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Gadige P, Bandyopadhyay R. Electric field induced gelation in aqueous nanoclay suspensions. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6974-6982. [PMID: 30043802 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00533h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous colloidal LAPONITE® clay suspensions transform spontaneously to a soft solid-like arrested state as its aging or waiting time increases. This article reports the rapid transformation of aqueous LAPONITE® suspensions into soft solids due to the application of a DC electric field. A substantial increase in the speed of solidification at higher electric field strengths is also observed. The electric field is applied across two parallel brass plates immersed in the LAPONITE® suspension. The subsequent solidification that takes place on the surface of the positive electrode is attributed to the dominant negative surface charges on the LAPONITE® particles and the associated electrokinetic phenomena. With increasing electric field strength, a dramatic increase is recorded in the elastic moduli of the samples. These electric field induced LAPONITE® soft solids demonstrate all the typical rheological characteristics of soft glassy materials. They also exhibit a two-step shear melting process similar to that observed in attractive soft glasses. The microstructures of the samples, studied using cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are seen to consist of percolated network gel-like structures, with the connectivity of the gel network increasing with increasing electric field strengths. In comparison with salt induced gels, the electric field induced gels studied here are mechanically stronger and more stable over longer periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramesh Gadige
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560 080, India.
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2
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Stejskal J, Bober P, Trchová M, Horský J, Walterová Z, Filippov SK, Plachý T, Mrlík M. Oxidation of pyrrole with p-benzoquinone to semiconducting products and their application in electrorheology. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01283k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A low-molecular-weight organic semiconducting material was prepared by the redox interaction between pyrrole and p-benzoquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Stejskal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Patrycja Bober
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Trchová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horský
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Walterová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Sergey K. Filippov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Plachý
- Centre of Polymer Systems
- Tomas Bata University in Zlin
- 760 01 Zlin
- Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Mrlík
- Centre of Polymer Systems
- Tomas Bata University in Zlin
- 760 01 Zlin
- Czech Republic
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3
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Hassanein A, Salahuddin N, Matsuda A, Kawamura G, Elfiky M. Fabrication of biosensor based on Chitosan-ZnO/Polypyrrole nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode for electroanalytical application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 80:494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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4
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Influence of amine- and sulfonate-functional groups on electrorheological behavior of polyacrylonitrile dispersed suspension. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Electrochemical behavior of polypyrrole-coated AZ31 alloy modified by fluoride anions. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Self-assembly preparation of SiO2@Ni-Al layered double hydroxide composites and their enhanced electrorheological characteristics. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18367. [PMID: 26670467 PMCID: PMC4680938 DOI: 10.1038/srep18367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The core-shell structured SiO2@Ni-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites were prepared via self-assembly of Ni-Al LDH on the surface of SiO2 spheres. Only coating a layer of ultrathin Ni-Al LDH sheet, the resulting SiO2@Ni-Al LDH composites exhibit significantly enhanced electrorheological (ER) characteristics compared to conventional bare SiO2 spheres. The monodispersed SiO2 spheres with average diameters of 260 nm were synthesized by the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), while the shell part, Ni-Al LDH sheet was prepared by the hydrothermal procedure. The morphology of the samples was investigated via scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The structure of the samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The species and distribution of elements in samples were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDX) and elemental mapping in STEM. Subsequently, the ER characteristics of the composites dispersed in insulating oil were characterized by a rotational rheometer. The electric field-stimulated rheological performances (yield stress, viscosity, modulus, etc.) were observed under an external electric field, which is different from the Newtonian state in the free electric field.
