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Lushchikova OV, Reichegger J, Kollotzek S, Zappa F, Mahmoodi-Darian M, Bartolomei M, Campos-Martínez J, González-Lezana T, Pirani F, Scheier P. Solvation of cationic copper clusters in molecular hydrogen. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25251-25263. [PMID: 37700714 PMCID: PMC10528801 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03452f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiply charged superfluid helium nanodroplets are utilized to facilitate the growth of cationic copper clusters (Cun+, where n = 1-8) that are subsequently solvated with up to 50 H2 molecules. Production of both pristine and protonated cationic Cu clusters are detected mass spectrometrically. A joint effort between experiment and theory allows us to understand the nature of the interactions determining the bonding between pristine and protonated Cu+ and Cu2+ cations and molecular hydrogen. The analysis reveals that in all investigated cationic clusters, the primary solvation shell predominantly exhibits a covalent bonding character, which gradually decreases in strength, while for the subsequent shells an exclusive non-covalent behaviour is found. Interestingly, the calculated evaporation energies associated with the first solvation shell markedly surpass thermal values, positioning them within the desirable range for hydrogen storage applications. This comprehensive study not only provides insights into the solvation of pristine and protonated cationic Cu clusters but also sheds light on their unique bonding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Lushchikova
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - J Reichegger
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - S Kollotzek
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - F Zappa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - M Mahmoodi-Darian
- Department of Physics, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - M Bartolomei
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, IFF-CSIC, Serrano 123, Madrid 28006, Spain.
| | - J Campos-Martínez
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, IFF-CSIC, Serrano 123, Madrid 28006, Spain.
| | - T González-Lezana
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, IFF-CSIC, Serrano 123, Madrid 28006, Spain.
| | - F Pirani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universita' di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - P Scheier
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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2
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Geng L, Yu X, Luo Z. A stable and strongly ferromagnetic Fe 17O 10- cluster with an accordion-like structure. Commun Chem 2023; 6:149. [PMID: 37443354 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated clusters are ideal systems for tailoring molecule-based magnets and investigating the evolution of magnetic order from microscopic to macroscopic regime. We have prepared pure Fen- (n = 7-31) clusters and observed their gas-collisional reactions with oxygen in a flow tube reactor. Interestingly, only the larger Fen- (n ≥ 15) clusters support the observation of O2-intake, while the smaller clusters Fen- (n = 7-14) are nearly nonreactive. What is more interesting is that Fe17O10- shows up with prominent abundance in the mass spectra indicative of its distinct inertness. In combination with DFT calculations, we unveil the stability of Fe17O10- within an interesting acordion-like structure and elucidate the spin accommodation in such a strongly ferromagnetic iron cluster oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaohu Yu
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, China.
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China.
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3
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Huang B, Wu H, Yang M, Luo Z. An integrated instrument of a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer for cluster reaction and soft-landing deposition. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113307. [PMID: 36461460 DOI: 10.1063/5.0112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an integrated instrument system of a multiple-ion laminar flow tube (MIFT) reactor combined with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer (TQMS) and soft-landing deposition (SD) apparatus. A customized water-cooling magnetron sputtering (MagS) source is designed, by which we are able to attain a highly efficient preparation of metal clusters of 1-30 atoms with tunable size distributions. Following the MagS source, a laminar flow tube reactor is designed, allowing for sufficient gas-collision reactions of the as-prepared metal clusters, which is advantageous for probing magic clusters and minimizing wall effects when probing the reaction dynamics of such clusters. The customized TQMS analyzer involves a conical octupole, two linear octupoles, a quadruple ion deflector, and a 19 mm quadruple mass analyzer, allowing to decrease the pressure stepwise (from ∼5 to ∼10-9 Torr), thus ensuring high sensitivity and high resolution of the mass spectrometry analysis. In addition, we have designed a dual SD apparatus for the mass-selected deposition of clusters and their reaction products. For the whole system, abbreviated as MagS-MIFT-TQMS-SD, we have performed a detailed ions-fly simulation and quantitatively estimated the ions transfer efficiency under vacuum conditions determined by real experiments. Taking these advantages, well-resolved Pbn +, Agn +, and Nbn + clusters have been produced, allowing for meticulous studies of cluster reactions under sufficient gas-phase collisions free of electric field trapping. Also, we have tested the efficiency of the dual SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benben Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haiming Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mengzhou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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4
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Lushchikova OV, Tahmasbi H, Reijmer S, Platte R, Meyer J, Bakker JM. IR Spectroscopic Characterization of H 2 Adsorption on Cationic Cu n+ ( n = 4-7) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2836-2848. [PMID: 33787276 PMCID: PMC8054246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
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IR spectra of cationic
copper clusters Cun+ (n = 4–7) complexed with hydrogen molecules are recorded
via IR multiple-photon
dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. To this end, the copper clusters
are generated via laser ablation and reacted with H2 and
D2 in a flow-tube-type reaction channel. The complexes
formed are irradiated using IR light provided by the free-electron
laser for intracavity experiments (FELICE). The spectra are interpreted
by making use of isotope-induced shifts of the vibrational bands and
by comparing them to density functional theory calculated spectra
for candidate structures. The structural candidates have been obtained
from global sampling with the minima hopping method, and spectra are
calculated at the semilocal (PBE) and hybrid (PBE0) functional level.
