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Huang W, Li B, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Chen S, Fu Y, Yan T, Ma H. In Situ-Doped Superacid in the Covalent Triazine Framework Membrane for Anhydrous Proton Conduction in a Wide Temperature Range from Subzero to Elevated Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13604-13612. [PMID: 33719388 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of solid-state proton-conducting membranes with low activation energy and high proton conductivity under anhydrous conditions is a great challenge. Here, we show a simple and convenient way to prepare covalent triazine framework membranes (CTF-Mx) with acid in situ doping for anhydrous proton conduction in a wide temperature range from subzero to elevated temperature (160 °C). The low proton dissociation energy and continuous hydrogen bond network in CTF-Mx make the membrane achieve high proton conductivity from 1.21×10-3 S cm-1 (-40 °C) to 2.08×10-2 S cm-1 (160 °C) under anhydrous conditions. Molecular dynamics and proton relaxation time analyses reveal proton hopping at low activation energies with greatly enhanced mobility in the CTF membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yu Fu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tong Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Heping Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Synthesis and Physical Properties of Proton Conducting Polymer Electrolytes Comprising PAM Cross-Linked Flexible Spacers. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shmukler LE, Van Thuc N, Fadeeva YA, Safonova LP. Conductivity and intermolecular interactions in proton-conducting gel electrolytes. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila E. Shmukler
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Ivanovo 153045 Russia
| | - Nguyen Van Thuc
- Faculty of Chemistry; Vietnam National University-University of Science; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Yulia A. Fadeeva
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Ivanovo 153045 Russia
| | - Liubov P. Safonova
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Ivanovo 153045 Russia
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Deimede V, Labou D, Neophytides SG. Polymer electrolyte membranes based on blends of sulfonated polysulfone and PEO-grafted polyethersulfone for low temperature water electrolysis. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diamadoula Labou
- Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT); 26504 Patras Greece
| | - Stylianos G. Neophytides
- Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT); 26504 Patras Greece
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Hashmi SA. High rate performance of flexible pseudocapacitors fabricated using ionic-liquid-based proton conducting polymer electrolyte with poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) and its hydrous ruthenium oxide composite electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:3875-3883. [PMID: 23548059 DOI: 10.1021/am4005557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the studies on all-solid-state flexible pseudocapacitors based on poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) and PEDOT-PSS/hydrous ruthenium oxide composite electrodes separated by nonaqueous proton conducting polymer electrolyte. Structural, thermal and electrochemical properties including high ionic conductivity (6.2 × 10(-2) S cm(-1) at 20 °C) of the polymer electrolyte, comprising ionic liquid 1-ethyl 3-methyl imidazolium hydrogen sulfate (EMIHSO4) immobilized in the blend of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), demonstrate its excellent suitability in supercapacitor fabrication. A substantial improvement in the specific capacitance (hence the specific energy) has been obtained when the PEDOT-PSS electrodes in the symmetrical pseudocapacitor are replaced by the composite electrodes PEDOT-PSS/RuO2·xH2O. High rate capability of the capacitor cell (with PEDOT-PSS electrodes) has been observed, as evidenced from the high knee frequency (∼966 Hz), low response time (∼70 ms) and high pulse power (∼10.2 kW kg(-1)), observed by impedance analysis. Almost rectangular (capacitive) cyclic voltammetric patterns for high scan rates (up to 15 V s(-1)) confirm the high rate performance of the pseudocapacitor. The PEDOT-PSS/RuO2·xH2O composite electrodes show the lower rate capability (knee frequency ∼312 Hz, response time ∼1 s, pulse power ∼3.2 kW kg(-1) and capacitive CV response up to 500 mV s(-1)) because of slow exchange of charges at the interfaces via RuO2·xH2O. However, the pseudocapacitor with composite electrodes shows higher rate performance relative to many reported RuO2·xH2O systems. About 15% improvement is noticed in the capacitance value when the capacitor with composite electrodes is initially charged and discharged up to ∼200 cycles. Thereafter, the cell shows almost constant value of specific capacitance (∼70 F g(-1)) for 1000 cycles.
