT) state. The local triplet state itself undergoes slower charge separation to populate a relatively long-lived (130 ns) triplet CT state. An earlier report about the formation of an extremely long-lived CT state (> 900 micros) in 1 was found to be erroneous and was related to the sacrificial photo-oxidation of the dimethylsulfoxide solvent used in that study. Finally, some important criteria have been formulated for future experimental validation of "unusually long-lived" CT states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik J van Ramesdonk
- Chemistry Department, HIMS, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nakanishi T, Ohwaki H, Tanaka H, Murakami H, Sagara T, Nakashima N. Electrochemical and Chemical Reduction of Fullerenes C60 and C70 Embedded in Cast Films of Artificial Lipids in Aqueous Media. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049364u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakanishi
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan, and Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki, 2-1303-8 Ikeda, Omura, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohwaki
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan, and Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki, 2-1303-8 Ikeda, Omura, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tanaka
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan, and Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki, 2-1303-8 Ikeda, Omura, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan
| | - Hiroto Murakami
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan, and Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki, 2-1303-8 Ikeda, Omura, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan
| | - Takamasa Sagara
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan, and Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki, 2-1303-8 Ikeda, Omura, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan, and Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki, 2-1303-8 Ikeda, Omura, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan
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5
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Yamakoshi Y, Umezawa N, Ryu A, Arakane K, Miyata N, Goda Y, Masumizu T, Nagano T. Active oxygen species generated from photoexcited fullerene (C60) as potential medicines: O2-* versus 1O2. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12803-9. [PMID: 14558828 DOI: 10.1021/ja0355574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To characterize fullerenes (C(60) and C(70)) as photosensitizers in biological systems, the generation of active oxygen species, through energy transfer (singlet oxygen (1)O(2)) and electron transfer (reduced active oxygen radicals such as superoxide anion radical O(2)(-)* and hydroxyl radical *OH), was studied by a combination of methods, including biochemical (DNA-cleavage assay in the presence of various scavengers of active oxygen species), physicochemical (EPR radical trapping and near-infrared spectrometry), and chemical methods (nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) method). Whereas (1)O(2) was generated effectively by photoexcited C(60) in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and benzonitrile, we found that O(2)(-)* and *OH were produced instead of (1)O(2) in polar solvents such as water, especially in the presence of a physiological concentration of reductants including NADH. The above results, together with those of a DNA cleavage assay in the presence of various scavengers of specific active oxygen species, indicate that the active oxygen species primarily responsible for photoinduced DNA cleavage by C(60) under physiological conditions are reduced species such as O(2)(-)* and *OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamakoshi
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Dunsch L, Rapta P, Gromov A, Staško A. In situ ESR/UV–vis–NIR spectroelectrochemistry of C60 and its dimers C120, C120O and C120OS. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(03)00185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Brezova V, Valko M, Breza M, Morris H, Telser J, Dvoranova D, Kaiserova K, Varecka L, Mazur M, Leibfritz D. Role of Radicals and Singlet Oxygen in Photoactivated DNA Cleavage by the Anticancer Drug Camptothecin: An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027743m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Brezova
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - M. Valko
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - M. Breza
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - H. Morris
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - J. Telser
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - D. Dvoranova
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - K. Kaiserova
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - L. Varecka
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - M. Mazur
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - D. Leibfritz
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia, Department of Organic Chemistry 2/NW2, Bremen University, D-283 59 Bremen, Germany, and Chemistry Program, Roosevelt University, 430 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60605
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8
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Rapta P, Bartl A, Gromov A, Stasko A, Dunsch L. In situ ESR/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemistry of [60]fullerene: the origin of ESR "spikes" and the reactivity of pristine fullerene anions. Chemphyschem 2002; 3:351-6. [PMID: 12465514 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7641(20020415)3:4<351::aid-cphc351>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rapta
- Institut für Festkörper- und Werkstofforschung Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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9
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Liu SG, Kreher D, Hudhomme P, Levillain E, Cariou M, Delaunay J, Gorgues A, Vidal-Gancedo J, Veciana J, Rovira C. The dumbbell bis Diels–Alder adduct between tetramethylidene[4H]tetrathiafulvalene and two C60. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Brezová V, Dvoranová D, Rapta P, Stasko A. Photoinduced electron transfer between C70 fullerene and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine studied by electron paramagnetic resonance. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2000; 56:2729-2739. [PMID: 11145340 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(00)00317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in situ spectroscopy was applied in the study of photoinduced electron transfer between 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and C70 in different solvent systems. The changes found in UV-vis spectra pointed at ground state charge transfer complex formation [C70-TMB] in benzonitrile. Upon selective excitation of C70 using steady-state monochromatic irradiation with a wavelength of 546 nm, two EPR singlets were observed, which were assigned to C70 mono- and di-anion. In the photochemical and cathodic in situ reductions, identical EPR spectra of anion radicals were obtained. C70 mono-anion was investigated also in frozen 1,2-dichlorobenzene solutions within the temperature range from 110 to 210 K, and at 110 K the anisotropic EPR spectrum of C70 mono-anion was simulated assuming an axially symmetric g-matrix with gparallel - gperpendicular = 0.00165.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brezová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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11