The highest-quality spectra have been recorded for [5Cu, 2H/2D]+, and we find that the semilocal functional provides better
agreement for the lowest-energy isomers. The interaction of hydrogen
with the copper clusters strongly depends on their size. Binding energies
are largest for Cu5+, which goes hand in hand
with the observed predominantly dissociative adsorption. Due to smaller
binding energies for dissociated H2 and D2 for
Cu4+, also a significant amount of molecular
adsorption is observed as to be expected according to the Evans–Polanyi
principle. This is confirmed by transition-state calculations for
Cu4+ and Cu5+, which show
that hydrogen dissociation is not hindered by an endothermic reaction
barrier for Cu5+ and by a slightly endothermic
barrier for Cu4+. For Cu6+ and Cu7+, it was difficult to draw clear conclusions
because the IR spectra could not be unambiguously assigned to structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hossein Tahmasbi
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Reijmer
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Platte
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Meyer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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5
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Sweeny BC, McDonald DC, Shuman NS, Viggiano AA, Troe J, Ard SG. Gas-Phase Anionic Metal Clusters are Model Systems for Surface Oxidation: Kinetics of the Reactions of Mn- with O 2 (M = V, Cr, Co, Ni; n = 1-15). J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2069-2076. [PMID: 33683120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of anionic metal clusters Mn- with O2 (M = V (n = 1-15), Cr (n = 1-15), Co (n = 1-12), and Ni (n = 1-14)) are investigated from 300 to 600 K using a selected-ion flow tube. All rate constants show a positive temperature dependence, well described by an Arrhenius equation. Rate constants exceed (or are extrapolated to exceed at higher temperatures) the Langevin-Gioumousis-Stevenson capture rate constant. Application of a capture model accounting for the finite size of the clusters reproduces the size-dependent trends in reactivity. The assumption that reactivity is further controlled by an energetic barrier early in the reaction coordinate is consistent with the experimental observations. An observed correlation of the derived barrier heights on the electron binding energy of Mn- suggests the barrier may be formed at an avoided crossing between electronic states correlating to Mn- + O2 and Mn + O2- reactants, analogous to that previously proposed for Aln- + O2 systems. The mechanism is analogous to that for reactions of O2 with neutral metal surfaces, indicating that gas-phase reactions of anionic metal clusters can be an appropriate model systems for surface oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan C Sweeny
- Institute for Scientific Research, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - David C McDonald
- NRC postdoc at Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Nicholas S Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Albert A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Juergen Troe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
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6
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Geng L, Weng M, Xu CQ, Zhang H, Cui C, Wu H, Chen X, Hu M, Lin H, Sun ZD, Wang X, Hu HS, Li J, Zheng J, Luo Z, Pan F, Yao J. Co13O8—metalloxocubes: a new class of perovskite-like neutral clusters with cubic aromaticity. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa201. [PMID: 34691557 PMCID: PMC8528261 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring stable clusters to understand structural evolution from atoms to macroscopic matter and to construct new materials is interesting yet challenging in chemistry. Utilizing our newly developed deep-ultraviolet laser ionization mass spectrometry technique, here we observe the reactions of neutral cobalt clusters with oxygen and find a very stable cluster species of Co13O8 that dominates the mass distribution in the presence of a large flow rate of oxygen gas. The results of global-minimum structural search reveal a unique cubic structure and distinctive stability of the neutral Co13O8 cluster that forms a new class of metal oxides that we named as ‘metalloxocubes’. Thermodynamics and kinetics calculations illustrate the structural evolution from icosahedral Co13 to the metalloxocube Co13O8 with decreased energy, enhanced stability and aromaticity. This class of neutral oxygen-passivated metal clusters may be an ideal candidate for genetic materials because of the cubic nature of the building blocks and the stability due to cubic aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mouyi Weng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haiming Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hai Lin
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Sun
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- School of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Kashi University, Kashgar 844006, China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Barton JL, Wixtrom AI, Kowalski JA, Qian EA, Jung D, Brushett FR, Spokoyny AM. Perfunctionalized Dodecaborate Clusters as Stable Metal-Free Active Materials for Charge Storage. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2019; 2:4907-4913. [PMID: 33778417 PMCID: PMC7996373 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.9b00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a class of perfunctionalized dodecaborate clusters that exhibit high stability towards high concentration electrochemical cycling. These boron clusters afford several degrees of freedom in material design to tailor properties including solubility and redox potential. The exceptional stability of these clusters was demonstrated using a symmetric flow cell setup for electrochemical cycling between two oxidation states for 45 days, with post-run analysis showing negligible decomposition of the active species (<0.1%). To further probe the limits of this system, a prototype redox flow battery with two different cluster materials was used to determine mutual compatibility. This work effectively illustrates the potential of bespoke boron clusters as robust material platform for electrochemical energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Barton
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Class Ave, Bldg. 200, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Alex I. Wixtrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Kowalski