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7
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Electrorheological performances of poly(o-toluidine) and p-toluenesulfonic acid doped poly(o-toluidine) suspensions. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Ayad M, Salahuddin N, Fayed A, Bastakoti BP, Suzuki N, Yamauchi Y. Chemical design of a smart chitosan–polypyrrole–magnetite nanocomposite toward efficient water treatment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21812-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chitosan–polypyrrole–magnetite nanocomposite is prepared via in situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole using anhydrous FeCl3 in the presence of chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ayad
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Tanta
- Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Nehal Salahuddin
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Tanta
- Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Aya Fayed
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Tanta
- Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Bishnu Prasad Bastakoti
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
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9
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Hirose Y, Otsubo Y. Electrorheology of suspensions of poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(vinyl acetate) blend particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Kim YD, Hong GG. Electrorheological properties of polypyrrole-silica nanocomposite suspensions. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-011-0270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Hu H, Hui K, Hui K, Lee S, Zhou W. Facile and green method for polystyrene grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes and their electroresponse. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Kim YD, Jung JC. Effect of aliphatic spacer length on the electrorheological properties of side-chain liquid crystalline polymer-silica composite suspensions. Macromol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-010-1207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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14
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15
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Ko YG, Choi US, Chun YJ. Influence of particle size on shear behavior of amine-group-immobilized polyacrylonitrile dispersed suspension under electric field. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 335:183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Tan P, Tian WJ, Wu XF, Huang JY, Zhou LW, Huang JP. Saturated Orientational Polarization of Polar Molecules in Giant Electrorheological Fluids. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:9092-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8115116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Tan
- Department of Physics and Surface Physics Laboratory (National Key Laboratory), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - W. J. Tian
- Department of Physics and Surface Physics Laboratory (National Key Laboratory), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - X. F. Wu
- Department of Physics and Surface Physics Laboratory (National Key Laboratory), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - J. Y. Huang
- Department of Physics and Surface Physics Laboratory (National Key Laboratory), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - L. W. Zhou
- Department of Physics and Surface Physics Laboratory (National Key Laboratory), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - J. P. Huang
- Department of Physics and Surface Physics Laboratory (National Key Laboratory), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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17
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Yang KH, Liu YC, Yu CC. Temperature effect of electrochemically roughened gold substrates on polymerization electrocatalysis of polypyrrole. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 631:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Kwon SM, Kim HS, Kim DY, Yun YS, Jin HJ. Polystyrene composites containing crosslinked polystyrene-multiwalled carbon nanotube balls. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Ko YG, Choi US, Chun YJ. Trembling Shear Behavior of a Modified-Chitosan Dispersed Suspension under an Electric Field and its Model Study. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Puvanatvattana T, Chotpattananont D, Hiamtup P, Niamlang S, Kunanuruksapong R, Sirivat A, Jamieson AM. Electric field induced stress moduli of polythiophene/polyisoprene suspensions: Effects of particle conductivity and concentration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Liu YC, Yang KH, Lin LH, Tsai JF. Studies of thermal decay of electropolymerized polypyrrole using in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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22
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Kim YD, Kim JH. Synthesis of polypyrrole–polycaprolactone composites by emulsion polymerization and the electrorheological behavior of their suspensions. Colloid Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-007-1802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Kim ST, Lim JY, Park BJ, Choi HJ. Dispersion-Polymerized Carbon Nanotube/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Composite Particles and their Electrorheological Characteristics. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Kwon SM, Kim HS, Myung SJ, Jin HJ. Poly(methyl methacrylate)/multiwalled carbon nanotube microspheres fabricated via in-situ dispersion polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Sasidharan M, Mal NK, Bhaumik A. In-situ polymerization of grafted aniline in the channels of mesoporous silica SBA-15. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b610392h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Yoon DJ, Kim YD. Synthesis and electrorheological behavior of sterically stabilized polypyrrole–silica–methylcellulose nanocomposite suspension. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 303:573-8. [PMID: 16919288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Various polypyrrole (PPy)-silica-methylcellulose nanocomposite particles were synthesized by suspension polymerization in the presence of silica nanoparticles controlling the ratio of pyrrole, silica, and methylcellulose during the polymerization. The electrorheological (ER) and dielectric properties of the sterically stabilized PPy-silica-methylcellulose nanocomposite suspensions were investigated. The ER response increases with the increase in the silica/pyrrole ratio. The ER behavior also depends on the methylcellulose amount during the polymerization. The yield stress initially increases with the methylcellulose amount, passes through a maximum, and then decreases with the methylcellulose amount. The dielectric constants and dc conductivities of the PPy-silica-methylcellulose nanocomposite particles and the dielectric properties of their suspensions indicate that the increased ER response arises from the enhanced interfacial and particle polarization which depends on the silica/pyrrole ratio and the methylcellulose amount during the polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Jeon Yoon
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Kwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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27
