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Lehr A, Rivic F, Jäger M, Gleditzsch M, Schäfer R. Optical absorption and shape transition in neutral Sn N clusters with N ≤ 40: a photodissociation spectroscopy and electric beam deflection study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11616-11635. [PMID: 35507965 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutral SnN clusters with N = 6-20, 25, 30, 40 are investigated in a joint experimental and quantum chemical study with the aim to reveal their optical absorption in conjunction with their structural evolution. Electric beam deflection and photodissociation spectroscopy are applied as molecular beam techniques at nozzle temperatures of 16 K, 32 K and 300 K. The dielectric response is probed following the approach in S. Schäfer et al., J. Phys. Chem A, 2008, 112, 12312-12319. It is improved on those findings and the cluster size range is extended in order to cover the prolate growth regime. The impact of the electric dipole moment, rotational temperature and vibrational excitation on the deflection profiles is discussed thoroughly. Photodissociation spectra of tin clusters are recorded for the first time, show similarities to spectra of silicon clusters and are demonstrated to be significantly complicated by the presence of multiphoton absorption in the low-energy region and large excess energies upon dissociation which is modelled by the RRKM theory. In both experiments two isomers for the clusters with N = 8, 11, 12, 19 need to be considered to explain the experimental results. Triple-capped trigonal prisms and double-capped square antiprisms are confirmed to be the driving building units for almost the entire size range. Three dominating fragmentation channels are observed, i.e. the loss of a tin atom for N < 12, a Sn7 fragment for N < 19 and a Sn10 fragment for N ≥ 19 with Sn15 subunits constituting recurring geometric motifs for N > 20. The prolate-to-quasispherical structural transition is found to occur at 30 < N ≤ 40 and is analyzed with respect to the observed optical behavior taking quantum chemical calculations and the Mie-Gans theory into account. Limitations of the experimental approach to study the geometric and electronic structure of the clusters at elevated temperatures due to vibrational excitation is also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lehr
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Filip Rivic
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Marc Jäger
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Martin Gleditzsch
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Wu D, Du Q, Wu X, Shi R, Sai L, Liang X, Huang X, Zhao J. Evolution of atomic structures of SnN, SnN−, and SnNCl− clusters (N = 4–20): Insight from ab initio calculations. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5095437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
- School of Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Linwei Sai
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
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Zhao L, Xie H, Liu Z, Wang J, Xing X, Tang Z. Structure and Bonding in MPb 5– (M = Cu, Ag, and Au): A Combined Investigation by Theoretical Calculations and Photoelectron Imaging Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:2325-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp312822t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- College of Materials Sciences
and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Materials Sciences
and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xing
- College of Materials Sciences
and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zichao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Tai TB, Tam NM, Nguyen MT. Evolution of structures and stabilities of zinc-doped tin clusters SnnZn, n=1–12. Three-dimensional aromaticity of the magic clusters Sn10Zn and Sn12Zn. Chem Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Assadollahzadeh B, Schäfer S, Schwerdtfeger P. Electronic properties for small tin clusters Snn(n≤ 20) from density functional theory and the convergence toward the solid state. J Comput Chem 2009; 31:929-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mazzone AM. The Structural and Electronic Properties of Tin-Based Heteroatom Clusters Studied by the Density Functional Theory. J CLUST SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-007-0134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cui LF, Wang LM, Wang LS. Evolution of the electronic properties of Snn− clusters (n=4–45) and the semiconductor-to-metal transition. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:064505. [PMID: 17313227 DOI: 10.1063/1.2435347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic structure of Sn(n) (-) clusters (n=4-45) was examined using photoelectron spectroscopy at photon energies of 6.424 eV (193 nm) and 4.661 eV (266 nm) to probe the semiconductor-to-metal transition. Well resolved photoelectron spectra were obtained for small Sn(n) (-) clusters (n< or =25), whereas more congested spectra were observed with increasing cluster size. A distinct energy gap was observed in the photoelectron spectra of Sn(n) (-) clusters with n< or =41, suggesting the semiconductor nature of small neutral tin clusters. For Sn(n) (-) clusters with n> or =42, the photoelectron spectra became continuous and no well-defined energy gap was observed, indicating the onset of metallic behavior for the large Sn(n) clusters. The photoelectron spectra thus revealed a distinct semiconductor-to-metal transition for Sn(n) clusters at n=42. The spectra of small Sn(n) (-) clusters (n< or =13) were also compared with those of the corresponding Si(n) (-) and Ge(n) (-) clusters, and similarities were found between the spectra of Sn(n) (-) and those of Ge(n) (-) in this size range, except for Sn(12) (-), which led to the discovery of stannaspherene (the icosahedral Sn(12) (2-)) previously [L. F. Cui et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 8391 (2006)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Cui
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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Zhao C, Balasubramanian K. Geometries and spectroscopic properties of silicon clusters (Si5, Si5+, Si5−, Si6, Si6+, and Si6−). J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1446027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhao C, Balasubramanian K. Geometries and spectroscopic properties of germanium and tin hexamers (Ge6, Ge6+, Ge6−, Sn6, Sn6+, and Sn6−). J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1386795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dai D, Balasubramanian K. Geometries and energy separations of the electronic states of Ge5+ and Sn5+. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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