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Class Ave, Bldg. 200, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Elaine A. Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Dahee Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Fikile R. Brushett
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Class Ave, Bldg. 200, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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8
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Ferrari P, Vanbuel J, Janssens E, Lievens P. Tuning the Reactivity of Small Metal Clusters by Heteroatom Doping. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:3174-3182. [PMID: 30475581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of small metallic clusters, nanoparticles composed of a countable number of atoms (typically up to ∼100 atoms), has attracted much attention due to the fascinating properties these objects possess toward a variety of molecules. Cluster reactivity often is significantly different from the homologous bulk, with gold as prototypical example. Bulk gold is the noblest of all metals, whereas small gold clusters react with carbon monoxide, molecular oxygen, and hydrocarbons, among others. Furthermore, cluster reactivity is strongly size and composition dependent, allowing a wide range of tuning possibilities. The study of cluster reactivity usually follows two routes of investigation. In the first, research aims for fundamental understanding of mechanisms, mainly driven by curiosity. One consequence of the inherent small size of a cluster is that atoms can arrange themselves very differently from the crystallographic structure of the homologous bulk. In addition, quantum confinement effects dominate the electronic structure of a cluster with atom-like electronic shells instead of the electronic bands in bulk. These features result in a very rich and size-dependent interaction of a cluster with small molecules, governed by a fine interplay between the geometry and the electronic structure of the system. An alternative research approach uses the investigation of chemical reactions of isolated small clusters in the gas phase as model systems for the reactions taking place in more complex systems. This offers several advantages compared to more conventional methods and techniques used to study such complex systems. First, clusters can be produced under well-defined conditions, with control over size, composition, and charge state. Second, clusters in the gas phase solely interact with the molecule(s) chosen by the researcher, since contaminations are limited by the high vacuum conditions of the experiments. Third, due to the small number of atoms involved, detailed quantum chemical calculations can be performed on the systems under investigation. Thus, even though gas phase clusters differ significantly in size and in environmental conditions from those encountered, for example, in industrial catalysis, they can be used to unravel the complicated nature of a metal-molecule chemical bonding process. In this Account, both routes of investigation are discussed. The nature of the interaction between small gas phase clusters with diverse molecules is described, stressing the broader relevance of these studies. Particular emphasis is given to the effect of heteroatom doping. By adding a different element to a cluster, its geometric and electronic structure is modified, thereby altering its reactivity. Specifically, the effect of varying size and composition of doped gold, platinum, and aluminum clusters on their reactivity toward diverse molecules, relevant for catalytic applications, is discussed. Most studies presented here combine experiments based on mass spectrometric techniques with density functional theory calculations, allowing a deep understanding of the reaction mechanisms at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Ferrari
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Vanbuel
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Lievens
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Hoyt RA, Montemore MM, Kaxiras E. Nonadiabatic Hydrogen Dissociation on Copper Nanoclusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5339-5343. [PMID: 30145896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Copper surfaces exhibit high catalytic selectivity but have poor hydrogen dissociation kinetics; therefore, we consider icosahedral Cu13 nanoclusters to understand how nanoscale structure might improve catalytic prospects. We find that the spin state is a surprisingly important design consideration. Cu13 clusters have large magnetic moments due to finite size and symmetry effects and exhibit magnetization-dependent catalytic behavior. The most favorable transition state for hydrogen dissociation has a lower activation energy than that on single-crystal copper surfaces but requires a magnetization switch from 5 to 3 μB. Without this switch, the activation energy is higher than that on single-crystal surfaces. Weak spin-orbit coupling hinders this switch, decreasing the kinetic rate of hydrogen dissociation by a factor of 16. We consider strategies to facilitate magnetization switches through optical excitations, substitution, charge states, and co-catalysts; these considerations demonstrate how control of magnetic properties could improve catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hoyt
- Department of Physics , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Matthew M Montemore
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Efthimios Kaxiras
- Department of Physics , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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10