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Shmukler LE, Van Thuc N, Fadeeva YA, Safonova LP. Proton conducting gel electrolytes based on polymethylmethacrylate doped with sulfuric acid solutions in N,N-dimethylformamide. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-011-9770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tang Q, Qian G, Huang K. H3PO4-imbibed three-dimensional polyacrylamide/polyacrylamide hydrogel as a high-temperature proton exchange membrane with excellent acid retention. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21485g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Tang Q, Wu J, Tang Z, Li Y, Lin J. High-temperature proton exchange membranes from ionic liquid absorbed/doped superabsorbents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32637j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fedorova IV, Kiselev MG, Safonova LP. Simulating the proton transfer reaction in the phosphoric acid-N,N-dimethylformamide system by means of the AM1 semiempirical method. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024411100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abu-Saied MA, Elzatahry AA, El-Khatib KM, Hassan EA, El-Sabbah MM, Drioli E, Mohy Eldin MS. Preparation and characterization of novel grafted cellophane-phosphoric acid-doped membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel-cell applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shmukler LE, Safonova LP, Van Thuk N, Gruzdev MS. Proton-conducting gel electrolytes based on poly(methyl methacrylate) doped with phosphoric acid in N,N-dimethylformamide. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x11010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Raphael E, Avellaneda CO, Manzolli B, Pawlicka A. Agar-based films for application as polymer electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vasilopoulou M, Botsialas A, Argitis P, Aspiotis G, Papadimitropoulos G, Davazoglou D. Flexible WO3based electrochromic displays using proton conducting solid electrolytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pssc.200780203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pashirova TN, Lukashenko SS, Kosacheva EM, Leonova MV, Knyazeva IR, Burilov AR, Kudryavtseva LA, Konovalov AI. Aggregation and catalytic properties of polymer-calix[4]resorcinarene-water-dimethylformamide systems. COLLOID JOURNAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x08020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kumar GG, Kim P, Nahm KS, Elizabeth RN. Structural characterization of PVdF-HFP/PEG/Al2O3 proton conducting membranes for fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fedorova IV, Krishtal SP, Kiselev MG, Safonova LP. Structure of orthophosphoric Acid-N,N-dimethylformamide complexes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024406130024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liang WJ, Hsieh SJ, Hsu CY, Chen WF, Kuo PL. Microstructure and protonic conductivity of H3PO4-doped polyethylenimine–siloxane chemically covalently organic–inorganic hybrids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Intermolecular interactions in orthophosphoric acid-N,N-dimethylformamide system according to viscometric data. Russ Chem Bull 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-006-0117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Solid-state electroanalytical characterization of the nonaqueous proton-conducting redox gel containing polyoxometallates. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Preparation and Characterization of Proton Conductive Phosphosilicate Membranes Based on Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Electrical and thermal properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)-based proton conducting gel-electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li Z, Liu H, Liu Y, He P, Li J. A Room-Temperature Ionic-Liquid-Templated Proton-Conducting Gelatinous Electrolyte. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047252x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Jeffrey KR, Zukowska GZ, Stevens JR. Dynamics of the hydrogen and phosphate ions in proton conducting gel/D3PO4 electrolytes: A 2H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1582844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zukowska G, Stevens J, Jeffrey K. Anhydrous gel electrolytes doped with silicotungstic acid. Electrochim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Florjańczyk Z, Zygadło-Monikowska E, Wielgus-Barry E, Kuźwa K, Paśniewski J. Proton conducting electrolytes based on poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid). Electrochim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zukowska GZ, Robertson VJ, Marcinek ML, Jeffrey KR, Stevens JR. Structure of Proton-Conducting Anhydrous Gel Electrolytes Based on Poly(glycidyl methacrylate). J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030223m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Z. Zukowska
- The Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1, and Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Valerie J. Robertson
- The Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1, and Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marek L. Marcinek
- The Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1, and Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Kenneth R. Jeffrey
- The Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1, and Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland
| | - James R. Stevens
- The Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute, Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1, and Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland
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Qiao JL, Yoshimoto N, Ishikawa M, Morita M. Acetic acid-doped poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(methacrylate): a new proton conducting polymeric gel electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Srivastava R, Chandra S. Ion Transport and Structural Studies on a TEOS-Precursor Derived Silica Alcogel Doped with Acid H3PO4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-396x(200205)191:1<202::aid-pssa202>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wieczorek W, Żukowska G, Ostrovskii D, Florjańczyk Z. The Application of Mesoionic Compounds into Proton-Conducting Polymer Gels. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Wieczorek
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warszawa, Poland, and Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Experimental Physics, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - G. Żukowska
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warszawa, Poland, and Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Experimental Physics, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - D. Ostrovskii
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warszawa, Poland, and Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Experimental Physics, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Z. Florjańczyk
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warszawa, Poland, and Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Experimental Physics, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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Chung S, Wang Y, Greenbaum S, Bzducha W, Żukowska G, Wieczorek W. Characterization of perdeuterated H3PO4-doped nonaqueous gel electrolytes using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Faria L, Moreira RL. Infrared spectroscopic investigation of chain conformations and interactions in P(VDF-TrFE)/PMMA blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(20000101)38:1<34::aid-polb4>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jeffrey KR, Wieczorek W, Raducha D, Stevens JR. Dynamics of the hydrogen and phosphate ions in proton conducting gel/D3PO4 electrolytes: A 2H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Low-temperature ionic conductivity of relevant solutions and of SiO2 gels before and after exchanges in propylene carbonate solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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