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Alkali-metal fullerides MC60 (THF)x (M=Li, Na, K): a new solution-phase method for the preparation and characterization with ESR, UV–NIR and IR spectroscopy. J Organomet Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(99)00755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403
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13
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Fedurco M, Klostermann K, Kirbach U, Scheller D, Dunsch L. Reactions of photoexcited C60 with weak organic acids. Novel method for the derivatization of fullerenes. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Rapta P, Fáber R, Dunsch L, Neudeck A, Nuyken O. In situ EPR and UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry of hole-transporting organic substrates. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2000; 56A:357-362. [PMID: 10727153 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(99)00246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed in situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)/ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroelectrochemical cell equipped with a laminated indium-tin oxide (ITO) working electrode was used in the investigation of various organic substrates which are potential hole-transporting materials. The experiment demonstrated the possibility of using such a technique for examining redox behavior of conducting polymers (polypyrrole, PPy), oligomers (thiophene dimmer and quarterthiophene) and bis-anilines (N,N,N',N'-tetraphenylbenzidine, TPB). All investigated structures formed stable paramagnetic intermediates in the first oxidation step characterised with UV-vis spectra in the region 400-600 nm. In the second oxidation step EPR-silent di-cationic structures are formed with broad vis bands in the region 600-1000 nm. The measurement of the reference UV-vis spectra direct in the EPR cavity was possible using a specially-constructed non-contacted ITO plate in the spectroelectrochemical cell in the case of polypyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rapta
- Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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15
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Wei X, Suo Z, Yin G, Xu Z. Synthesis and Characterization of Some Organic Cations Buckminsterfulleride Salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10641229909351378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Wei X, Suo Z, Yin G, Xu Z. Alkali-earth metal fullerides Ca(C60)2 and Ba(C60)2: a new solution-phase method for the preparation and characterization with ESR, UV–NIR, IR and Raman spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Fujitsuka M, Luo C, Ito O. Electron-Transfer Reactions between Fullerenes (C60 and C70) and Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene in the Ground and Excited States. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983512x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Fujitsuka
- Institute for the Chemical Reaction Science, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Chuping Luo
- Institute for the Chemical Reaction Science, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Osamu Ito
- Institute for the Chemical Reaction Science, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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Yamakoshi Y, Sueyoshi S, Fukuhara K, Miyata N, Masumizu T, Kohno M. •OH and O2•- Generation in Aqueous C60 and C70 Solutions by Photoirradiation: An EPR Study. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9823969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Photochemical reduction of water-soluble fullerene C60(C4H10N+) in titanium dioxide suspensions (EPR-study): a comparison with radiolytically-induced reduction. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(98)00320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Llacay J, Veciana J, Vidal-Gancedo J, Bourdelande JL, González-Moreno R, Rovira C. Persistent and Transient Open-Shell Species Derived from C60−TTF Cyclohexene-Fused Dyads. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo980498b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Llacay
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain, and Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Orgànica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain, and Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Orgànica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José Vidal-Gancedo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain, and Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Orgànica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José Luis Bourdelande
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain, and Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Orgànica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rafael González-Moreno
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain, and Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Orgànica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Concepció Rovira
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain, and Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Orgànica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, E-08913 Bellaterra, Spain
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Staško A, Brezová V, Biskupič S, Neudeck A, Bartl A, Dunsch L. Novel aspects in the photochemical redox reactions of C60 using triethylamine donor. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(98)00281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Hwang YL, Yang CC, Hwang KC. The Spike in the C60•- ESR Spectrum: Oxygen Effect and Negative Temperature Dependence of the C60O2•- Isomerization Rate. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9711555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lien Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30043, Republic of China
| | - Che Chau Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30043, Republic of China
| | - Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30043, Republic of China
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