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Hübner O, Himmel HJ. Metal Cluster Models for Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Matrix-Isolation Perspective. Chemistry 2018; 24:8941-8961. [PMID: 29457854 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal cluster models are of high relevance for establishing new mechanistic concepts for heterogeneous catalysis. The high reactivity and particular selectivity of metal clusters is caused by the wealth of low-lying electronically excited states that are often thermally populated. Thereby the metal clusters are flexible with regard to their electronic structure and can adjust their states to be appropriate for the reaction with a particular substrate. The matrix isolation technique is ideally suited for studying excited state reactivity. The low matrix temperatures (generally 4-40 K) of the noble gas matrix host guarantee that all clusters are in their electronic ground-state (with only a very few exceptions). Electronically excited states can then be selectively populated and their reactivity probed. Unfortunately, a systematic research in this direction has not been made up to date. The purpose of this review is to provide the grounds for a directed approach to understand cluster reactivity through matrix-isolation studies combined with quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hübner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Ohshimo K, Akimoto K, Ogawa M, Iwasaki W, Yamamoto H, Tona M, Tsukamoto K, Nakano M, Misaizu F. Correlation between Electronic Shell Structure and Inertness of Cun+ toward O2 Adsorption at n = 15, 21, 41, and 49. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2927-2932. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keijiro Ohshimo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kengo Akimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masato Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | | | - Masahide Tona
- Ayabo Corporation, 1 Hosogute, Fukamacho, Anjo 446-0052, Japan
| | - Keizo Tsukamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Ayabo Corporation, 1 Hosogute, Fukamacho, Anjo 446-0052, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Nakano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Institute for Excellence in Higher Education, Tohoku University, 41 Kawauchi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Fuminori Misaizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixun Luo
- State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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13
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Hirabayashi S, Ichihashi M. Stability of Aluminum-Doped Copper Cluster Cations and Their Reactivity toward NO and O2. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:8557-64. [PMID: 26234301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum-doped copper cluster cations, CunAl(+), were produced via an ion sputtering method and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The measured size distributions show that Cu6Al(+) and Cu18Al(+) are highly stable species, which can be understood in terms of the electronic subshell 1P and 2S closings, respectively. Furthermore, the reactions of size-selected CunAl(+) (n = 4-6 and 8-16) with NO and O2 were studied at near thermal energies by using a tandem-type mass spectrometer. The doping of an Al atom improves the reactivity of the clusters toward NO in particular for n = 9, 11, 13, and 15, whereas it does not change the reactivity toward O2 significantly. Consequently, it was found that CunAl(+) (n = 9, 11, 13 and 15) are more reactive toward NO than toward O2. The high reactivity of Cu9Al(+) toward NO compared to that of Cu10(+) is explained in terms of the increase of the adsorption energy and the lowering of the barrier to dissociative adsorption, with the aid of calculations based on density functional theory. Moreover, the multiple-collision reactions of CunAl(+) (n = 9, 11, and 13) with NO result in the production of cluster dioxides, Cun-3AlO2(+), (i.e., release of N2), which clearly indicates that NO decomposition proceeds on these clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hirabayashi
- †East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ichihashi
- ‡Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute: in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
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14
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Ma L, Melander M, Laasonen K, Akola J. CO oxidation catalyzed by neutral and anionic Cu20 clusters: relationship between charge and activity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:7067-76. [PMID: 25687378 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00365b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of CO and O2 on neutral and anionic Cu20 clusters have been investigated by spin-polarized density functional theory. Three reaction mechanisms of CO oxidation are explored: reactions with atomic oxygen (dissociated O2) as well as reactions with molecular oxygen, including Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) and Eley-Rideal (ER) mechanisms. The adsorption energies, reaction pathways, and reaction barriers for CO oxidation are calculated systematically. The anionic Cu20(-) cluster can adsorb CO and O2 more strongly than the neutral counterpart due to the superatomic shell closing of 20 valence electrons which leaves one electron above the band gap. The activation of O2 molecule upon adsorption is crucial to determine the rate of CO oxidation. The CO oxidation proceeds efficiently on both Cu20 and Cu20(-) clusters, when O2 is pre-adsorbed dissociatively. The ER mechanism has a lower reaction barrier than the LH mechanism on the neutral Cu20. In general, CO oxidation occurs more readily on the anionic Cu20(-) (effective reaction barriers 0.1-0.3 eV) than on the neutral Cu20 cluster (0.3-0.5 eV). Moreover, Cu20(-) exhibits enhanced binding for CO2. From the analysis of the reverse direction of CO oxidation, it is observed that the transition of CO2 to CO + O can occur on the Cu20(-) cluster, which demonstrates that Cu clusters may serve as good catalyst for CO2 chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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15
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Guo W, Lian X, Xiao P, Liu F, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X. DFT studies on the interaction of PtxRuyMz(M = Fe, Ni, Cu, Mo, Sn,x+y+z= 4,x≥ 1,y≥ 1) alloy clusters with O2. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.983573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Kim JB, Weichman ML, Neumark DM. Slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy of the Fe3O– and Co3O– anions. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:174307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4900646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jongjin B. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marissa L. Weichman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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17
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18