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Liu YC, Yang KH. Catalytic electroxidation pathway for electropolymerization of polypyrrole in solutions containing gold nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Cao JG, Huang JP, Zhou LW. Structure of Electrorheological Fluids under an Electric Field and a Shear Flow: Experiment and Computer Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:11635-9. [PMID: 16800457 DOI: 10.1021/jp0611774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is known that macroscopic properties of colloidal suspensions are often determined by the microstructure of the particles in the suspensions, depending on the interparticle, Brownian, and hydrodynamic (if any) forces. We take electrorheological (ER) fluids as an example. By using a computer simulation and an experimental approach, we investigate the structure of ER fluids subjected to both an electric field and a shear flow. The microstructure evolution from random structure, to chains, and then to stable lamellar patterns, observed in the experiments, agrees very well with that obtained in the simulations. It is shown that the formation of such lamellar patterns originates from the difference between the dipole moment induced in the particles suspended in the ER fluids without shear and the one with shear. The results on the relaxation process of structural formation and the internal structure of layers are also presented. Thus, it seems possible to achieve various structures and hence desired macroscopic properties of colloidal suspensions by adjusting external fields and, simultaneously, a shear flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Cao
- Surface Physics Laboratory (National Key Laboratory) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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30
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Liu YC, Lee HT, Yang SJ. Strategy for the syntheses of isolated fine silver nanoparticles and polypyrrole/silver nanocomposites on gold substrates. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Lee HT, Liu YC, Lin LH. Characteristics of polypyrrole electrodeposited onto roughened substrates composed of gold–silver bimetallic nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Catalytic electroxidation pathway for the polymerization of polypyrrole in the presence of ultrafine silver nanoparticles. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Cho M, Choi H, Jhon M. Shear stress analysis of a semiconducting polymer based electrorheological fluid system. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Liu YC, Yu CC. New pathway for the controllable synthesis of gold nanoparticles on platinum substrates and their derivatives of polypyrrole/gold nanocomposites. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Espin MJ, Delgado AV, Płocharski J. Quasi-static electrorheological properties of hematite/silicone oil suspensions under DC electric fields. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:4896-903. [PMID: 15896029 DOI: 10.1021/la0501583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a modified rheometer has been used to gain information on the "start-up" of the shear flow of an electrorheological (ER) fluid consisting of hematite particles dispersed in silicone oil. The results show that unelectrified suspensions behave essentially as fluids, continuously deforming upon application of shear. However, this behavior changes in the presence of an electric field. For low fields and low volume fractions of solids, a solidlike (drastic increase in shear stress after the strain is applied) behavior is observed for small deformations. If the strain is increased, the yield starts and a transition to a viscoelastic-plastic nature is observed. Finally, a plastic behavior is characteristic of the post-yield regime. If the field strength and solids content are high, a discontinuous flow profile develops. These results, together with direct structural observations, suggest that the observed behavior is compatible with the formation of layers of particles electrophoretically deposited on the electrodes; the layers turn into rings when the shear field is applied. It is the slip of the fluid between these rings that can be considered responsible for the ER effect in these suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Espin
- Group of Physics of Interfaces and Colloidal Systems, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071-Granada, Spain
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36
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Liu YC. Characteristics of vibration modes of polypyrrole on surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Stejskal J, Sapurina I. On the origin of colloidal particles in the dispersion polymerization of aniline. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 274:489-95. [PMID: 15144821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2003] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
When aniline is oxidized in an aqueous medium in the presence of a steric stabilizer, colloidal polyaniline (PANI) dispersions are obtained. The generally accepted model of the stabilization assumes that the macromolecules of the water-soluble steric stabilizer are adsorbed at the polymer, precipitating during the dispersion polymerization, and provide steric protection against further aggregation. An alternative mechanism of conducting-polymer particle formation is proposed in the present study. We suggest that the steric stabilizer provides a site for adsorption of oligoaniline initiation centers; subsequent polymerization from anchored centers yields particle nuclei that grow to produce colloidal PANI particles. This hypothesis is based on the observation that the colloidal particles are obtained only in the case where the steric stabilizer is introduced in the early stages of polymerization when aniline oligomers are present in the reaction mixture. If the stabilizer had been added during the growth of PANI chains, colloidal dispersions would not have been produced. The process of particle growth is completely analogous to the formation of conducting PANI films on the surface of microparticles and various materials. There, the polymerization of aniline at the surfaces is preferred to the same process proceeding in the bulk of the reaction mixture. While the films grow at the interfaces with the reaction mixture, the dispersion particles similarly emanate from the stabilizer chains. The particle size, the formation of nonspherical morphologies, the importance of the chemical nature of the stabilizer chains, and the general relation between the conducting-polymer film and particle growth are discussed in the light of the proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Stejskal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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38
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A frequency-dependent surfactant bridge model for the electrorheological behaviors of surfactant-activated suspensions. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02705489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Liu YC, Huang JM, Tsai CE, Chuang TC, Wang CC. Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the electropolymerization of polypyrrole. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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LENGALOVA A. The effect of dispersed particle size and shape on the electrorheological behaviour of suspensions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(03)00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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41
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Liu YC, Liu YC, Lin YT. Strategy and Characteristics of Polypyrrole Deposited on Silver Substrates with Silver-Containing Nanocomplexes. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0340562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Van Nung Institute of Technology, 1 Van Nung Road, Shuei-Wei Li, Chung-Li City, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Chun Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Van Nung Institute of Technology, 1 Van Nung Road, Shuei-Wei Li, Chung-Li City, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Ting Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Van Nung Institute of Technology, 1 Van Nung Road, Shuei-Wei Li, Chung-Li City, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
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42
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