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Yin S, Xie Y, Bernstein ER. Experimental and theoretical studies of ammonia generation: Reactions of H2 with neutral cobalt nitride clusters. J Chem Phys 2013; 137:124304. [PMID: 23020328 DOI: 10.1063/1.4754158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia generation through reaction of H(2) with neutral cobalt nitride clusters in a fast flow reactor is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Single photon ionization at 193 nm is used to detect neutral cluster distributions through time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Co(m)N(n) clusters are generated through laser ablation of Co foil into N(2)/He expansion gas. Mass peaks Co(m)NH(2) (m = 6, 10) and Co(m)NH(3) (m = 7, 8, 9) are observed for reactions of H(2) with the Co(m)N(n) clusters. Observation of these products indicates that clusters Co(m)N (m = 7, 8, 9) have high reactivity with H(2) for ammonia generation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to explore the potential energy surface for the reaction Co(7)N + 3∕2H(2) → Co(7)NH(3), and a barrierless, thermodynamically favorable pathway is obtained. An odd number of hydrogen atoms in Co(m)NH(3) (m = 7, 8, 9) probably come from the hydrogen molecule dissociation on two active cobalt nitride clusters based on the DFT calculations. Both experimental observations and theoretical calculations suggest that hydrogen dissociation on two active cobalt nitride clusters is the key step to form NH(3) in a gas phase reaction. A catalytic cycle for ammonia generation from N(2) and H(2) on a cobalt metal catalyst surface is proposed based on our experimental and theoretical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA
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19
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Maity P, Yamazoe S, Tsukuda T. Dendrimer-Encapsulated Copper Cluster as a Chemoselective and Regenerable Hydrogenation Catalyst. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs3007318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Maity
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School
of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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20
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Takahashi K, Isobe S, Ohnuki S. The structural and electronic properties of small osmium clusters (2–14): A density functional theory study. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Hirabayashi S, Ichihashi M, Kawazoe Y, Kondow T. Comparison of Adsorption Probabilities of O2 and CO on Copper Cluster Cations and Anions. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:8799-806. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304214m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hirabayashi
- East
Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001,
Japan
| | - Masahiko Ichihashi
- Cluster Research
Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute:
in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kawazoe
- Institute
for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577,
Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kondow
- Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute:
in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
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22
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Le HT, Lang SM, Haeck JD, Lievens P, Janssens E. Carbon monoxide adsorption on neutral and cationic vanadium doped gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9350-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23427k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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De Haeck J, Veldeman N, Claes P, Janssens E, Andersson M, Lievens P. Carbon Monoxide Adsorption on Silver Doped Gold Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:2103-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111257s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorg De Haeck
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics and Magnetism & INPAC-Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Veldeman
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics and Magnetism & INPAC-Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Environmental Modeling, VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Pieterjan Claes
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics and Magnetism & INPAC-Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics and Magnetism & INPAC-Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mats Andersson
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Lievens
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics and Magnetism & INPAC-Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Andersson M, Rosén A. Adsorption and reactions of O2 and D2 on small free palladium clusters in a cluster-molecule scattering experiment. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:334223. [PMID: 21386513 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/33/334223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of oxygen and hydrogen (deuterium) on small neutral palladium clusters was investigated in a cluster beam experiment. The beam passes through two low-pressure reaction cells, and the clusters, with and without adsorbed molecules, are detected using laser ionization and mass spectrometry. Both H(2) and O(2) adsorb efficiently on the palladium clusters with only moderate variations with cluster size in the investigated range, i.e. between 8 and 28 atoms. The co-adsorption of H(2) and O(2) results in the formation of H(2)O, detected as a decrease in the number of adsorbed oxygen atoms with an increasing number of collisions with H(2) molecules. A comparison is done with an earlier similar study of clusters of Pt. Furthermore a comparison is done with what is known for sticking and reactivity of surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Andersson
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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25
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Xie Y, Dong F, Heinbuch S, Rocca JJ, Bernstein ER. Oxidation reactions on neutral cobalt oxide clusters: experimental and theoretical studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 12:947-59. [PMID: 20066380 DOI: 10.1039/b915590b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of neutral cobalt oxide clusters (Co(m)O(n), m = 3-9, n = 3-13) with CO, NO, C(2)H(2), and C(2)H(4) in a fast flow reactor are investigated by time of flight mass spectrometry employing 118 nm (10.5 eV) single photon ionization. Strong cluster size dependent behavior is observed for all the oxidation reactions; the Co(3)O(4) cluster has the highest reactivity for reactions with CO and NO. Cluster reactivity is also highly correlated with either one or more following factors: cluster size, Co(iii) concentration, the number of the cobalt atoms with high oxidation states, and the presence of an oxygen molecular moiety (an O-O bond) in the Co(m)O(n) clusters. The experimental cluster observations are in good agreement with condensed phase Co(3)O(4) behavior. Density functional theory calculations at the BPW91/TZVP level are carried out to explore the geometric and electronic structures of the Co(3)O(4) cluster, reaction intermediates, transition states, as well as reaction mechanisms. CO, NO, C(2)H(2), and C(2)H(4) are predicted to be adsorbed on the Co(ii) site, and react with one of the parallel bridge oxygen atoms between two Co(iii) atoms in the Co(3)O(4) cluster. Oxidation reactions with CO, NO, and C(2)H(2) on the Co(3)O(4) cluster are estimated as thermodynamically favorable and overall barrierless processes at room temperature. The oxidation reaction with C(2)H(4) is predicted to have a very small overall barrier (<0.23 eV). The oxygen bridge between two Co(iii) sites in the Co(3)O(4) cluster is responsible for the oxidation reactions with CO, NO, C(2)H(2), and C(2)H(4). Based on the gas phase experimental and theoretical cluster studies, a catalytic cycle for these oxidation reactions on a condensed phase cobalt oxide catalyst is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Department of Chemistry, NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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26
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Anderson ML, Lacz A, Drewello T, Derrick PJ, Woodruff DP, Mackenzie SR. The chemistry of nitrogen oxides on small size-selected cobalt clusters, Con+. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:064305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3075583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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27
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Liu L, Zhao RN, Han JG, Liu FY, Pan GQ, Sheng LS. Does the Incoming Oxygen Atom Influence the Geometries and the Electronic and Magnetic Structures of Con Clusters? J Phys Chem A 2008; 113:360-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8080244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Run-Ning Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ju-Guang Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Yi Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qiang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu-Si Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Johnson GE, Reveles JU, Reilly NM, Tyo EC, Khanna SN, Castleman AW. Influence of Stoichiometry and Charge State on the Structure and Reactivity of Cobalt Oxide Clusters with CO. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:11330-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805186r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant E. Johnson
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
| | - J. Ulises Reveles
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
| | - Nelly M. Reilly
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
| | - Eric C. Tyo
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000
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29
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He SG, Xie Y, Dong F, Heinbuch S, Jakubikova E, Rocca JJ, Bernstein ER. Reactions of Sulfur Dioxide with Neutral Vanadium Oxide Clusters in the Gas Phase. II. Experimental Study Employing Single-Photon Ionization. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:11067-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805744g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Gui He
- Departments of Chemistry and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, and NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1320
| | - Yan Xie
- Departments of Chemistry and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, and NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1320
| | - Feng Dong
- Departments of Chemistry and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, and NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1320
| | - Scott Heinbuch
- Departments of Chemistry and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, and NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1320
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Departments of Chemistry and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, and NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1320
| | - J. J. Rocca
- Departments of Chemistry and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, and NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1320
| | - Elliot R. Bernstein
- Departments of Chemistry and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, and NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1320
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30
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Xie Y, He SG, Dong F, Bernstein ER. Reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen on neutral Nb8 clusters in the gas phase. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:044306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2813348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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31
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Wang WG, Wang ZC, Yin S, He SG, Ge MF. Reaction of Cationic Vanadium Oxide Clusters with Ethylene in a Flow Tube Reactor. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/20/04/412-418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Chapter 2 Chemical reactivity and catalytic properties of size-selected gas-phase metal clusters. ATOMIC CLUSTERS: FROM GAS PHASE TO DEPOSITED 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1571-0785(07)12002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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33
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He SG, Xie Y, Dong F, Bernstein ER. Reaction of niobium and tantalum neutral clusters with low pressure, unsaturated hydrocarbons in a pickup cell: From dehydrogenation to Met-Car formation. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:164306. [PMID: 17092072 DOI: 10.1063/1.2360278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral niobium and tantalum clusters (Nbn and Tan) are generated by laser ablation and supersonic expansion into a vacuum and are reacted in a pickup cell with various low pressure (approximately 1 mTorr) unsaturated hydrocarbons (acetylene, ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and toluene) under nearly single collision conditions. The bare metal clusters and their reaction products are ionized by a 193 nm laser and detected by a time of flight mass spectrometer. Partially and fully dehydrogenated products are observed for small (n<or=m) and large (n>or=m) neutral metal clusters, respectively, with m ranging from 2 to 5 depending on the particular hydrocarbon. In addition to primary, single collision products, sequential addition products that are usually fully dehydrogenated are also observed. With toluene used as the reactant gas, carbon loss products are observed, among which Nb8C12 and Ta8C12 are particularly abundant, indicating that the Met-Car molecule M8C12 can be formed from the neutral metal cluster upon two collisions with toluene molecules. The dehydrogenation results for low pressure reactions are compared with those available from previous studies employing flow tube (high pressure) reactors. Low pressure and high pressure cluster ion reactions are also compared with the present neutral metal cluster reactions. Reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons and metal surfaces are discussed in terms of the present neutral cluster results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-G He
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA
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34
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Veldeman N, Lievens P, Andersson M. Size-Dependent Carbon Monoxide Adsorption on Neutral Gold Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:11793-801. [PMID: 16366629 DOI: 10.1021/jp0556097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on experiments probing the reactivity of neutral Au(n) clusters, n = 9-68, with carbon monoxide. The gold clusters are produced in a pulsed laser vaporization cluster source, operated at room temperature (RT) or at liquid-nitrogen temperature (LNT), pass through a low-pressure reaction cell containing CO gas, and are subsequently laser ionized. The reaction probabilities are determined by recording mass abundance spectra with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The main observations are a strong temperature dependence and a remarkable size dependence. Upon cooling of the cluster source to LNT, the reactivity increases substantially. At LNT, the reaction probabilities for Au(n) with the first CO molecule are about a factor 10 higher than at RT. Moreover, adsorption of two, three, and even four CO molecules is observed, in contrast to RT clusters which at most adsorb one CO molecule. This temperature dependence is related to the lifetime of the cluster-molecule complexes, being much longer for cold clusters. The observed striking size dependence is similar at both temperatures and is discussed in terms of the electronic structure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Veldeman
- Laboratorium voor Vaste-Stoffysica en Magnetisme, K.U.Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Ichihashi M, Corbett CA, Hanmura T, Lisy JM, Kondow T. Size-Specific Reactions of Copper Cluster Ions with a Methanol Molecule. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:7872-80. [PMID: 16834168 DOI: 10.1021/jp0581577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemisorption of a methanol molecule onto a size-selected copper cluster ion, Cu(n)+ (n = 2-10), and subsequent reactions were investigated in a gas-beam geometry at a collision energy less than 2 eV in an apparatus based on a tandem-type mass spectrometer. Mass spectra of the product ions show that the following two reactions occur after chemisorption: dominant formation of Cu(n-1)+(H)(OH) (H(OH) formation) in the size range of 4-5 and that of Cu(n)O+ (demethanation) in the size range of 6-8 in addition to only chemisorption in the size range larger than 9. Absolute cross sections for the chemisorption, the H(OH) formation, and the demethanation processes were measured as functions of cluster size and collision energy. Optimized structures of bare copper cluster ions, reaction intermediates, and products were calculated by use of a hybrid method (B3LYP) consisting of the molecular orbital and the density functional methods. The origin of the size-dependent reactivity was explained as the structural change of cluster, two-dimensional to three-dimensional structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Ichihashi
- Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
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Liu F, Li FX, Armentrout PB. Guided ion-beam studies of the reactions of Con+ (n=2–20) with O2: Cobalt cluster-oxide and -dioxide bond energies. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:64304. [PMID: 16122305 DOI: 10.1063/1.1998836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetic-energy dependence for the reactions of Co(n)+ (n=2-20) with O2 is measured as a function of kinetic energy over a range of 0 to 10 eV in a guided ion-beam tandem mass spectrometer. A variety of Co(m)+, Co(m)O+, and Co(m)O2+ (m < or = n) product ions is observed, with the dioxide cluster ions dominating the products for all larger clusters. Reaction efficiencies of Co(n)+ cations with O2 are near unity for all but the dimer. Bond dissociation energies for both cobalt cluster oxides and dioxides are derived from threshold analysis of the energy dependence of the endothermic reactions using several different methods. These values show little dependence on cluster size for clusters larger than three atoms. The trends in this thermochemistry and the stabilities of oxygenated cobalt clusters are discussed. The bond energies of Co(n)+-O for larger clusters are found to be very close to the value for desorption of atomic oxygen from bulk-phase cobalt. Rate constants for O2 chemisorption on the cationic clusters are compared with results from previous work on cationic, anionic, and neutral cobalt clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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37
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Selective formation of Ni13O8+ and Ni16O10+ by the reactions of nickel cluster cations with oxygen. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu F, Armentrout PB. Guided ion-beam studies of the kinetic-energy-dependent reactions of Con+(n=2–16) with D2: Cobalt cluster-deuteride bond energies. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:194320. [PMID: 16161586 DOI: 10.1063/1.1899604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetic-energy-dependent cross sections for the reactions of Co(n)+ (n = 2-16) with D2 are measured as a function of kinetic energy over a range of 0-8 eV in a guided ion-beam tandem mass spectrometer. The observed products are Co(n) D+ for all clusters and Co(n)D2+ for n = 4,5,9-16. Reactions for the formation of Co(n)D+ (n = 2-16) and Co9D2+ are observed to exhibit thresholds, whereas cross sections for the formation of Co(n)D2+ (n = 4,5,10-16) exhibit exothermic reaction behavior. The Co(n)+-D bond energies as a function of cluster size are derived from the threshold analysis of the kinetic-energy dependence of the endothermic reactions and are compared to previously determined metal-metal bond energies, D0(Co(n)+-Co). The bond energies of Co(n)+-D generally increase as the cluster size increases, and roughly parallel those for Co(n)+-Co for clusters n > or = 4. These trends are explained in terms of electronic and geometric structures for the Co(n)+ clusters. The bond energies of Co(n)+-D for larger clusters (n > or = 10) are found to be very close to the value for chemisorption of atomic hydrogen on bulk-phase cobalt. The rate constants for D2 chemisorption on the cationic clusters are compared with the results from previous work on cationic and neutral cobalt clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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39
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Fossan KO, Uggerud E. Reactions of cationic iron clusters with ammonia, models of nitrogen hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. Dalton Trans 2004:892-7. [PMID: 15252474 DOI: 10.1039/b316600g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The gas phase reactivities of small cationic iron clusters, Fen+ (n = 1-20), towards ammonia were investigated using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. Sequential addition of ammonia molecules to the clusters was observed to be the dominating process for n > 4. In the case of n = 4 we observed addition of ammonia accompanied by dehydrogenation. This reaction was modelled using hybrid density functional theory. Clusters with n < 4 do not react with ammonia. Clusters Fen+ (n = 1-20) react with neither N2 nor H2 at around 10(-8) mbar. When dinitrogen was seeded into the expanding helium, mixed clusters of the type FenNm+ were observed. These ions react with H2, either by addition, or by substitution of N2. The clusters with m = 1 were isolated in separate experiments and reacted with H2, which showed that mixed clusters with n = 5-13 add up to 5 molecules of dihydrogen in successive slow reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell O Fossan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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40
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Chrétien S, Salahub DR. Kohn–Sham density-functional study of the adsorption of acetylene and vinylidene on iron clusters, Fen/Fen+ (n=1–4). J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1626625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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41
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Westergren J, Nordholm S, Rosén A. Melting of palladium clusters—Canonical and microcanonical Monte Carlo simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b208653k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Andersson M, Rosén A. Catalytic oxidation of hydrogen on free platinum clusters. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1507585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pramann A, Koyasu K, Nakajima A, Kaya K. Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cobalt Oxide Cluster Anions. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020247d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Pramann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Koji Kaya
- Institute of Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Koretsky GM, Knickelbein MB, Rousseau R, Marx D. A Combined Infrared Photodissociation and Theoretical Study of the Interaction of Ethanol with Small Gold Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0129636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Krückeberg S, Schweikhard L, Ziegler J, Dietrich G, Lützenkirchen K, Walther C. Decay pathways and dissociation energies of copper clusters, Cun+ (2⩽n⩽25), Cun2+ (15⩽n⩽25). J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1340577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Atoms and small molecules react with transition metal clusters in ways that are analogous to the physisorption and chemisorption reactions observed on the corresponding extended metal surface. However, often underlying these similarities are size-dependent variations in the reaction mechanisms and rates, the interpretation of which requires a detailed understanding of the structures of both the bare metal cluster substrates and the cluster-molecule complexes. Although polyatomic transition metal clusters cannot be characterized by the traditional methods of molecular spectroscopy, the combination of other physical and chemical probes can provide qualitative and semiquantitative structural information. These techniques, when combined with equilibrium geometries calculated using ab initio or semiempirical methods, provide a detailed picture of the structural origin of metal cluster reactivity and its variation with size.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Knickelbein
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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48
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Holmgren L, Rosén A. Vanadium clusters: Reactivity with CO, NO, O2, D2, and N2. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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49
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Jellinek J, Krissinel EB. Alloy Clusters: Structural Classes, Mixing, and Phase Changes. THEORY OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR CLUSTERS 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-58389-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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